• 한국음향학회지
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• 제19권8호
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• pp.12-21
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• 2000

본 논문에서는 심리음향 (psychoacoustics)을 이용한 다채널 동적 음향 압축 알고리즘을 통해 감음신경성 난청 (sensorinural hearing loss)을 보정하여 정상적인 지각 환경을 제공하는 알고리즘을 제안한다. 제안된 알고리즘은 라우드니스 조정 함수 (loudness scaling function)를 통해 난청자에게 적합한 라우드니스 레벨을 보상 시켜 주고, 난청자가 인식하게 되는 신호에 대한 마스킹 특성을 해석하여, 지각 영역 (perceptual domain)에서 각각의 주파수 성분에 대한 음압 레벨과 마스킹 임계치 (masking threshold) 사이의 거리로 정의되어지는 SMR(signal-to-masking ratio)을 통해 주파수 대비 (spectral contrast)를 복원 시켜 줌으로써 정상적인 지각 환경을 제공하는 것이다.

• 한국소음진동공학회논문집
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• 제21권6호
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• pp.521-528
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• 2011

A variety of noise control methods have been developed as an interest on noise issues increases. Among them, noise control methods using masking effect, a phenomenon to reduce the ability to notice the unwanted sound by proper sound, to implement a pleasant sound environment have been studied under the name of soundscape. We proposed a novel vector base amplitude panning(VBAP) based noise control method to apply to the building environment. The proposed method could improve the amenity inside the building to reproduce the sounds with excellent masking effect on the incoming path of noise using the control speakers, considering the direction of noise source. The directional masking sounds can be generated by using VBPA technique. To verify the performance of the proposed method, we carried out the subjective test for the degree of amenity according to direction of the masking sound. Subjective test results showed that it is possible to improve the amenity inside the building by controlling the direction of masking sound considering the human's auditory characteristic.

• 정보보호학회논문지
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• 제27권5호
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• pp.1023-1032
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• 2017

스마트카드와 같은 정보보호용 디바이스에서 평문 데이터를 직접 암호화할 경우 누설되는 부채널 정보에 의해 사용되는 비밀 키가 노출될 수 있다. 특히, IoT 환경을 고려하여 설계된 LEA와 같은 경량 암호 알고리즘에서도 부채널 공격의 취약점이 발견되었다. 본 논문에서는 부채널 공격에 대응하기 위한 마스킹 기법을 소개하고 LEA 알고리즘에 적용할 수 있는 효율적인 마스킹 기법을 제안한다. 특히, 제안하는 산술-부울 마스킹 변환 기법은 256바이트 정도의 메모리가 필요하지만 연산 시간을 크게 감소시킴으로써 전체 암호 알고리즘의 수행 속도를 기존 알고리즘에 비해 약 17%정도 향상시킬 수 있다.

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.19-33
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• 1998

The primary objective of this research was to develop optimal models for masking the road traffic noise with the sound of a waterfall at urban small green spaces. Noise levels were measured at 8 roadside green spaces in SEOUL and questionnaires were randomly distributed to 40 users for evaluating the noise at each site at the same time. College students participated in the experiment for the development of masking models and the developed models were tested by users at 2 green spaces. The major results are as follows ; 1. Traffic noises ranged from 65dBto 70 dB. Users' satisfaction with the noise became considerably low on the basis of 60 dB and it was highly related to noise level. 2. Noise was a main factor to depreciate the amenity of green spaces where its level was more than 60 dB and so it neds to be excluded or reduced the traffic noise at the process of design. 3. Masking effects kept constant independent of the spatial location of masker on condition that masker levels were equal. It was effective when masker was 5-10dB greater than noise level which was masked. 4. As noise level went up, satisfaction ratings about the masked noise became low but masking effects increased in proportion to its level. 5. It was proved that the models were valid through the field experiment.

• 정보보호학회논문지
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.923-941
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• 2017

부채널 공격은 암호 장비의 물리적인 정보를 기반으로 내장된 암호 알고리즘을 공격하는 방법이다. 대표적인 부채널 공격 대응방법인 마스킹 기법은 암호 알고리즘의 라운드 중간 값에 임의의 마스킹 값을 연산하는 방법이다. 하지만 암호 알고리즘의 모든 라운드에 마스킹 연산이 적용되면 암호화 과정에 과부하가 발생 할 수 있다. 따라서 IoT(Internet of Things), 웨어러블 디바이스 등과 같은 경량 장비에는 마스킹 기법을 암호 알고리즘의 일부 라운드에만 적용하는 축소 마스킹 기법을 사용하는 것이 현실적이다. 본 논문에서는 축소 마스킹 기법이 적용된 SIMON 패밀리에 대한 해밍 웨이트 필터링을 이용한 공격 방법을 소개하고, 실제 프로그래밍을 통해 첫 라운드 키 복구가 가능함을 보인다.

• 한국자동차공학회논문집
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.156-165
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• 2014

This paper is the first investigation on the effect of flow control methods on the part load performance in a spark ignition engine. For comparison of the methods, two control devices, port throttling and masking, were applied to a conventional engine without any design change of the intake port. Steady flow evaluation shows that steady flow rates per unit opening area and swirl ratio are very low compared with the port throttling and saturated from mid-stage valve lift, however, swirl increases slightly as the lift is higher in case of 1/4 masking control. In the part load performance, the effect of simple port throttling on lean misfire limit expansion is limited and insufficient; on the other hand a masking improves the limit considerably without any port modification for increasing swirl. Also the results show that the intake flow control improves the combustion with following two mechanisms: stratification induced by the combination of the flow pattern and the fuel injection timing attribute to ignition ability and the intensified flow ensure fast burn. In addition fuel consumption reduces under the flow controls and the reduction rate is different according to the operation conditions and control methods. At the Stoichiometric and/or low speed and low load the throttling method is more advantageous; however vice versa at lean and high load condition. Finally, the throttling is more efficient for HC reduction than masking, on the other side the NOx emissions increase under the masking and decrease under the port throttling compared with conventional port scheme.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제40권1호
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• pp.19-27
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• 2015

Purpose: A system to measure the visibility of agricultural tractor operators was designed and evaluated according to ISO standards, and a blind area diagram around the tested tractor was created based on the manual method recommended by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). Methods: A visibility measurement system was designed and evaluated based on the ISO 5006 and ISO 5721-1 standards. Two bulbs used to simulate the operator's eyes were mounted on a bar with a supporting frame. A wooden frame was used to determine the seat index point position. The 12-m visibility test circle was divided into six sectors of vision, and the test tractor was placed at the center of the circle. Artificial light was supplied in the darkened environment, and shadow or masking effects were measured manually around the 12-m circle. Results: When the bulbs were placed at the operator's eye level, front visibility was good; no masking was found in the "A" vision sector, but larger masking widths were found in the "B" and "C" vision sectors. Since the masking width exceeded 700 mm, additional tests, such as movement of the light sources to both sides of the operator's eye level, were performed. Less than six masking effects were found in the semi-circle of vision to the front, and more than one masking was found in the "B" and "C" visual fields. The minimum distance between the centers of two masking effects exceeded 2500 mm when measured as a chord on the semi-circle of vision. A blind area diagram was created to define the exact nature of the blind spots and mirror visibility. Conclusions: Visibility evaluation is an effective way to enable proper and safe operation for agricultural tractor operators. Inclusion of this visibility evaluation test in the general testing process might aid tractor manufacturers.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.1100-1123
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• 2019

A code-based cryptosystem can resist quantum-computing attacks. However, an original system based on the Goppa code has a large key size, which makes it unpractical in embedded devices with limited sources. Many special error-correcting codes have recently been developed to reduce the key size, and yet these systems are easily broken through side channel attacks, particularly differential power analysis (DPA) attacks, when they are applied to hardware devices. To address this problem, a higher-order masking scheme for a McEliece cryptosystem based on the quasi-dyadic moderate density parity check (QD-MDPC) code has been proposed. The proposed scheme has a small key size and is able to resist DPA attacks. In this paper, a novel McEliece cryptosystem based on the QD-MDPC code is demonstrated. The key size of this novel cryptosystem is reduced by 78 times, which meets the requirements of embedded devices. Further, based on the novel cryptosystem, a higher-order masking scheme was developed by constructing an extension Ishai-Sahai-Wagne (ISW) masking scheme. The authenticity and integrity analysis verify that the proposed scheme has higher security than conventional approaches. Finally, a side channel attack experiment was also conducted to verify that the novel masking system is able to defend against high-order DPA attacks on hardware devices. Based on the experimental validation, it can be concluded that the proposed higher-order masking scheme can be applied as an advanced protection solution for devices with limited resources.

• 정보보호학회논문지
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• 제18권6A호
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• pp.17-25
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• 2008

차분 전력 분석 공격[8]은 암호시스템에 대한 강력한 부채널 공격 방법 중의 하나이며 마스킹 방법[10]은 이러한 차분전력 분석 공격에 대한 알고리즘적인 대응 기법의 하나로 잘 알려져 있다. 그러나 마스킹 방법을 산술 덧셈기와 같은 비선형 함수에 적용하는 것은 쉽지 않다. 본 논문은 이러한 마스킹 방법을 산술 덧셈기에 효율적으로 적용하는 새로운 방법을 제안한다. 이를 위해서 본 논문은 먼저 기본 논리 게이트 (AND, OR, NAND, NOR, XOR, XNOR, NOT)에 마스킹 방법을 적용하는 방법을 먼저 제안하고 이러한 기본 게이트들의 조합으로 산술 덧셈기를 구성함으로써 산술 덧셈기에 적용 가능한 새로운 마스킹 방법을 제시한다. 제안된 방법의 응용으로서 본 논문은 SEED 블록 암호 알고리즘과 SHA-1 해쉬 함수를 차분 전력 분석 공격에 안전하게 구현하는 방법과 그 상세한 하드웨어적인 구현 결과를 제시한다.

• 한국컴퓨터정보학회논문지
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.101-109
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• 2009

오라클 DBMS의 8i버전에서는 암호화 모듈이 기본적으로 장착되어 있으나, 암호화 모듈은 성능저하가 야기되어 제한적으로 적용되고 있다. 본 논문에서는 인덱스검색, 객체관리 혼란, 암호화로 인한 심각한 DB성능 저하, 실시간 데이터 암호화 미지원 IP기반의 데이터 접근제어 미지원으로 인한 기술별로 DB 보안의 문제점을 분석한다. 그리고 DB 보안의 가용성을 향상시키기 위해 암호화기술의 대체수단인 DB Masking 기법을 활용한 종합적인 보안 프레임워크를 제안한다. 취약점 개선안으로 가상계정을 이용하여 보안등급별로 DB Masking 기준을 설정하고, 가상계정을 통한 사용자 인증과 SQL문의 사전, 사후 결재 및 무결성을 체크하고, 감사 로그로 수집하여 DB를 안전하게 관리 할 수 있는 방안으로 활용한다.