• Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.14-19
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• 2009

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to provide basic data to assess spiritual health of HIV/AIDS patients and devise spiritual nursing mediation plans in practical nursing work by examining the levels of spiritual wellbeing (SWB) and spiritual needs of HIV/AIDS patients'. Methods: A correlation survey study was conducted on HIV/AIDS patients age ranging from 20 to 70 years to investigate the relationship between their SWB and spiritual needs. Results: 1. Average scores of HIV/AIDS patients' related to SWB were found to be higher than the intermediate level: 54.59 in SWB; more specifically, 27.78 in existential well-being and 26.80 in religious well-being. 2. Average score of for HIV/AIDS patients' spiritual needs was 108.67: More specifically, 37.80 in the needs of love and interest, 42.35 in the needs of seeking meanings and purposes, and 28.51 in the needs of wanting to be forgiven. 3. Concerning the correlation between SWB and spiritual needs, the total SWB and total spiritual needs of HIV/AIDS patients' showed a weak positive correlation (r=0.344, P=0.013). Conclusion: The result of the study showed that SWB and spiritual needs of HIV/AIDS patients' are higher than the average scores, and these two parameters have a weak positive correlation, indicating that HIV/AIDS patients have strong spiritual needs of seeking meanings and purposes. Therefore, more studies on the spiritual nursing mediation plans are needed in order to raise their spiritual well-being levels and meet their spiritual needs through precise assessment.

• Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.12-29
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• 2008

Purpose: To develop the standardized record forms for home hospice team members, made up of nurse, doctor, social worker, minister and volunteer, to share information and communicate efficiently in their specialized field. Methods: A methodological study revising and complementing initially developed record forms by obtaining content validity from the experts in each field. Results: Reflecting total 27 experts' opinions, final 11 types of home hospice team documents (registration form, visiting record form for a nurse, initial assessment form for a doctor, progress note for a doctor, initial assessment form for spiritual care, visiting record form for a minister, care note for social worker, visiting record form for a volunteer, final summary note, initial assessment form for bereaved family, and follow-up record form for bereaved family) have been developed. Conclusion: It is believed that this study initiated of effective communication between home hospice team members and enhanced quality of home hospice service and its records.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.57 no.12
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• pp.526-532
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• 2014

Purpose: Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) have been implicated in atherosclerosis, and therefore, are considered risk factors for metabolic dysfunction in adults. However, there is little data on circulating levels of MMPs and tissue inhibitors of MMPs (TIMPs) with regard to obesity-related biomarkers in the general adolescent population. In the present study, we determined the associations of MMP-8, MMP-9, and TIMP-1 levels and MMP-8/TIMP-1 and MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratios with obesity-related biomarkers in apparently healthy adolescent boys. Methods: We measured MMP and TIMP concentrations in plasma samples using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and analyzed their associations with obesity-related biomarkers, such as liver enzymes and lipid profiles, in a sample of 91 Korean boys aged 13-14 years who participated in a general health check-up. Results: The mean age of the boys was $13.8{\pm}0.3years$; 72 boys were normal weight and 19 were overweight/obese. The Pearson correlation coefficients revealed a significant correlation between MMP-8 and aspartate aminotransferase (r=0.217, P=0.039) and alanine aminotransferase (r=0.250, P=0.017) and between TIMP-1 and aspartate aminotransferase (r=0.267, P=0.011). In a multivariate linear regression analysis, serum alanine aminotransferase was positively associated with the MMP-8 level. There were no significant differences in the MMP-8, MMP-9, and TIMP-1 levels or MMP-8/TIMP-1 and MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratios between control and overweight/obese subjects. Conclusion: We found a significant association between the MMP-8 level and alanine aminotransferase in the apparently healthy adolescent boys. These findings indicate that there may be a pathophysiological mechanism underlying the relationship between MMP-8 and liver enzymes in young adolescents.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.583-594
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to perform the fetal education effectively for the delivered woman and her husband. This study was conducted by the questionnaire survey on 199 delivered women and their 171 husbands at several hospitals located in Seoul and Kyonggi Province from February 28 to March 26, 2002. The contents of questionnaire included the purposes, the cognition and the practice of fetal education. The SAS program was used for the statistical analysis of the data. The character of subject was analyzed by the percentage. The difference between the cognition and practice of fetal education was analyzed by t-test, ANOVA, Wilcoxon rank sum test. The factor analysis affected on the practice of fetal education was adopted by Multiple regression. The results were as follows; 1. In the purpose of fetal education, the well- balanced emotion showed the highest mark. The cognition of fetal education(woman:$4.39{\pm}0.52$, husband:$3.88{\pm}0.70$) and the practice (woman:$3.88{\pm}0.60$, husband:$3.83{\pm}0.70$) showed the relatively high mark, but the score of cognition showed higher than that of practice. 2. In the comparison of the cognition between the delivered woman and the husband for the fetal education the item of the mental or health state would affect unborn baby, which occupied the highest mark in both woman and the husband(woman:$4.81{\pm}0.44$, husband:$4.81{\pm}0.50$). But they were prohibited to eat the deformed food, which showed the lowest mark(woman:$3.19{\pm}1.12$, husband:$3.21{\pm}1.29$). 3. In the comparison of the practice for the fetal education between the delivered woman and the husband, the practice for the healthy baby showed the highest mark in woman ($4.51{\pm}0.71$), which had a statistically significant difference(P=0.025), compared with that of the husband($4.13{\pm}0.99$). 4. In the comparison of cognition and practice for the fetal education, the general character was associated with the duration of marriage, the satisfaction with marriage and the support of husband on pregnancy. The mark was associated with the age of woman, the level of education and the first birth. 5. The significant factors influencing on the practice for the fetal education were connected with the cognition of fetal education, age, satisfaction with marriage, the support of husband on pregnancy, the type of family, the experience of delivery and the state of health during the period of pregnancy. etc. In conclusion, it is indicated to make effort for transforming and developing the traditional fetal education in accordance with the modern fetal education. And it is suggested that the fetal education might be recognized by all members of family, and the importance of husband's role for the fetal education should be informed as well as that of woman's.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.341-350
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• 2011

This study aims at providing basic data on organ donation by analyzing factors of influencing toward intention to organ donation and further at improving people's consciousness on organ donation, subject to citizens of Busan City. The data was collected for 47 days from 14 July to 31 August, 2009. Among a total of 2200 cases of the questionaries, only 2042 cases were used. For data analysis, SPSS 17.0 was used, and for the specific analysis method frequency analysis to understand general characteristics of the participants. In addition, examination on T-test and ANOVA analysis were conducted after analyzing the factors for participants' consciousness on organ donation, and logistic regression analysis for understanding of relations between participants' will to donate organs and general characteristics. The results of this study are summarized as follows; First, among the participants, those who have heard about organ donations were 71.6%. Second, the factors that general characteristics influence on the attitudes towards organ donation include gender, chronic diseases or incurable diseases in the respondents or their family, religion, acceptive attitude factor, exclusive attitude factor and positive attitude factor towards organ donation. Based on the results, in order to raise people's consciousness on organ donation and form social sympathy, more than anything else, public mass media like broadcasting is important. In addition, as organ donation centers and related institutions prepare nationwide events, we should endeavor to prepare the opportunities in various ways to converse people's consciousness on organ donation and further put organ donation into practice.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.15 no.11
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• pp.6702-6709
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• 2014

In this study, a susceptibility weighted image (SWI) showed a wrapped phase and a non-uniformity of the rapid susceptibility difference. Consequently, the bandwidth limits at low frequency were improved by applying HPF. From November 2013 to March 2014, a three-dimensional SWI was obtained from patients and compared with the existing images and HPF phase images. The maximum and minimum signal intensity differences and non-uniformity were analyzed. As a result, a high pass filter before and after applying the maximum and minimum of the signal intensity difference was decreased by 274.16% (498.98), and the non-uniformity was decreased by 439.55% (19.83). After applying the HPF, a comparison with the existing phase images revealed the HPF phase images to have high signal and image uniformity of the SWI image. A high pass filter method can effectively remove the non-uniformity and improve the overall image quality.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.549-565
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• 2000

Comprehensive review of the literature was conducted to determine 1) selected risk factors and its impact that affect pregnancy outcome such as smoking, alcohol consumption, and substance abuse 2) these factors can facilitate future strategies for health promotion and prevention for both pregnant women and fetus. Review of literature were extracted from searching MEDLINE(1966 - Oct. 2000). CINAHL (1982 - Oct. 2000) and the domestic literature. The following factors were identified: 1. The effects of risk behaviors on pregnancy. ${\cdot}$Maternal smoking was associated with the occurrence of premature or LBW delivery, fetal growth retardation, extremities defects, heart defects and sudden infant death syndrome. ${\cdot}$Maternal alcohol consumption was associated with spontaneous abortion, premature or LBW delivery, morphologic/neurologic problems, especially fetal alcohol syndrome. ${\cdot}$Heroin was associated with withdrawal after birth in which were born to heroine addicts for gestational age and lung maturation in animal studies. ${\cdot}$Cocaine was associated with spontaneous abortion, abruptio placenta and a poor response to environmental stimuli. ${\cdot}$So far, the effects of caffeine on pregnancy was controversial, but severe caffeine consumption was associated with premature or LBW delivery, spontaneous abortion, still birth and dystocia. 2. Intervention methods and its effects identified were as follows ${\cdot}$Conducted intervention for smoking, alcohol and drug consumption were single or combined. ${\cdot}$Intervention methods were counseling, phone contact, mailing, use of educational videotape, booklet, support person and alternatives such as nicotine patch. ${\cdot}$The interventions increased the rates of smoking cessation during pregnancy and awareness of the risk of drug consumption, and decreased amount of alcohol consumption. ${\cdot}$The intervention outcome found positive effect on birth weight and length. 3. Our recommendations were as follows ${\cdot}$The personal and social cognition should be enhanced through education and the mass media. ${\cdot}$It's necessary to educate and give information of preconceptional care, planned pregnancy and early prenatal care for optimal pregnancy outcome. ${\cdot}$It's necessary to develop comprehensive assessment tool which is reliable and valid on smoking, alcohol consumption and substance abuse to identify supportive or interventional program.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.164-173
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• 2001

Objectives : Fatigue is a common symptom in primary medical care and has nonspecific and highly subjective features. So it has been difficult to define and measure fatigue, especially those present without any organic diseases. This study was conducted to evaluate the validity of the Fatigue severity scale(FSS) in patients with persistent fatigue who were free of any organic diseases or psychiatric disorders of depression or anxiety. Methods : Subjects consisted of 45 controls, 44 fatigued patients and 43 psychiatric patients with depression or anxiety. They all completed the fatigue severity, modified Bepsi stress, and Hospital anxiety and depression scales. Chalder fatigue scale was administrated randomly in 30 of them. Data were analyzed for reliability and validity of the FSS. Results: Cronbach's a coeffient of FSS was 0.929, and the Pearson correlation coefficient for test-retest was 0.916(p<0.01). ANCOVA for discriminant validity revealed that there were significant differences in mean FSS values among the three groups. The fatigue group had significantly higher FSS value than the other two groups. The psychiatric group also had significantly higher FSS value than the control group. The Pearson correlation coefficient for convergent validity by comparing FSS with Chalder fatigue scale was 0.782(p<0.01). Using FSS index 3.22 as the cut-off point, sensitivity was 84.1% and specificity was 85.7% for the fatigue and control groups, respectively. Conclusion : Results suggested the clinical application of the FSS to be a useful measurement for distinguishing fatigue between patients with physiologic fatigue and psychiatric patients with depression or anxiety.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.25 no.12
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• pp.2146-2152
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• 2015

Apios americana Medik (hereinafter Apios) has been reported to treat diseases, including cancer, hypertension, obesity, and diabetes. The therapeutic effect of Apios is likely to be associated with its anti-inflammatory activity. This study was conducted to evaluate the protective effects of Apios in animal models of acute lung injury induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or pandemic H1N1 2009 influenza A virus (H1N1). Mice were exposed to LPS or H1N1 for 2-4 days to induce acute lung injury. The treatment groups were administered Apios extracts via oral injection for 8 weeks before LPS treatment or H1N1 infection. To investigate the effects of Apios, we assessed the mice for in vivo effects of Apios on immune cell infiltration and the level of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid, and histopathological changes in the lung. After induction of acute lung injury, the numbers of neutrophils and total cells were lower in the Apios-treated groups than in the non-Apios-treated LPS and H1N1 groups. The Apios groups tended to have lower levels of tumor necrosis factor-a and interleukin-6 in BAL fluid. In addition, the histopathological changes in the lungs were markedly reduced in the Apios-treated groups. These data suggest that Apios treatment reduces LPS- and H1N1-induced lung inflammation. These protective effects of Apios suggest that it may have therapeutic potential in acute lung injury.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.87-92
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• 2017

The first Ebola hemorrhagic fever outbreak occurred in the Democratic Republic of Congo and Sudan in 1976 and then emerged in West Africa in 2014 with a total of 27,741 cases and 11,284 deaths. The fever is caused by the Ebola virus, which belongs to the Filoviridae family and contains a ssRNA genome. The known subtypes of the virus are Bundibugyo ebolavirus, Reston ebolavirus, Sudan ebolavirus, $Ta\ddot{i}$ Forest ebolavirus, and Zaire ebolavirus. The Ebola outbreak was historically originated majorly from the East and Central African tropical belt. The current outbreaks in West Africa caused numerous deaths and spread fear in global society. In the absence of effective treatment strategies and any vaccine, accurate diagnosis is the most important contributing factor in the management and control of the epidemic disease. WHO (World Health Organization) has announced emergency guidance for the selection and use of Ebola in in vitro diagnostic assays. Numerous companies and research institutions have studied the various diagnosis methods and identified four WHO procurement approved as diagnosis kits: RealStar Ebolavirus Screen RT-PCR kit 1.0 (Altona), Liferiver-Ebola Virus (EBOV) Real time RT-PCR kit, Xpert Ebola Assay, and ReEBOV Antigen Rapid Test Kit. The efficiency of novel diagnostic kits such as Rapid Diagnosis Test (RDT) is currently being evaluated.