• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
• /
• v.14 no.1
• /
• pp.101-116
• /
• 2019

Technology-based start-up is important in that it encourages innovation, facilitates the development of new products and services, and contributes to job creation. Technology-based start-up activates entrepreneurship when appropriate support is provided within the ecosystem. Thus, understanding the technology-based start-up ecosystem is crucial. The purpose of this study is as follows. First, in Herrmann et al.'s(2015) study, we compare and analyze the ecosystem of each country by selecting representative regions such as Silicon Valley, Tel Aviv, London and Singapore which have the highest ranking in the start-up ecosystem. Second, we try to deeply understand the start-up ecosystem based on in-depth interviews with various stakeholders such as VC investors, start-ups, support organizations, and professors related to the Korean start-up ecosystem. Finally, based on the results of the study, we suggest development and activation of Korean technology-based start-up ecosystem. As a result, the Seoul start-up ecosystem showed a positive evaluation of government support compared to other advanced countries. In addition, it was confirmed that the ratio of tele-work and start-up company working experience of employees was higher than other countries. On the other hand, in Seoul, It was confirmed that overseas market performance, human resource diversity, attracting investment, hiring technological engineers, and the ratio of female entrepreneurs were lower than those of overseas advanced countries. In addition, according to the results of the interview analysis, Seoul was able to find that start-up ecosystems such as individual angel investors, accelerators, support institution, and media are developing thanks to the government's market-oriented policy support. However, in order for this development to continue, it is necessary to improve the continuous investment system, expansion of diversity, investment return system, and accessibility to the global market. A discussion on this issue is presented.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
• /
• v.30 no.2
• /
• pp.157-183
• /
• 2008

'New Universities for Regional Innovation(NURI)' is a financial aid program designed to promote the development of universities as a major component of Regional Innovation System (RIS). In particular, this program emphasizes the role of regional universities to provide the qualified graduates for the regional economy. This paper is to evaluate the effect of NURI, focusing on the change of graduates' employment. The effect of the program can be evaluated by the quality of graduates' accumulated human capital, and graduates' employment performance represents the graduates' quality evaluated in the labor market. This is also believed to be a good performance indicator of the NURI program. We utilize the graduate employment survey of Korean Educational Development Institute (KEDI), and calculate the graduates' employment rates of the departments that received the financial support of NURI (treatment group). We also calculate the graduates' employment rates of the departments that applied for the support of the NURI program but were not selected (comparison group). By using difference-in-differences method, we compare the change of graduates' employment rates in treatment and comparison groups before and after the program came in effect. Compared with the employment rates in 2004 before the NURI program started, the graduates employment rates improved in both groups in 2005 and 2006. The improvement of the employment rates in the treatment group is larger than that in the comparison group. Moreover, the difference of improvement gets larger in the year 2006 than in 2005, which means those students who were affected more years by the NURI program are more likely to be employed. However, the difference is not statistically significant, and we cannot definetely conclude that NURI showed the desired effect on the quality of the college graduates. We calculate employment rates in two ways; whether to treat going on to graduate education as an employment or not. The result was qualitatively the same in both cases. We also tracked quality of employment by investigating the firm size where the graduates of the treatment group were employed. By utilizing data from the Employment Insurance Fund, we measure the firm size by the number of employees. We did not find any deterioration of employment quality between 2005 and 2006, though it deteriorates in 2007. Therefore, the improvement of employment rates until 2006, though not statistically significant, does not seem to come at the cost of employment quality. The interpretation of this result cannot help being very limited. First, this evaluation covers such a short time period. It only covers two years after the program started, 2005 and 2006. Second, the extent of the improvement in employment rates is not satisfactory considering the amount of financial support, even though it can be argued that the employment has improved since the inception of the program. Subsequent evaluation of the program is required to certify the NURI programs' longer term effectiveness.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
• /
• v.23 no.4
• /
• pp.53-84
• /
• 2013

With rapid development of ICT (Information and Communications Technology), new services by the convergence of mobile network and application technology began to appear. Today, smart phone with new ICT convergence network capabilities is exceedingly popular and very useful as a new tool for the development of business opportunities. Previous studies based on Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) suggested critical factors, which should be considered for acquiring new customers and maintaining existing users in smart phone market. However, they had a limitation to focus on technology acceptance, not value based approach. Prior studies on customer's adoption of electronic utilities like smart phone product showed that the antecedents such as the perceived benefit and the perceived sacrifice could explain the causality between what is perceived and what is acquired over diverse contexts. So, this research conceptualizes perceived value as a trade-off between perceived benefit and perceived sacrifice, and we need to research the perceived value to grasp user's continuous intention to use of smart phone. The purpose of this study is to investigate the structured relationship between benefit (quality, usefulness, playfulness) and sacrifice (technicality, cost, security risk) of smart phone users, perceived value, and continuous intention to use. In addition, this study intends to analyze the differences between two subgroups of smart phone users by the degree of personal innovativeness. Personal innovativeness could help us to understand the moderating effect between how perceptions are formed and continuous intention to use smart phone. This study conducted survey through e-mail, direct mail, and interview with smart phone users. Empirical analysis based on 330 respondents was conducted in order to test the hypotheses. First, the result of hypotheses testing showed that perceived usefulness among three factors of perceived benefit has the highest positive impact on perceived value, and then followed by perceived playfulness and perceived quality. Second, the result of hypotheses testing showed that perceived cost among three factors of perceived sacrifice has significantly negative impact on perceived value, however, technicality and security risk have no significant impact on perceived value. Also, the result of hypotheses testing showed that perceived value has significant direct impact on continuous intention to use of smart phone. In this regard, marketing managers of smart phone company should pay more attention to improve task efficiency and performance of smart phone, including rate systems of smart phone. Additionally, to test the moderating effect of personal innovativeness, this research conducted multi-group analysis by the degree of personal innovativeness of smart phone users. In a group with high level of innovativeness, perceived usefulness has the highest positive influence on perceived value than other factors. Instead, the analysis for a group with low level of innovativeness showed that perceived playfulness was the highest positive factor to influence perceived value than others. This result of the group with high level of innovativeness explains that innovators and early adopters are able to cope with higher level of cost and risk, and they expect to develop more positive intentions toward higher performance through the use of an innovation. Also, hedonic behavior in the case of the group with low level of innovativeness aims to provide self-fulfilling value to the users, in contrast to utilitarian perspective, which aims to provide instrumental value to the users. However, with regard to perceived sacrifice, both groups in general showed negative impact on perceived value. Also, the group with high level of innovativeness had less overall negative impact on perceived value compared to the group with low level of innovativeness across all factors. In both group with high level of innovativeness and with low level of innovativeness, perceived cost has the highest negative influence on perceived value than other factors. Instead, the analysis for a group with high level of innovativeness showed that perceived technicality was the positive factor to influence perceived value than others. However, the analysis for a group with low level of innovativeness showed that perceived security risk was the second high negative factor to influence perceived value than others. Unlike previous studies, this study focuses on influencing factors on continuous intention to use of smart phone, rather than considering initial purchase and adoption of smart phone. First, perceived value, which was used to identify user's adoption behavior, has a mediating effect among perceived benefit, perceived sacrifice, and continuous intention to use smart phone. Second, perceived usefulness has the highest positive influence on perceived value, while perceived cost has significant negative influence on perceived value. Third, perceived value, like prior studies, has high level of positive influence on continuous intention to use smart phone. Fourth, in multi-group analysis by the degree of personal innovativeness of smart phone users, perceived usefulness, in a group with high level of innovativeness, has the highest positive influence on perceived value than other factors. Instead, perceived playfulness, in a group with low level of innovativeness, has the highest positive factor to influence perceived value than others. This result shows that early adopters intend to adopt smart phone as a tool to make their job useful, instead market followers intend to adopt smart phone as a tool to make their time enjoyable. In terms of marketing strategy for smart phone company, marketing managers should pay more attention to identify their customers' lifetime value by the phase of smart phone adoption, as well as to understand their behavior intention to accept the risk and uncertainty positively. The academic contribution of this study primarily is to employ the VAM (Value-based Adoption Model) as a conceptual foundation, compared to TAM (Technology Acceptance Model) used widely by previous studies. VAM is useful for understanding continuous intention to use smart phone in comparison with TAM as a new IT utility by individual adoption. Perceived value dominantly influences continuous intention to use smart phone. The results of this study justify our research model adoption on each antecedent of perceived value as a benefit and a sacrifice component. While TAM could be widely used in user acceptance of new technology, it has a limitation to explain the new IT adoption like smart phone, because of customer behavior intention to choose the value of the object. In terms of theoretical approach, this study provides theoretical contribution to the development, design, and marketing of smart phone. The practical contribution of this study is to suggest useful decision alternatives concerned to marketing strategy formulation for acquiring and retaining long-term customers related to smart phone business. Since potential customers are interested in both benefit and sacrifice when evaluating the value of smart phone, marketing managers in smart phone company has to put more effort into creating customer's value of low sacrifice and high benefit so that customers will continuously have higher adoption on smart phone. Especially, this study shows that innovators and early adopters with high level of innovativeness have higher adoption than market followers with low level of innovativeness, in terms of perceived usefulness and perceived cost. To formulate marketing strategy for smart phone diffusion, marketing managers have to pay more attention to identify not only their customers' benefit and sacrifice components but also their customers' lifetime value to adopt smart phone.

• Journal of Technology Innovation
• /
• v.24 no.1
• /
• pp.143-167
• /
• 2016

The purpose of this study is to analyze changes of innovation activities and their performance in pre-IPO and post-IPO of KOSDAQ IPO listed companies in medical and pharmaceutical fields, which require high R&D investment, from 2000 to 2005 in Korea. The innovation efficiencies of the IPO companies were measured before and after three years based on the DEA model. The financial data and patent information of the listed company during total 6 years, which were 3 years before IPO and 3 years after IPO, were collected. The main results of this research are as follows. First, it took an average 12.86 years until IPO in the start-up of the IPO companies in the pharmaceutical sector, and innovation was on average more active than the IPO before. R&D investment was higher than the IPO before, and the number of the applied patent during 3 years after IPO was 16.67 which was increased from 8.43 during 3 years before IPO. In addition, the average scope of technology of the IPO companies was expanded from 11 to 22 technology fields during previous 3 year and after 3 year each, and financial growth after IPO was lower than the previous IPO. Second, the financial performance of R&D investment and the performance of patent activity were weakened in the efficiency after the IPO, and the integrated performance from the patenting activities and the R&D investment was decreased after the IPO. Finally, the efficiency of the financial performance of the patenting activity was lower than the efficiency of the financial performance of the patent and R&D investment and patent activities under the R&D investment. In particular, the inefficiency of the firms' patenting activities performance after the IPO was caused by the decreasing return to scale, according to the results of this study. This results implicate that the expansion of R&D investments through the IPO had not lead to the financial performance of the market, and that the overall inefficiency since the IPO is due to the inefficiencies at the stage for the outcome of innovation activity rather than the output obtained through the R&D investments that appear to lead the performance of the market.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
• /
• v.11 no.5
• /
• pp.29-43
• /
• 2016

The Lean Startup, a methodology for minimizing failure rate of startups, has been receiving attention since its publication in 2011. Although it has been receiving enormous attention as an effective methodology of startups' growth and the emergence of unicorn companies, it is undeniable that the theoretical research and cases on this topic have not been fully accumulated in Korea. Progress of management theory has been made when combining the theory and case studies. In this paper, we thus excavated the 'Cardoc' case, which has applied the lean startup concept to the entire process of service and customer development from the inception of its product design. The following are the findings of the case. First, for the successful application of lean startup, it is essential that all team members to understand the lean startup concept and are willing to apply it thoroughly to the business management. Second, the prompt launching of MVP(Minimum Viable Product) is more important than table discussion. Third, it is crucial to select the appropriate key metrics and analytic tools for effective learning. Fourth, startup must scale up promptly as soon as it verifies the product-market fit through the BML(Build-Measure-Learn) iteration cycle. Fifth, all new business expansion should be lean. Cardoc is currently testing new MVPs in order to move onto the next scale-up process with huge investments in newly added segments. This study is meaningful in that it elaborates the representative case of a Korean startup that has applied the lean startup strategy under the circumstance of insufficient discussion of Korean startup cases in comparison with growing attention both in concept development and case accumulation abroad. We hope that this paper can be a stepping stone for future relevant research on the implementation of lean startup methodology in Korea.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
• /
• v.53 no.4
• /
• pp.377-385
• /
• 2011

This study was carried out to investigate quality characteristics of dry-cured hams in the domestic market. Two kinds of dry-cured hams were processed with pork leg (T1) and pork neck (T2). Five 24-month dry-cured legs (T1, 5.3-6.1 kg) and twenty 4-month dry-cured pork necks (T2, 1.5-1.9 kg) were used in this experiment. They were stored at $4^{\circ}C$ chilling room and quality characteristics were investigated. Moisture content, water activity, cholesterol content, CIE $L^*$, VBN, total plate counts and lactic acid bacteria of T1 were significantly higher (p<0.05) than those of T2, whereas fat content, ${NO_2}^-$, CIE $a^*$, TBARS and Warner-Bratzler shear force values of T2 were significantly higher (p<0.05) than those of T1. In fatty acid compositions, palmitoleic acid and stearic acid in T2 were significantly higher (p<0.05) than T1, however, oleic and linoleic acid in T2 was significantly lower (p<0.05) than T1. In free amino acids, the total content and individual content of asparagin, leucine and phenylalanine in T1 were higher than those of T2 (p<0.05). The aroma score of T2 was higher than that of T1 in sensory evaluation (p<0.05). In conclusion, two kinds of dry-cured hams were different in their final characteristics and could enhance the consumer's appeal of pork meat in Korean market.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
• /
• v.18 no.3
• /
• pp.118-124
• /
• 2003

For the rapid detection of various pathogenic microorganisms from food sample, various kinds of kits have been developed and commercially available in the markets. With the advantages of speed, accuracy and easiness, the market of these kits has gradually increased for the QC and QA field of food company as well as testing facilities or laboratories. In this study, the characteristics such as the detection limit and the sensitivity of immunochromatographic type of rapid detection kit (Donga Co, Korea, D-kit) for E. coli 0157:H7 developed by monoclonal antibody were examined and also the possibility of application of the kit to food samples was evaluated. The reference kits used for comparison study were Reveal E. coli 0157:H7 (Neogen Co., USA, R-kit) and VIP EHEC kit (Biocontrol Inc., USA, V-kit) occupying major market share. In the detection limit test with the E. coli 0157:H7 reference, both R-kit and D-kit showed a distinct positive reaction in $10^4$/ml and weak positive reaction in $10^3$/ml, whereas V-kit showed a same reaction in 105/ml. Also, it was identified that the culture treated with heat showed more sensitivity than no heat treated culture. The sensitivity test was conducted against 22 isolates of E. coli 0157:H7, 7 strains of non-O157:H7 verotoxin-producing E. coli, 40 strains of E. coli with different O and H antigen type, and 38 strains of non-E. coli Enterobacteriaceae, and all of the test strains except three were showed exactly three were showed exactly the same reaction against three kinds of the tested kits. All the three kinds of kits showed a positive reaction against E. coli O157:H19, E. coli O148:H18 and Salmonella galinarium. We suppose that there might be a similarity in serological property between these three strains and O157:H7. From the test results, it can be concluded that there is (was) no difference between the D-kit developed in this study and R-kit or V-kit based on the detection limit and sensitivity.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
• /
• v.18 no.2
• /
• pp.166-170
• /
• 2009

The temperature fluctuations was investigated in cold distribution chain of radish sprout, typical of commercial practice. Although the temperature of distribution chain was maintained below 5$^{\circ}C$ in precooling and packaging steps, and 10$^{\circ}C$ in transporting, temperature of loading step increased up to 18$^{\circ}C$ at market. Based on this investigation, the simulated cold distribution conditions were consisted of precooling and packaging step; 5$^{\circ}C$ for 12 hours and transporting and loading steps; 5$^{\circ}C$, 10$^{\circ}C$, 20$^{\circ}C$ and $^{\circ}C$ for 6 hours, and storage and market steps; 5$^{\circ}C$ and 10$^{\circ}C$ for 17 days. The radish sprouts were cultivated at 25$^{\circ}C$ and dark condition for S days and placed in light condition for greening. They were packaged by 25 ${\mu}m$ ceramic film after precooling for 6 hours in 5$^{\circ}C$. The fresh weight loss and visual quality of radish sprout decreased with the increase of the temperature in transporting and loading steps. The carbon dioxide content of packages increased, but the oxygen content decreased rapidly in 1day after storage, as the temperature of transporting and loading steps increased. The ethylene content in packages increased fastest in higher temperature of transporting and loading steps treatment, and showed highest in 5$^{\circ}C$-30$^{\circ}C$-10$^{\circ}C$ treatment (temperature of precooling and packaging steps for 12 hours - temperature of transporting and loading steps for 6 hours - temperature of storage step for 14 days) followed by 5$^{\circ}C$-20$^{\circ}C$-10$^{\circ}C$ treatment. The high temperature of transporting and loading steps resulted in deterioration qualities and atmosphere conditions in packages of sprout. These results suggested that the temperature fluctuation in distribution should influence the shelf-life of radish sprouts, even thought the periods of fluctuation was just 6 hours.

• Food Science and Preservation
• /
• v.16 no.6
• /
• pp.965-970
• /
• 2009

PCR technology has been widely used to detect and quantify microbial pathogens in foodstuffs, because the technique is rapid, sensitive, and selective. In this study, detection of contaminating pathogenic bacteria on shells of chicken eggs was performed using both a commercial multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) kit and a viable count method employing a selective medium. The PCR kit was capable of detecting Campylobacter jejuni, Escherichia coli O157:H7, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Listeria monocytogenes, Yersinia enterocolitica, Salmonella species, and Shigella species. Using the PCR method, five bacterial species were detected from 30 samples (33.3%) of 90 batches of eggs commercially available in a market. PCR products from B. cereus, S. aureus, L. monocytogenes, Y. enterocolitica, and E. coli O157:H7 were detected, and the numbers and frequencies of positive samples were 17 (18.8%), 12 (13.3%), 15 (16.6%), 16 (17.7%),and 4 (4.4%), respectively. None of any Salmonella species, C. jejuni, V. parahaemolyticus, or Shigella species was detected in this study. The results of PCR testing were confirmed using a typical viable count method employing a selective medium. We suggest that the multiplex polymerase chain reaction (mPCR) assay is a rapid and reliable method for detection of pathogenic bacteria contaminating eggs.

• Journal of Advanced Navigation Technology
• /
• v.16 no.6
• /
• pp.1024-1031
• /
• 2012

In the past, the part of development of that is used for the military aviation target or reconnaissance is being extended to the range of application not only reconnaissance but also civilian industry as the introduction of the newest IT technology and the technical evolution. The Civilian low-cost UAV that is expected growth at the market of UAV in the world is accelerated to the extended applicability in the fields. However, The UAV study is recently focused on the Link and The Data bus because the main decision of the civilian UAV system configuration is not suitable to determinate the factory of price. In this paper is analysed the UAV data bus through the simulation in same condition both the CAN Bus which used the automobile industry and the MIL-STD-1553B which is used the aviation industry. As a comparison result, we identified that the CAN Bus of conventional configuration is possible to transmit the data without the need for a separate coupler equipment against the MIL-STD-1553B data. Thus, we identified that the CAN bus is capable to apply as a low-cost UAV internal data bus to optimize configuration and weight than 1553B.