• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.15-20
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• 1970

The present study was undertaken in an attempt to see if the segregation frequency of a third chromosome was changed by changing the sex chromosome which were free of SD in the second chromosome. The eight genotype males having different sex chromosome constitution each were constructed by appropriate matings and the two standard laboratory stocks of Drosophila melanogaster, e and se were used as the third chromosome recessive markers for the present experiment. The results of the present investigation are given below: 1. The k values which are the proportion of the se third chromosomes recovered among progeny flies from the mating of se/e males to e females were highly signiicantly different among the four genotypes and between the two sexes,and the interaction of genotype and sex was significantly different. Thus the setregation frequency of the se third chromosome in the male, when made heterozygous with the e third chromosome, was dependent upon the sex chromosome constitution. 2. Both of the k(Woman) and the k(man) remains roughly constant among genotypes. 3. The sex ratio o the se progeny class was highly significantly heterogeneous among the four genotypes but it was homogeneous for the e progeny class. 4. The values of the k(man) and the sex ratio of the se progeny class, on the average, were higher than that of the k(Woman) and of the e progeny class, respectively. 5. Those phenomena suggest that some sort of prezygotic selection could be operating such that the combination of the e third chromosome and the Y chromosome tends to be eliminated before fertilization. This tendency argues for a re-examination of the viability estimations of Drosophila melanogaster.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.437-442
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• 2007

The melanocortin-4 receptor(MC4R) is virtually expressed in all brain regions and plays an important role in energy homeostasis in mammals. MC4R has been intensively studied as a trait gene controlling economically important traits, such as growth and feed conversion, etc. Six hundreds and sixty Duroc pigs were genotyped for the MC4R locus and analyzed their relationships with breeding values for average daily gain(ADG), backfat thickness(BF), days to 90kg(D90) and feed conversion(FC). The estimated genotype frequencies for the all Duroc pigs were: 30.8%, 45.2%, 24.1% for AA, AB and BB genotypes, respectively. The mutant A allele was significantly associated with ADG, D90 and BF whereas no significant relationship was found with FC. The change of gene frequencies by generation was shown in both selected and culled groups. These results indicate that the MC4R polymorphism could be integrated in the present selection program to realize a marker-assisted selection for the growth traits of the Duroc population.

• Plant Biotechnology Reports
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.157-167
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• 2011

In order to establish a reliable and highly efficient method for genetic transformation of pepper, a monitoring system featuring GFP (green fluorescent protein) as a report marker was applied to Agrobacteriummediated transformation. A callus-induced transformation (CIT) system was used to transform the GFP gene. GFP expression was observed in all tissues of $T_0$, $T_1$ and $T_2$ peppers, constituting the first instance in which the whole pepper plant has exhibited GFP fluorescence. A total of 38 T0 peppers were obtained from 4,200 explants. The transformation rate ranged from 0.47 to 1.83% depending on the genotype, which was higher than that obtained by CIT without the GFP monitoring system. This technique could enhance selection power by monitoring GFP expression at the early stage of callus in vitro. The detection of GFP expression in the callus led to successful identification of the shoot that contained the transgene. Thus, this technique saved lots of time and money for conducting the genetic transformation process of pepper. In addition, a co-transformation technique was applied to the target transgene, CaCS (encoding capsaicinoid synthetase of Capsicum) along with GFP. Paprika varieties were transformed by the CaCS::GFP construct, and GFP expression in callus tissues of paprika was monitored to select the right transformant.

• 한국균학회소식:학술대회논문집
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• 2015.05a
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• pp.33-33
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• 2015

Clubroot disease is the major threat to the production of Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa L.) in Japan. Although the breeding of the clubtoot resistant (CR) cultivars is one of the most efficient ways to control this disease, the CR cultivars do not always have effects due to the breakdown of resistance. Therefore, it is necessary to develop the breeding strategy to accumulate multiple CR genes in a single cultivar effectively. We have identified two incomplete dominant CR loci, Crr1 and Crr2, which are originated from the European CR turnip Siloga. To investigate the effectiveness of marker-assisted selection (MAS) for CR breeding, the inbred line with Crr1 and Crr2 was crossed with parental lines of the existing CR $F_1$ cultivar of Chinese cabbage, followed by 5 times of MAS and backcrossing. The $F_1$ derived from a cross between the resulting parental lines improved the clubroot resistance as expected and had the same morphological characters as the original $F_1$ cultivar. We have shown that the Crr1 locus comprised two loci: Crr1a, which by itself conferred resistance to the mild isolate; and Crr1b, which had a minor effect, but was not required for Crr1a-mediated resistance. Further genetic analysis suggested that Crr1b was necessary to acquire resistance to the more virulent isolate in combination with Crr2. Molecular characterization of Crr1a encoding TIR-NB-LRR class of R protein revealed that there were at least 4 alleles in Japanese CR cultivars of Chinese cabbage. PCR analysis with Crr1a-specific markers demonstrated that the functional alleles were predicted to be present in European CR turnips, Debra and 77b besides Siloga, whereas rarely in Japanese CR cultivars, indicating that Crr1a is an useful source to improve the resistance of Chinese cabbage cultivars.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.27 no.8
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• pp.1189-1195
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• 2014

Natural resistance-associated macrophage protein 1 encoding gene (NRAMP1) plays an important role in immune response against intracellular pathogens. To evaluate the effects of NRAMP1 gene on immune capacity in pigs, tissue expression of NRAMP1 mRNA was observed by real time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and the results revealed NRAMP1 expressed widely in nine tissues. One single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) (ENSSSCG00000025058: g.130 C>T) in exon1 and one SNP (ENSSSCG00000025058: g.657 A>G) in intron1 region of porcine NRAMP1 gene were demonstrated by DNA sequencing and PCR-RFLP analysis. A further analysis of SNP genotypes associated with immune traits including contain of white blood cell (WBC), granulocyte, lymphocyte, monocyte (MO), rate of cytotoxin in monocyte (MC) and $CD4^-CD8^+$ T lymphocyte subpopulations in blood was carried out in four pig populations including Large White and three Chinese indigenous breeds (Wannan Black, Huai pig and Wei pig). The results showed that the SNP (ENSSSCG00000025058: g.130 C>T) was significantly associated with level of WBC % (p = 0.031), MO% (p = 0.024), MC% (p = 0.013) and $CD4^-CD8^+$ T lymphocyte (p = 0.023). The other SNP (ENSSSCG00000025058: g.657 A>G) was significantly associated with the level of MO% (p = 0.012), MC% (p = 0.019) and $CD4^-CD8^+$ T lymphocyte (p = 0.037). These results indicate that the NRAMP1 gene can be regarded as a molecular marker for genetic selection of disease susceptibility in pig breeding.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.17 no.10
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• pp.1329-1333
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• 2004

To isolate the microsatellites from the chromosomal DNA of the Korean cattle (Hanwoo) and to use those for the genetic selection, four bacteriophage genomic libraries containing the chromosomal DNA of six Hanwoo steers showing the differences in meat quality and quantity were used. Screening of the genomic libraries using $^{32}P-radiolabeled 5'-({CA})_{12}-3$nucleotide as a probe, resulted in isolation of about 3,000 positive candidate bacteriophage clones that contain $(CA)_n$-type dinucleotide microsatellites. After confirming the presence of microsatellite in each positive candidate clone by Southern blot analysis, the DNA fragments that include microsatellite and flanking sequences possessing less than 2 kb in size, were subcloned into plasmid vector. Results from the analysis of microsatellite length polymorphism, using twenty-two PCR primers designed from flanking region of each microsatellite DNA, demonstrated that 208 and 210 alleles of HW-YU-MS#3 were closely related to the economic traits such as marbling score, daily gain, backfat thickness and M. longissimus dorsi area in Hanwoo. Interestingly, HW-YU-MS#3 microsatellite was localized in bovine chromosome 17 on which QTLs related to regulation of the body fat content and muscle ypertrophy locus are previously known to exist. Taken together, the results from the present study suggest the possible use of the two alleles as a DNA marker related to economic trait to select the Hanwoo in the future.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.16 no.11
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• pp.1555-1559
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• 2003

The objective of the present study was to explore associations between five microsatellites linked to $Fec^B$ and $FecX^I$ genes and litter size in Small Tail Han sheep. The polymorphisms of five microsatellite loci, OarAE101, BM1329, BMS2508, TGLA54 and TGLA68 were detected in 244 ewes of Small Tail Han sheep. Analysis of association between three microsatellite loci (BMS2508, BM1329 and OarAE101) located in the 10 cM region covering the $Fec^B$ gene (Booroola gene) and litter size in Small Tail Han sheep indicated that BMS2508 had significant effect on litter size in the second parity (p<0.05), but no significant effect on litter size in the first parity (p>0.05), while the other two microsatellite loci had no significant effect on litter size in both the first and the second parity in Small Tail Han sheep (p>0.05). At microsatellite locus BMS2508, least squares means in the second parity of genotypes 101/111 and 99/109 were significantly higher than those of genotypes 99/99, 99/101, 99/111 and 99/115 (p<0.05); least squares mean in the second parity of genotype 101/111 was significantly higher than that of genotypes 109/111 and 111/111 (p<0.05). Results of this study also indicated that two microsatellite loci (TGLA54 and TGLA68) that confined the 28.7 cM region covering the $FecX^I$ gene (Inverdale gene) did not affect litter size in both the first and the second parity in Small Tail Han sheep significantly (p>0.05). The information found in the present study is very important for improving the reproductive performance in sheep breeds by marker assisted selection.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.422-427
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• 1998

The gene and genotypic frequencies of ${\kappa}$-casein (${\kappa}$-CN), ${\beta}$-lactoglobulin (${\beta}$-LG), growth hormone (bGH) and prolactin (bPRL) loci in Korean cattle were investigated using PCR-RFLP analyses. Genomic DNA samples were obtained from 290 cows and 30 AI bulls. In both cows and bulls, the most predominant genotypes of ${\kappa}$-CN, ${\beta}$-LG, bGH and bPRL loci were AB, BB, AA and AA, respecitively. The frequencies of A and B alleles for ${\kappa}$-CN locus were .612 and .388 for cows and .567 and .433 for bulls. The respective frequencies of A and B alleles for ${\beta}$-LG locus were .153 and .847 in cows and .217 and .783 in bulls. The frequencies of A and B alleles for bGH locus were .769 and .231 in cows and .784 and .216 in bulls, respectively. The frequencies of A and B alleles for bPRL locus were .678 and .322 for cows and .767 and .233 for bulls. Differences in frequencies of these alleles were not significant between cows and bulls at all loci examined. If the DNA polymorphisms of these candidate genes are associated with economically important traits, they could serve as genetic markers for genetic improvement in future marker-assisted selection programs in Korean cattle.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.28 no.10
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• pp.1496-1511
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• 2015

The study aimed to compare the necrotic enteritis (NE)-induced transcriptome differences between the spleens of Marek's disease resistant chicken line 6.3 and susceptible line 7.2 co-infected with Eimeria maxima/Clostridium perfringens using RNA-Seq. Total RNA from the spleens of two chicken lines were used to make libraries, generating 42,736,296 and 42,617,720 usable reads, which were assembled into groups of 29,897 and 29,833 mRNA genes, respectively. The transcriptome changes were investigated using the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) package, which indicated 3,255, 2,468 and 2,234 DEGs of line 6.3, line 7.2, and comparison between two lines, respectively (fold change ${\geq}2$, p<0.01). The transcription levels of 14 genes identified were further examined using qRT-PCR. The results of qRT-PCR were consistent with the RNA-seq data. All of the DEGs were analysed using gene ontology terms, the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database and the DEGs in each term were found to be more highly expressed in line 6.3 than in line 7.2. RNA-seq analysis indicated 139 immune related genes, 44 CD molecular genes and 150 cytokines genes which were differentially expressed among chicken lines 6.3 and 7.2 (fold change ${\geq}2$, p<0.01). Novel mRNA analysis indicated 15,518 novel genes, for which the expression was shown to be higher in line 6.3 than in line 7.2 including some immune-related targets. These findings will help to understand host-pathogen interaction in the spleen and elucidate the mechanism of host genetic control of NE, and provide basis for future studies that can lead to the development of marker-based selection of highly disease-resistant chickens.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.484-488
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• 2008

We investigated the effect of the prolactin receptor gene (PRLR) on total number of born (TNB), number of born alive (NBA) and number of weaned (NW) piglets in Large White (LW), White Meaty (WM) and Landrace (L) sows from six Slovak breeding farms. The frequency of A allele was 0.48, 0.49 and 0.47 in LW, WM and L, respectively. We found numerous highly significant effects of PRLR locus on TNB ($p{\leq}0.01$; $p{\leq}0.05$) in all tested breeds. The most marked difference of +$1.31{\pm}0.45pigs/L$ was found between AA and BB genotypes in WM. Within the other breeds the difference between the homozygous genotypes reached up to +$0.94{\pm}0.3$ and +$1.21{\pm}0.19$ pigs per litter in LW and L, respectively. We also identified significant differences between AA and AB genotypes related to TNB in L. Similarly NBA, as well as NW traits were significantly affected ($p{\leq}0.01$; $p{\leq}0.05$) by the genotype just in LW and L. The homozygous genotype AA was favourable in all breeds and traits. Our results showed the possibility of PRLR utilization in marker-assisted selection within breeding programs to increase reproductive traits of pigs in Slovakia.