• 한국전기전자재료학회논문지
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• 제37권1호
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• pp.48-55
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• 2024

The changes in threshold voltage and DIBL were investigated for changes in remanent polarization P_r and coercive field E_c, which determine the characteristics of the P-E hysteresis curve of ferroelectric in NCFET (negative capacitance FET). The threshold voltage and DIBL (drain-induced barrier lowering) were observed for a junctionless double gate MOSFET using a gate oxide structure of MFMIS (metal-ferroelectric-metal-insulator-semiconductor). To obtain the threshold voltage, series-type potential distribution and second derivative method were used. As a result, it can be seen that the threshold voltage increases when P_r decreases and E_c increases, and the threshold voltage is also maintained constant when the P_r/E_c is constant. However, as the drain voltage increases, the threshold voltage changes significantly according to P_r/E_c, so the DIBL greatly changes for P_r/E_c. In other words, when P_r/E_c=15 pF/cm, DIBL showed a negative value regardless of the channel length under the conditions of ferroelectric thickness of 10 nm and SiO₂ thickness of 1 nm. The DIBL value was in the negative or positive range for the channel length when the P_r/E_c is 25 pF/cm or more under the same conditions, so the condition of DIBL=0 could be obtained. As such, the optimal condition to reduce short channel effects can be obtained since the threshold voltage and DIBL can be adjusted according to the device dimension of NCFET and the P_r and E_c of ferroelectric.

• Design & Manufacturing
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.22-29
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• 2020

The analysis was carried out using the press molding analysis program by applying six parameters such as material type change, material thickness, friction coefficient, r_p, r_d and blank holder pressure. As a result of CAE analysis of the soft material DC04 and the relatively hard material HX300LAD, the thickness of the punch R part of the soft material was significantly reduced. The flange portion is greatly increased in thickness in the hard material by the compression action. As a result of considering the deformation amount of 0.6mm, 1.0mm, 1.5mm according to the material thickness, the influence of the thickness is considered to be very small. In case of the material thickness of 0.6mm, the rate of change increases due to the deep drawing depth relative to the material thickness. The sizes of the punches R and die R have the greatest influence on the change in thickness of the material in drawing molding, the smaller the punch R, the thinner the edges of the product, The larger the R of the die, the greater the material thickness of the flange portion. As the coefficient of friction and the blank holder pressure increase, the frictional force of the flange portion increases, which increases the radial force in the drawing process and increases the thickness change of the flange portion.

• 한국방재학회 논문집
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.115-121
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• 2009

섬진강 하류의 하상변동 특성 분석 및 하상변동을 예측함으로서, 하도 및 유역관리에 효과적으로 이용하도록 하였다. 하상변동 특성 분석에 필요한 자료(단면, 하상구성물질, 기점수위, 조도계수 등)는 섬진강하천정비기본계획에서 실측 및 분석한 것을 활용하였다. 또한 하상변동 예측은 HEC-6 모형으로 수행하였다. 본 연구의 주요 연구 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 섬진강 하류 하상변동의 주요인은 수문인자의 변화에 따른 것이라기보다는 과도한 하상골재 채취 때문으로 판단된다. 마찰속도와 대표 입경의 관계와 무차원소류력과 대표입경의 관계를 토대로 하도안정성을 정성적으로 분석한 결과 섬진강 하류 하상은 대부분의 구간에서 상승하는 경향을 나타내고 있다. 섬진강 하도의 대부분의 지점에서 2003년의 하상구성물질은 1989년에 비해 자갈의 구성비가 높아지고 모래의 구성비가 작아졌다. 하상변동을 예측한 결과 섬진강 하류의 하상은 하구에서 약 9 km 지점까지 1.5 m 내외로 상승하고, $9{\sim}21\;km$ 구간은 1 m 내외로 상승과 저하가 반복되며, $22{\sim}25\;km$ 구간은 0.5 m 내외로 하강할 것으로 예상된다. 이러한 결과로 볼 때 섬진강 하류 구간의 하상은 대체로 점점 상승할 것으로 판단된다. 다만, 본 연구의 하상변동 예측은 인위적인 골재채취가 없다는 가정 하에 수행된 것이므로, 과거와 같이 하상에서 대규모 골재채취가 진행되면 본 연구의 예측 결과와는 상이하게 하상이 저하되는 결과를 초래할 것이다.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제48권4호
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• pp.236-250
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• 2018

Purpose: Resorption of the alveolar bone is an unavoidable consequence of tooth extraction when appropriate alveolar ridge preservation (ARP) measures are not taken. The objective of this trial was to test the hypothesis that dimensional changes in the alveolar bone after tooth extraction would be reduced by inserting an equine collagen membrane and a collagen cone to fill and seal the alveolus (as ARP), in comparison to extraction with untreated alveoli. Methods: In this randomized clinical trial, 31 patients were directly treated with the collagen material after extraction of a tooth from the maxilla (the ARP group). Twenty-nine patients served as the control group. After extraction, no further treatment (i.e., no socket preservation measures) was performed in the control group. Changes in the alveolar process immediately after extraction and after an 8 (${\pm}1$)-week healing period were evaluated 3-dimensionally. Blinded analyses were performed after superimposing the data from the digitalized impressions and surfaces generated by cone-beam computed tomography. Results: Both the ARP and control groups showed a reduction of bone in the alveolar area after tooth extraction. However, significantly less bone resorption was detected in the clinically relevant buccal region in the ARP group. The median bone reduction was 1.18 mm in the ARP group and 5.06 mm in the control group (P=0.03). Conclusions: The proposed hypothesis that inserting a combination material comprising a collagen cone and membrane would lead to a difference in alveolar bone preservation can be accepted for the clinically relevant buccal distance. In this area, implantation of the collagen material led to significantly less alveolar bone resorption. German Clinical Trials Register at www.drks.de, DRKS00004769.

• 대한기계학회논문집
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.300-312
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• 1993

The material deterioration of service-exposed boiler tube steels in fossil power plant was evaluated by using the electrochemical technique namely, modified electrochemical potentiokinetic reactivation(EPR). It was focused that the passivation of Mo$_{6}$C carbide which governs the mechanical properties of Mo alloyed steels did not occur even in the passivity region of steel in sodium molybdate solution and the reactivation peak current (Ip) observed as the result of non-passivation indicating the precipitation of Mo$_{6}$C carbides. To obtain the optimal test conditions for the field test by using the specially designed electrochemical cell, the effects of scan rate, the surface roughness and the pH of electrolyte on Ip value were also investigated. Furthermore, the change of mechanical properties occurred during the long time exposure at high temperature was evlauated quantitatively by small punch(SP) tests and micro hardness test taking account of the metallurgical changes. It is known that reactivation peak current (Ip) has a good relationship with Larson-Miller Parameter(LMP) which represents the information about material deterioration occurred at high temperature environment. In addition it was possible to estimate the ductile-brittle transition temperature (DBTT) by means of the SP test. The Sp test could be, therefore, suggested as a reliable test method for evaluating the material degradation of boiler tube steels. From the good correaltion between the SP DBTT and Ip values shown in this study, it was knows that the change of mechanical properties could be evaluated non-destructively by measurring only Ip values.ues.

• 한국가스학회지
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.28-32
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• 2003

대체 facing material 소재로 유력시되는 FRP를 사용하여 facing material이 갖추어야할 압축, 인장 등 기계적 물성과, vapor barrier도, 화학적 안전성 등을 조사한 결과 모든 면에서 기존의 plywood보다 우수한 성질을 나타냄을 밝혔다. 본 연구의 결과로서 대체 facing material로 FRP를 사용할 경우 LNG 저장 탱크의 안전성이 향상되고 높은 vapor barrier기능으로 인해 탱크의 성능이 향상되는 등 다양한 장점을 나타냄을 알 수 있게 되었다. 따라서 본 연구의 결과는 LNG 저장 탱크의 성능을 개선하는데 기여하며, LNG 저장 탱크용 합판의 대체연구에 적극적으로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제37권1호
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• pp.131-138
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• 2009

본 연구는 1962년부터 2007년까지 약 45년간 제정된 토목공사 표준품셈 공종에 속해 있는 조경공사 표준품셈을 대상으로 시대별 표준품셈의 변화의 흐름을 파악하여, 그 특성을 밝혀 향후 조경공사 표준품셈의 발전 방안에 대한 기초자료를 제시하고자 하였다. 연구의 결과는 다음과 같다. 조경공사 표준품셈이 속해 있는 공종 명칭과 관련해서 최초에는 '토공사'에서 1974년에 '토공 및 조경공사' 그리고 1984년에는 '조경공사'로 명칭이 개정되었으나, 현재까지도 조경공사 표준품셈은 토목공사 표준품셈에 조경공사라는 공종으로 되어 있다. 그리고 1972년에 조경공사와 관련해서 '식재'와 '전정작업' 품셈이 최초로 제정된 이후 현재는 '떼붙임 및 초류파종', '굴취', '식재', '뿌리돌림', '유지관리', '정원석 쌓기 및 놓기', '암 절개면 보호식재공' 등 총 7개 대공종과 29개 소공종으로 조경공사 표준품셈이 구성되어 있다. 시대별 특성을 10년 단위로 살펴보면 조경공사 표준품셈은 1960년대($1962{\sim}1969$)는 '잔디' 분야, 1970년대($1970{\sim}1979$)는 '수목식재' 분야, 1980년대($1980{\sim}1989$)는 '유지관리' 분야, 1990년대($1990{\sim}1909$)는 '절개면 보호' 분야 그리고 2000년대($2000{\sim}$현재)는 '신소재 및 신공법'과 '유지관리' 분야 위주로 조경공사 표준품셈이 제정되었다. 본 연구의 결과를 바탕으로 향후 조경공사 표준품셈의 발전 방안을 제시하여 보면, '신소재 및 신공법' 품셈의 제정과 '유지관리' 분야의 품셈들이 더욱 세분화된 방향으로 발전할 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국지반환경공학회 논문집
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• 제14권8호
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• pp.5-9
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• 2013

본 연구에서는 저에너지, 친환경적인 방법의 지반개량을 목적으로 하는 유기산재의 지반개량재로서의 강도특성을 모색하였다. 이에 유기산재를 활용하여 재령 28일까지의 일축압축강도시험 및 삼축압축시험을 통한 흙의 강도 변화에 대해 분석하였다. 유기산 재료를 첨가한 점토의 강도는 재령이 길어질수록, 유기산재 혼합비가 커질수록 전반적으로 증가하는 경향을 나타내었다. 유기산계 지반개량재 혼합에 따른 점토의 강도 증진 효과를 파악하는데 있어서, 일축압축강도시험과 삼축압축시험 결과를 통해 유기산재가 지반개량재로 쓰였을 때 가져오는 강도 증대효과가 있다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 결과적으로, 실내시험을 통해 지반개량에 있어 유기산계 지반개량재의 활용가능성을 볼 수 있었다. 향후 세부적인 시험과 현장시험이 좀 더 명확한 강도증진을 규명하는데 도움이 될 것으로 판단된다.

• Tribology and Lubricants
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.106-111
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• 2017

Sapphire is an anisotropic material with excellent physical and chemical properties and is used as a substrate material in various fields such as LED (light emitting diode), power semiconductor, superconductor, sensor, and optical devices. Sapphire is processed into the final substrate through multi-wire saw, double-side lapping, heat treatment, diamond mechanical polishing, and chemical mechanical polishing. Among these, chemical mechanical polishing is the key process that determines the final surface quality of the substrate. Recent studies have reported that the material removal characteristics during chemical mechanical polishing changes according to the crystal orientations, however, detailed analysis of this phenomenon has not reported. In this work, we carried out chemical mechanical polishing of C(0001), R($1{\bar{1}}02$), and A($11{\bar{2}}0$) substrates with different sapphire crystal planes, and analyzed the effect of crystal orientation on the material removal characteristics and their correlations. We measured the material removal rate and frictional force to determine the material removal phenomenon, and performed nano-indentation to evaluate the material characteristics before and after the reaction. Our findings show that the material removal rate and frictional force depend on the crystal orientation, and the chemical reaction between the sapphire substrate and the slurry accelerates the material removal rate during chemical mechanical polishing.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.299-309
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• 1999

The composite resin, due to its esthetic qualities, is considered the material of choice for restoration of anterior teeth. With respect to shade control, the direct-placement resin composites offer some distinct advantages over indirect restorative procedures. Visible-light-cured (VLC) composites allow dentists to match existing tooth shades or to create new shades and to evaluate them immediately at the time of restoration placement. Optimal intraoral color control can be achieved if optical changes occurring during application are minimized. An ideal VLC composite, then, would be one which is optically stable throughout the polymerization process. The shade guides of the resin composites are generally made of plastic, rather than the actual composite material, and do not accurately depict the true shade, translucency, or opacity of the resin composite after polymerization. So the numerous problems associated with these shade guides lead to varied and sometimes unpredictable results. The aim of this study was to assess the color changes of current resin composite restorative materials which occur as a result of the polymerization process and to compare the color differences between the shade guides provided with the products and the actual resin composites before- and after-polymerization. The results obtained from this investigation should provide the clinician with information which may aid in improved color match of esthetic restoration. Five light activated, resin-based materials (${\AE}$litefil, Amelogen Universal, Spectrum TPH VeridonFil-Photo, and Z100) and shade guides were used in this study. Three specimens of each material and shade combination were made. Each material was condensed inside a 1.5mm thick metal mold with 10mm diameter and pressed between glass plates. Each material was measured immediately before polymerization, and polymerized with Curing Light XL 3000 (3M Dental products, USA) visible light-activation unit for 60 seconds at each side. The specimens were then polished sequentially on wet sandpaper. Shade guides were ground with polishing stones and rubber points (Shofu) to a thickness of approximately 1.5mm. Color characteristics were performed with a spectrophotometer (CM-3500d, Minolta Co., LTD). A computer-controlled spectrophotometer was used to determine CIELAB coordinates ($L^*$, $a^*$ and $b^*$) of each specimen and shade guide. The CIELAB measurements made it possible to evaluate the amount of the color difference values (${\Delta}E{^*}ab$) of resin composites before the polymerization process and shade guides using the post-polishing color of the composite as a control, CIE standard D65 was used as the light source. The results were as follows. 1. Each of the resin composites evaluated showed significant color changes during light-curing process. All the resin composites evaluated except all the tested shades of 2100 showed unacceptable level of color changes (${\Delta}E{^*}ab$ greater than 3.3) between pre-polymerization and post-polishing state. 2. Color differences between most of the resin composites tested and their corresponding shade guides were acceptable but those between C2 shade of ${\AE}$litefil and IE shade of Amelogen Universal and their respective shade guides exceeded what is acceptable. 3. Comparison of the mean ${\Delta}E{^*}ab$ values of materials revealed that Z100 showed the least overall color change between pre-polymerization and post-polishing state followed by ${\AE}$litefil, VeridonFil-Photo, Spectrum TPH, and Amelogen Universal in the order of increasing change and Amelogen Universal. Spectrum TPH, 2100, VeridonFil-Photo and ${\AE}$litefil for the color differences between actual resin and shade guide. 4. In the clinical environment, the shade guide is the better choice than the shade of the actual resin before polymerization when matching colors. But, it is recommended that custom shade guides be made from resin material itself for better color matching.