• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2008.06a
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• pp.441-442
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• 2008

For this study, Yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG) particles co-doped with $Ce^{3+}$ and $Eu^{3+}$ were prepared via the combustion process using the 1:1 ratio of metal ions to reagents. The characteristics of the synthesized nano powder were investigated by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), and photoluminescence (PL). The various YAG peaks, with the (420) main peak, appeared at all Eu concentrationin XRD patterns. The YAG phase crystallized with results that are in good agreement with the JCPDS diffraction file 33-0040. The SEM image showed that the resulting YAG:Ce,Eu powders had uniform sizes and good homogeneity. The grain size was about 50nm. The photoluminescence spectra of the YAG:Ce,Eu nanoparticles were investigated to determine the energy level of electron transition related to luminescence processes. It was composed a broad band of $Ce^{3+}$ activator into the weak line peak of $Eu^{3+}$ in YAG host. The PL intensity of $Ce^{3+}$ has the wavelengths of 480-650 nm and The PL intensity of $Eu^{3+}$ has main peak at 590nm.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2008.06a
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• pp.49-49
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• 2008

ZnO-based varistors have been widely used for voltage stabilization or transient surge suppression in electric power systems and electronic circuits. Recently, It has reported that the varistor behavior with nonlinear coefficient of 6~17 in Mn-doped ZnO. In this study we have chosen the composition of ZnO-$TeO_2-Mn_3O_4$ (ZTM) system to the purpose of whether varistor behavior appeared in doped ZnO by the solid state sintering or not. We investigated the sintering and electric properties of 0.5~3.0 at% Mn doped ZnO-1.0 at% $TeO_2$ system. Electrical properties, such as current-voltage (I-V), capacitance-voltage (C-V), and impedance spectroscopy were conducted. $TeO_2$ itself melts at $732^{\circ}C$ in air but forms the $ZnTeO_3$ phase with ZnO as increasing temperature and therefore retards the densification of ZnO to $1000^{\circ}C$. The average grain size of sintered samples was at about $3{\mu}m$ and decreased with increasing Mn contents. It was found that a good varistor characteristics were developed in ZTM system sintered at $1100^{\circ}C$ (nonlinear coefficient $\alpha$ ~ 60). The results of C-V characteristics such as barrier height ($\Theta$), donor density ($N_d$), depletion layer (W), and interface state density ($N_t$) in ZTM ceramics were $4\times10^{17}cm^{-3}$, 0.7 V, 40 nm, and $1.6\times10^{12}cm^{-2}$, respectively. It will be discussed about the stability and homogeneity of grain boundaries using distribution parameter ($\alpha$) simulated with the Z(T)"-logf plots in ZTM system.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.22-28
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• 2009

We investigated the sintering and electric properties of ZnO-1.0 at% $TeO_2$ (ZT1) and 1.0 at% Mn-doped ZT1(ZT1M1) system. $TeO_2$ itself melts at $732^{\circ}C$ in air but forms the $ZnTeO_3$ or $Zn_2Te_3O_8$ phase with ZnO as increasing temperature and therefore retards the densification of ZnO to $1000^{\circ}C$. In ZT1M1 system, also, the densification of ZnO was retarded up to $1000^{\circ}C$ and then reached > 90% of theoretical density above $1100^{\circ}C$. It was found that a good varistor characteristics(nonlinear coefficient $a{\sim}60$) were developed in ZT1M1 system sintered at $1100^{\circ}C$ due to Mn which known as improving the nonlinearity of ZnO varistors. The results of C-V characteristics such as barrier height (${\Phi}_b$), donor density ($N_D$), depletion layer (W), and interface state density ($N_t$) in ZT1M1 ceramics were $1.8{\times}10^{17}cm^{-3}$, 1.6 V, 93 nm, and $1.7{\times}10^{12}cm^{-2}$, respectively. Also we measured the resistance and capacitance of grain boundaries with temperature using impedance and electric modulus spectroscopy. It will be discussed about the stability and homogeneity of grain boundaries using distribution parameter ($\alpha$) simulated with the Z(T)"-logf plots.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Military Science and Technology
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.492-500
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• 2019

Equal channel angular pressing(ECAP) is a severe plastic deformation technique capable of introducing large shear strain in bulk metal materials. However, if an ECAPed material has an inhomogeneous microstructure and anisotropic mechanical properties, this material is difficult to apply as structural components subjected to multi-axial stress during use. In this study, extruded oxygen-free copper(OFC) rods with a large diameter of 42 mm are extruded through ECAP by route Bc up to 12 passes. The variations in the microstructure, hardness, tensile properties, and microstructural and mechanical homogeneity of the ECAPed samples are systematically analyzed. High-strength OFC rods with a homogeneous and equiaxed-ultrafine grain structure are obtained by the repeated application of ECAP up to 8 and 12 passes. ECAPed samples with 4 and 8 passes exhibit much smaller differences in terms of the average grain sizes on the cross-sectional area and the tensile strengths along the axial and circumferential directions, as compared to the samples with 1 and 2 passes. Therefore, it is considered that the OFC materials, which are fabricated via the ECAP process with pass numbers of a multiple of 4, are suitable to be applied as high-strength structural parts used under multi-axial stress conditions.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.38 no.5
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• pp.35-46
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• 2022

The in-situ resource utilization (ISRU) for sustainable lunar surface and deep space explorations has recently gained attention. Also, research on the development of construction material preparation technology using lunar regolith is in progress. Microwave sintering technology for construction material preparation does not require a binder and is energy efficient. This study applies microwave sintering technology to KLS-1, a Korean lunar simulant. It is crucial to secure the homogeneity to produce a sintered specimen for construction material. Therefore, understanding the interactions between microwaves, cavities, and raw materials is required. Using a numerical model in terms of efficient assessment of several cases and establishment of equipment operating conditions is a very efficient approach. Therefore, this study also proposes and verifies a coupled electric-thermal numerical model through cross-validation and comparison with experimental results. The numerical model proposed in this study will be used to present an efficient method for producing construction material using microwave sintering technology.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.211-220
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• 2016

This study was to develop the analytical reference material of green-pepper for multi-residue analysis of pesticides. According to the ISO Guide 35, ISO Guide 13528 and EURL-PT protocol, the homogeneity, stability, assigned value and uncertainty were calculated to assess if it was suitable to be used as the proficiency test or quality control. The values of the within-bottle standard variation ($s_{wb}$) and the between-bottle standard variation ($s_{bb}$) were 1.7~3.7% of assigned value according to the requirement of the ISO guide 35. And, the uncertainty ($u^*{_{bb}}$) due to inhomogeneity was 0.8~1.1% for all pesticides. The storage stabilities of ten-pesticides at various conditions were assessed. For all target pesticides, the slop ($b_1$) values were smaller than the corresponding values of $[t_{0.95,n-2}{\times}s(b_1)]$ specified by the ISO guide 35, indicating that there were no statistically significant decreases in the concentration of the target pesticides when the analytical reference material was stored at room temperature ($20{\sim}30^{\circ}C$) for 7 days, freezing ($-20^{\circ}C$) for 30 days and deep freezer ($-80^{\circ}C$. except for bifenthrin, fenpropathrin) for 245 days. For proficiency test by using it developed by Korea Institute of Toxicology, inter-lab test was performed with eight organization performing the residual pesticide analysis. We found that there were some different results among them. Some were assessed as questionable or unacceptable for two pesticides and one organization didn't analyze the six pesticides. From these results, this green-pepper analytical reference material containing ten-pesticides could be used as a tool for the proficiency test to improve the reliability or consistency for pesticide residue's results.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.42 no.6
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• pp.450-464
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• 2016

Objectives: This study developed and validated reference materials (RMs) to analyze metal compounds in blood. Methods: We referred to KoNEHS (Korea National Environmental Health Survey) to estimate concentrations of blood metals (cadmium, Cd; lead, Pb; mercury, Hg) and applied analytical methods (inductively coupled plasma - mass spectroscopy, ICP-MS, for Cd and Pb; graphite furnace - atomic absorption spectrometry, GF-AAS, for Cd and Pb; and direct mercury analyzer, DMA, for Hg). Homogeneity and stability tests were carried out. In addition, certified values and uncertainties of RMs were calculated through internal and external experiments. All RMs were developed and assessed in various forms according to element, analytical method, and two types of concentration levels high concentration for occupational exposure and low concentration for environmental exposure. Results: All samples showed acceptable homogeneity, except for low concentration of Cd in the GF-AAS method. Short- and long-term stabilities were satisfied by ANOVA testing. In the inter-laboratory comparison, robust medians were lower than the certified values of all RMs (robust median/reference value; $1.301/1.327{\mu}g/L$ for Cd, ICP-MS, low concentration; $3.152/3.388{\mu}g/L$ for Cd, ICP-MS, high concentration; $1.219/1.301{\mu}g/L$ for Cd, GF-AAS, low concentration; $3.074/3.321{\mu}g/L$ for Cd, GF-AAS, high concentration; $14.473/14.516{\mu}g/L$ for Pb, ICP-MS, low concentration; $50.069/50.114{\mu}g/L$ for Pb, ICP-MS, high concentration; $12.881/14.147{\mu}g/L$ for Pb, GF-AAS, low concentration; $47.015/47.591{\mu}g/L$ for Pb, GF-AAS, high concentration; $4.059/4.218{\mu}g/L$ for Hg, DMA, low concentration; $11.474/11.181{\mu}g/L$ for Hg, DMA, high concentration). Conclusion: This study demonstrates procedures for developing and validating RMs for biomonitoring in the field of the environmental health.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.153-160
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• 2014

While variety of cases of studies about asbestos analysis methods are released internationally, the results of Asbestos Containing Materials (ACM) according to differences in the method of the analysis is becoming an issue. In this study, homogeneity ensured ACM samples were analyzed by visual estimation method and point counting method, and the result cound be used not only to improve the reliability on asbestos analysis of the institutions and analysts but also to obtain the basic data of Polarizing Light Microscope (PLM) analysis by comparing and evaluating. Asbestos analysis were divided into qualitative and quantitative analysis method. The quantitative analysis was performed by visual estimation method and point counting method (total 400 points) of EPA 600-R-93-116 method by using PLM. Firstly, The following was the result of homogeneity of the samples by ANOVA (Analysis of variance) and the results were satisfied. The results of qualitative analysis showed that the samples were chrysotile and amosite, and about the results of quantitative analysis, asbestos concentration determined by point counting method tend to be lower than concentrations determined by visual estimation method and also, pont counting method was a little more complicated and time-consuming.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.158-164
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• 1998

We introduce a statistical scheme to classify seabed from acoustic profiling data acquired using Chirp sonar system. The classification is based on grouping of signal traces by similarity index, which is computed using the K-L (Karhunen-Lo$\grave{e}$ve) transform of the Chirp profiling data. The similarity index represents the degree of coherence of bottom-reflected signals in consecutive traces, hence indicating the acoustic roughness of the seabed. The results of this study show that similarity index is a function of homogeneity, grain size of sediments and bottom hardness. The similarity index ranges from 0 to 1 for various types of seabed material. It increases in accordance with the homogeneity and softness of bottom sediments, whereas it is inversely proportional to the grain size of sediments. As a real data example, we classified the seabed off Cheju Island, Korea based on the similarity index and compared the result with side-scan sonar data and sediment samples. The comparison shows that the classification of seabed by the similarity index is in good agreement with the real sedimentary facies and can delineate acoustic response of the seabed in more detail. Therefore, this study presents an effective method for geoacoustic modeling to classify the seafloor directly from acoustic data.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.65-79
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to identify the effect of structured patient education on knowledge of Hepatitis B type and behavior about self care in chronic hepatitis B patients, and to fine the strategy to promote their self care behavior. The research design was quasi-experiment research. The study method had been done by investigating the experimental group and control group through the questionnaire on 50 patients who had been out patient medicine department in U university hospital in Ulsan from september 1st 1997 to the end of October, 1997. The analysis of the collected material had been done for the homogeneity test in which general characterics of experimental group and control group had been tested by $x^2-test$ and the homogeneity test of the knowledge of hepatitis B type and self care behavior before by t-test. To test the hypothesis the t-test had been given for the difference of the knowledge of hepatitis B type and self care behavior between the two groups and the correlation between knowledge of hepatitis B type and self care behavior performance had been tested by Pearson's correlation coefficient. The results as follows : 1. The 1st hypothesis 'The experimental group which received the structured education should be higher in the knowledge of hepatitis B type than the control group' was supported(t=-6.25, P=.000). 2. The 2nd hypothesis 'The experimental group which received the structured education whould be higher in the self care behavior performance than the control group' was supported(t=-5.15, P=.000). 3. The 3rd hypothesis 'The higher the knowledge of hepatitis B type in the patient the higher the self care behavior performance degree' was supported(r=.492, P=.001). In conclusion, the patients who received the structured education showed the increase in the degree of knowledge of hepatitis B type and self care behavior performance. so the structured education had been judged the nursing intervention had been prerequisite in increasing knowledge of hepatitis B type and self care behavior performance of the chronic hepatitis B patients.