• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.37-50
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• 2011

The purpose of this study is to examine the relationships between children's roles, parental attachment, teacher's concerns and school adjustment among Children's Alcoholics(COAs). Participants were 2,803 middle and high school students in Seoul. The regression analysis results showed that hero role was positively associated with school bonding and academic performance but increased the level of anxiety/depression. Meanwhile, scapegoat and lost children's roles were negatively associated with school bonding and also increased the level of anxiety/depression. Mascot role were positively associated with school bonding and academic performance but had no relation with anxiety/depression. Regarding moderating effects, maternal attachment moderated the relationship between scapegoat role and school bonding while teacher's concerns moderated the relationship between hero role and anxiety/depression, and the relationship between scapegoat role and anxiety/depression. These findings suggested that practitioners need to consider the contributions of children's roles on school adjustment and moderating effects of maternal attachment or teacher's concerns when intervention programs are developed to improve school adjustment among COAs.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.5-12
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• 1996

The purpose of this study was to explore the maternal caretaking behaviors during the first 3 days postpartum. The sample consisted of 132 healthy, married women and their baby was full-term & normal also. Data were collected from April to June 1995 and analyzed using SPSS. The results of this study are as follows : 1. Primiparous mothers feel difficulty in performance of caretaking behavior for their baby was especially bathing, umblical cord care, identify the crying & baby's condition. But mothers feel doing so well was diaper change, clothing, immunization etc. 2. The results revealed that caretaking behaviors was not related to age, education & family. After the birth of a baby, the baby needs caring of parents especially mother. So, the mother feel difficulty in performance of maternal role. It means higher educational need for mother. Nurses were the primary source for caretaking behavior during early postpartum period at hospital and home also. Therefore the nurse need the strategies of nursing intervention to increase for caretaking activites of primiparous mothers. Further research is needed to determine which strategies affect the mother's competence of their caretaking behavior.

• Journal of Genetic Medicine
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.61-65
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• 2015

Whole genome sequencing (WGS)-based noninvasive prenatal test (NIPT) is the first method applied in the clinical setting out of various NIPT techniques. Several companies, such as Sequenom, BGI, and Illumina offer WGS-based NIPT, each with different technical and bioinformatic approaches. Sequenom, BGI, and Illumina utilize z-, t-, and L-scores, as well as normalized chromosome values, respectively, for trisomy detection. Their outstanding performance has been demonstrated in clinical studies of more than 100,000 pregnancies. The sensitivity and specificity for detection of trisomies 13, 18, and 21 were above 98%, as reported by all three companies. Unlike other techniques, WGS-based NIPT can detect other trisomies as well as clinically significant segmental duplications/deletions within a chromosome, which could expand the scope of NIPT. Incorrect results could be due to low fetal fraction, fetoplacental mosaicism, confined placental mosaicism or maternal copy number variation (CNV). Among those, maternal CNV is a significant contributor of false positive results and therefore genome wide scanning plays an important role in preventing the occurrence of false positives. In this article, the bioinformatic techniques and clinical performance of three major companies are comprehensively reviewed.

• Korean Parent-Child Health Journal
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.129-144
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• 2002

This longitudinal quasi-experimental research was conducted to develop parent role education program and to evaluate the effect of this program for mother-infant interaction, childrearing environment and infant development. The subjects were the healthy infants weighing over 2,500gm at birth, whose gestational age was more than 37weeks, and their healthy mothers. The sample consisted of eighteen mother-infant dyads for intervention group and sixteen dyads for control group. Data were collected from March 15th in 1999 to Jun 20th in 2000. The intervention group received programmed education consisted of discharge education, telephone counselling, and home visiting care. But control group were collected data without programmed education. In this study, the Nursing Child Assessment Teaching Scale(NCATS) devised by Barnard was used to determine the mother-infant interaction, HOME was used to determine the childrearing environment, and Griffiths mental development scale was used to determine the infant development. The data were analyzed using SPSS Win using chi-square test, t-test, and repeated measure ANOVA. This study was focused on the results of twelve months time point. Summaries of the results were as follows: 1. There was no significant difference in mother-infant interaction(NCATS) between intervention group and control group. But both of two groups showed significantly higher in interaction score at twelve months than at six months in the subscales of social-emotional growth fostering, and responsiveness to caregiver. 2. There was no significant difference in childrearing environment(HOME) between two groups at twelve months. But when each subscale of HOME was examined, intervention group showed higher scores in the dimensions of maternal involvement with child(p=.001), and maternal emotional-verbal responsivity(p=.048). 3. There was no significant difference in GQ of the Griffiths mental development scale between two groups, although significant difference was found in performance subscale. 4. Infant development at twelve months showed significant correlation with mother-infant interaction and childrearing environment at six months, although mother-infant interaction and childrearing environment at twelve months did not show significant correlations with infant development at twelve months. 5. Developmental scores at six months showed significant correlations with variety in daily stimulation, and mother's emotional, verbal responsivity, whereas developmental scores at twelve months showed significant correlations with acceptance of child behavior at six months, and appropriate play material at twelve months. In conclusion, the maternal education program for primipara showed long term effect in some categories in organizing the childrearing environment, and fostering the infant development. We suggest further study and implications of parent role education program for high risk parents such as parents in low economic status or with premature babies.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.477-488
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• 1997

The purpose of this study was to understand the subjective breastfeeding experience of primiparous women to identify how breastfeeding was started and to explore the process of breastfeeding. The Grounded theory methodology was used. Data was collected from 6 primiparous women who had breastfed their infants for at least over 8weeks, recently breastfeeding or having breatfed their infants within the last 6 months. With the permission of the subjects, the interviews were recorded and transcribed. The data were analysed in the framework of grounded theory method as mapped out by Strauss and Corbin(1990). 105 concepts and 21 subcategories were confirmed in the analysis. In the process of data analysis, "Identity as a mother" was found to be the core phenomenon. The 21 sub-categories were as follows : natural food, neighbour inducement, self purpose, good feeling, tenderness, breast pain, change of breast shape, physical discomfort, loss of physical energy, confirmation of maternal role, formation of affection feeling of adhesion, one body through coupling, tie, capacity, role performance, mental comfort, healthy mother, healthy infant, confidence of breast milk, feeling of satisfaction. The sub -categories were again grouped into 14 categories including infant nutritious food, formation of breastfeeding opportunity, feeling of satisfaction, injury of the breast, physical suffering, awareness of mothering, formation of maternal affection, connecting, coupling, acceptance, effort, emotional stability, mother and child health and feeling of achievement.hievement.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.37-46
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• 2005

Purpose: The purpose of this longitudinal study was to examine the relationship between postpartum care performance and postpartum health status. Sample: The study subjects were 82 mothers who delivered full-term infants at 3 hospitals at P city. Data were collected for their health status at the postpartum unit and the sample was followed up to 6 weeks postpartum to collect postpartum care performance and health status. Results: Mothers rated postpartum care performance as moderate to high and especially rated the maternal role attainment the highest. Mothers experienced 4 physical symptoms and moderate levels of fatigue. In addition, they experienced moderate levels of positive affect and low levels of negative affect at both times. Canonical correlation revealed that ostpartum care performance was related to postpartum health status with 2 significant canonical variables. The first variate indicated that mothers who performed hospitality, physical and emotional recovery, self-caring, and role attainment well showed higher positive affects, lower negative affects, fewer physical symptoms, and lower levels of fatigue. The second variate showed that the greater the performance of caring and physical and emotional recovery, the fewer physical symptoms and lower levels of fatigue. Conclusion: Although Korean traditional postpartum care performance was related to postpartum health status, the further study is needed to identify the causal relationship between them. Nurses need to integrate the perspective of westernized postpartum care and Korean traditional views of postpartum approach to maintain and promote women's health.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.269-281
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• 2017

Recently, the need for research into environmental and intrapsychic variables to promote active career preparation behavior is increasing, due to the increasing need to cultivate career preparation behavior starting from middle school. On the basis of this need, the purpose of this study is to identify the mediating effects of hope in the relationship between maternal learning involvement and career preparation behavior among middle school students. We surveyed 320 middle school students in W city, Gangwon-do, regarding these variables. We evaluated the results according to Baron and Kenny's (1986) mediating effect test procedure. The findings showed a significant positive correlation between positive maternal learning involvement, such as respecting their children's learning methods and providing academic information and advice, and the students' career preparation behavior and hope. However, the findings didn't show any significant correlation between negative maternal learning involvement, such as pressure for academic performance, and the students' career preparation and hope. Furthermore, hope was found to partially mediate the relationship between maternal positive learning involvement, including academic information and advice, and career preparation behavior, while fully mediating the relationship between career preparation behavior and respecting the students' learning methods. However, it did not have any mediating effect on the relationship between pressure for academic performance and career preparation behavior. These results highlight the important role that instilling hope in students, through respecting their learning methods and advising and providing the necessary academic information, plays in achieving a higher level of career preparation behavior.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.225-231
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• 2008

Oxidative stress plays a crucial role in the laying stage which is a critical period for chick survival. We investigated the relationship of neonatal chick performance, brain antioxidant status and vitamin E supplementation level in hens. Starting at 17 weeks, hens were randomly divided into five groups. The control group received a basal diet without supplemental vitamin E (VE, dl-${\alpha}$-tocopherol acetate). Other groups received the same basal diet supplemented with vitamin E (40, 80, 120 and 160 mg/kg) through growth to egg production. Hens were artificially inseminated at 28 weeks of age and egg yolks were collected at day two. All remaining eggs were hatched. Yolk vitamin E content, hatchability and fertility of eggs were evaluated. Brains of the newly hatched chicks were further evaluated for their oxidative stress status, antioxidative status and vitamin E levels. Increased reproductive performance was observed in fertility and hatchability in the group supplemented at 40 mg/kg. Egg yolk and neonatal brain ${\alpha}$-tocopherol was highest in eggs from hens fed 120 mg/kg and 80 mg/kg supplemental vitamin E, respectively. Brain MDA, ROS and iron levels were significantly higher in unsupplemented hens (p<0.01). SOD activity was significantly higher in the group supplemented at 160 mg/kg than in all other groups. We concluded that maternal supplementation of vitamin E had beneficial effects on fertility, hatchability of eggs, neonatal brain oxidative status and SOD activity.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.29-58
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• 1996

This study was conducted to identify the factors that affect the output of health conters. An analystical model employed in this study was developed by modifying 'input-output model' and 'organizational behavior model'. Data were collected form two source; the 1995 report of thealth center which was submitted to the Ministry of Health and Welfare and a mail survey questionary of officers at health center, including 66 directors and 1,768 staffs of the health centers in southern region. The major findings are as follows: That analysis has identified the factors associated with dependent variables: medical services provided by the health center and health program performance(HPP). The number of primary medical facilities was negatively associated with health center performance while the number of staffs, job satisfaction, and professional background of health center directors were positively associated. These independent variables accounted for 40.1% of the variance of dependent variables. The variance of HPP was significantly explained by the number of health subcenter and primary health post, priority level of public health program by hief executive officers(CEOs) and legislator. A significant relationship was found between leadership types of health center directors and the performance of maternal and child health program. Considering these results, the authors suggested that the role in medical care service of health center in the should be rearranged at local level because medical care service of the health center is competing with primary medical facilities in the same region. It is also suggested that educational efforts be made to improve leadership of the health center directors and concern with public health program by the CEOs and legislators of local governments.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.26 no.10
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• pp.1379-1387
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• 2013

In a majority of mammals, male infants have heavier body mass and grow faster than female infants. Accordingly, male offspring nursing requires a much greater maternal energy contribution to lactation. It is possible that the maternal-fetal immunoendocrine dialog plays an important role in female preparation for lactation during pregnancy. Immune system genes are an integral part of gene regulatory networks in lactation and tumor necrosis factor alpha ($TNF{\alpha}$) is a proinflammatory cytokine that also plays an important role in normal mammary gland development. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of the sex of calf and/or the -824A/G polymorphism in the promoter region of $TNF{\alpha}$ gene on milk performance traits in Black Pied cattle over the course of lactation. We also studied the allele frequency differences of -824A/G variants across several cattle breeds, which were bred in different climatic conditions. The G allele frequency decreased gradually over the course of lactation events in the Black Pied dairy cattle because of a higher culling rate of cows with the G/G genotype (p<0.001). In contrast to the genotypes A/A and A/G, cows with G/G genotype showed significant variability of milk and milk fat yield subject to sex of delivered calf. Milk yield and milk fat yield were significantly higher in the case of birth of a bull calf than with a heifer calf (p<0.03). The G allele frequency varies from 48% to 58% in Grey Ukrainian and Black Pied cattle to 77% in aboriginal Yakut cattle. Our results suggest that the $TNF{\alpha}$-824A/G gene polymorphism may have an influence on the reproductive efforts of cows over the course of lactation events depending on the sex of progeny. Allocation of resources according to sex of the calf allows optimizing the energy cost of lactation. This may be a probable reason for high G allele frequency in Yakut cattle breeding in extreme environmental conditions. Similarly, the dramatic fall in milk production after birth of a heifer calf increases the probability of culling for the cows with the G/G genotype in animal husbandry.