• 한국어병학회지
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.211-220
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• 2007

Red sea bream iridovius (RSIV)는 우리나라와 일본의 참돔 (Pagrus major), 돌돔(Oplegnathus fasciatus) 등 주로 돔류에 질병을 유발하는 어류 병원바이러스로 알려져 왔으나, 돔류 이외에도 감수성을 나타내는 어종이 매우 다양하며 아시아를 중심으로 고수온기에 대량 폐사를 유발하는 중요한 원인체로 보고되고 있다. 본 연구는 RSIV에 대한 자연산어류에서 검출동향의 모니터링을 통해 금후 red sea bream iridoviral disease (RSIVD)에 대한 예방학적 접근의 일환으로서 자연산 어류로부터의 RSIV 검출 및 지리적 분포, 보균 어종에 대한 유전학적인 조사를 실시하였다. 조사는 2003년과, 2005년도에 동중국해역 3지점, 서해안 5지점 그리고 남해안 5지점에서 어류를 채집하여 PCR을 이용한 검출결과, 자연산 해산어류 160마리 중 39마리에서 RSIV가 검출되어 24.3%의 높은 검출율을 보였으며 특히 조사된 어류 중 상어목에서 가장 높은 검출율을 보였다. 자연산 어류에서 분리한 RSIV 분리주는 양식산어류에서 분리된 RSIV-K strain과 염기서열 분석에서 97.2%～100%, 아미노산 분석에서 94.7～100% 유사성을 나타내었으며 megalocytivirus Subgroup Ⅲ에 속함을 확인하였다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제24권5호
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• pp.592-596
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• 2014

HMO-2011, a recently isolated lytic phage that infects the SAR116 bacterial clade, represents one of the most abundant phage types in the oceans. In this study, the HMO-2011 genome sequence was compared with virome sequences obtained from various depths of the Pacific Ocean regions using metagenome binning. HMO-2011 was confirmed to be one of the most highly assigned viruses, with a maximum of 7.6% of total reads assigned. The HMO-2011-type phages demonstrated a depth-specific distribution, showing more abundance in the euphotic zone of coastal, transition, and open ocean regions as compared with the dark ocean.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제19권9호
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• pp.37.1-37.5
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• 2016

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is the causative agent of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Anti-HIV agents targeting various steps in HIV life cycle have been developed; however, so far, no effective drugs have been found. We show here that a peptide isolated from Spirulina maxima (SM-peptide) inhibits HIV-1 infection in a human T cell line MT4. SM-peptide inhibited $HIV-1_{IIIB}$-induced cell lysis with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration ($IC_{50}$) of 0.691 mM, while its 50 % cytotoxic concentration ($CC_{50}$) was greater than 1.457 mM. Furthermore, the SM-peptide inhibited the HIV-1 reverse transcriptase activity and p24 antigen production. This suggests that SM-peptide is a novel candidate peptide, which may be developed as a therapeutic agent for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patients.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제53권2호
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• pp.136-145
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• 2010

Natural killer T (NKT) cell is a special type of T lymphocytes that has both receptor of natural killer (NK) cell (NK1.1, CD161c) and T cell (TCR) and express a conserved or invariant T cell receptor called $V{\alpha}14J{\alpha}18$ in mice or Va24 in humans. Invariant NKT (iNKT) cell recognizes lipid antigen presented by CD1d molecules. Marine-sponge-derived glycolipid, ${\alpha}-galactosylceremide$ (${\alpha}-GalCer$), binds CD1d at the cell surface of antigen-presenting cells and is presented to iNKT cells. Within hours, iNKT cells become activated and start to secrete Interleukin-4 and $interferon-{\gamma}$. NKT cell prevents autoimmune diseases, such as type 1 diabetes, experimental allergic encephalomyelitis, systemic lupus erythematous, inflammatory colitis, and Graves' thyroiditis, by activation with ${\alpha}-GalCer$. In addition, NKT cell is associated with infectious diseases by mycobacteria, leshmania, and virus. Moreover NKT cell is associated with asthma, especially CD4+ iNKT cells. In this review, I will discuss the characteristics of NKT cell and the association with inflammatory diseases, especially asthma.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.237-241
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• 2002

This study was performed both to explore the host of nervous necrosis virus (NNV) between mariculturing fish species and to examine the phylogenic position of the NNV in Korea. NNV was confirmed on the basis of histopathological and molecular biological examination, then VNN infection was Preyed from either moribund or dead fishes including red drum, Sciaenops ocellatus; oblong rock fish, Sebastes oblongus and flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus. As a result of sequencing for a part of ms, virus from red drum was showed $98\%, $97\%, $86\% and $74\% homology with oblong rock fish, grouper, Japanese flounder and striped jack, respectively. On the other hand, NNV from oblong rock fish was demonstrated $96\%, $85\% and $72\% homology with grouper, Japanese flounder and striped jack, respectively. NNV from red drum and oblong rock fish was exhibited phylogenically distant from the representative NNV, SJNNV originated from striped jack. On the contrary, the viruses appeared to be similar species with Taiwan NNV isolated from culturing grouper.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.79-83
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• 2010

Since 1998, a new viral disease with high mortality has been consistently recorded in Korea in cultured carp, Cyprinus carpio. In this study, we investigated an epizootic of the disease that caused high mortality rates in carp obtained from 11 farms in Korea between 1999 and 2007. Assessment of koi herpesvirus (KHV) levels in diseased carp was carried out to determine if this virus was the etiologic agent of disease in this instance. High mortality rates in carp were recorded mainly in the spring and autumn at water temperatures between $19^{\circ}C$ and $24^{\circ}C$. Diseased fish typically showed surface discoloration, with a thick opaque mucus covering the body and gills. Protozoan parasites and bacteria were recovered from 7/29 (24%) and 2/26 (8%) of fish, respectively. Evidence of viral infection was marked; cytopathic effects (CPEs), characterized by cell rounding and an extended cytoplasm in fathead minnow (FHM) cells, were detected in 40/41 fish (98%). A high mortality rate (80%) resulted when supernatants of cell cultures showing CPEs were applied to previously healthy fish. KHV was detected by polymerase chain reaction in 6/41 fish (15%), but was not detected in supernatants obtained from cell cultures showing CPEs. These results suggest that KHV may not be the etiologic agent of the high mortality occurring among cultured carp in Korea; therefore, some other-as yet unidentified-infective agent must be responsible.

• 한국어병학회지
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.141-155
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• 2022

Rock bream iridovirus (RBIV) causes high mortality and economic losses in the rock bream (Oplegnathus fasciatus) aquaculture industry in Korea. Viral open reading frames (ORFs) expression profiling at different RBIV infection stages was investigated using microarray approaches. Rock bream were exposed to the virus and held for 7 days at 23 ℃ before the water temperature was reduced to 17 ℃. Herein, 28% mortality was observed from 24 to 35 days post infection (dpi), after which no mortality was observed until 70 dpi (end of the experiment). A total of 27 ORFs were significantly up- or down-regulated after RBIV infection. In RBIV-infected rock bream, four viral genes were expressed after 2 dpi. Most RBIV ORFs (26 genes, 96.2%) were significantly elevated between 7 and 20 dpi. Among them, 12 ORF (44.4%) transcripts reached their peak expression intensity at 15 dpi, and 14 ORFs (51.8%) were at peak expression intensity at 20 dpi. Expression levels began to decrease after 25 dpi, and 92.6% of ORFs (25 genes) were expressed below 1-fold at 70 dpi. From the microarray data, in addition to the viral infection, viral gene expression profiles were categorized into three infection stages, namely, early (2 dpi), middle (7 to 20 dpi), and recovery (25 and 70 dpi). RBIV ORFs 009R, 023R, 032L, 049L, and 056L were remarkably expressed during RBIV infection. Furthermore, six ORFs (001L, 013R, 052L, 053L, 058L, and 061L) were significantly expressed only at 20 dpi. To verify the cDNA microarray data, we performed quantitative real-time PCR, and the results were similar to that of the microarray. Our results provide novel observations on broader RBIV gene expression at different stages of infection and the development of control strategies against RBIV infection.

• 한국어병학회지
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• 제36권2호
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• pp.213-228
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• 2023

We evaluated the transcriptional response of interferon (IFN)-related genes in rock bream iridovirus (RBIV)-infected rock bream under high-, low-, or no-mortality conditions induced by different stocking water temperatures. Under the high susceptibility condition (group A, water temperature 26℃, 100% mortality), only the Mx gene was expressed early, with prolonged expression, and with heavy viral loads of approximately 10⁶~10⁷ major capsid protein gene copies/μL from 4 to 10 days post infection (dpi). However, IRF1, IRF3, IRF8, STAT1, ISG15, PKR, Viperin, GVIN1, IFI44, and ISG56 were activated at later time points (8 dpi) and then quickly decreased (10 dpi). For the low susceptibility condition, the water temperature was set at 23℃ for 7 days (group B) and then reduced to 17℃. Group B exhibited a 28% mortality rate, in which persistent and effective antiviral responses were observed for long periods of time. In particular, at 20 and 22 dpi, when virus replication was peaked at approximately 10⁷/μL, the expressions of most of the IFN-related genes (IRF1, IRF3, IRF8, Mx, STAT1, ISG15, PKR, Viperin, GVIN1, IFI44, and ISG56) were significantly higher in group B than in the control group. Moreover, prolonged and higher levels of IRF3 (at least 30 dpi), IRF8 (at least 30 dpi), ISG15 (at least 30 dpi), PKR (at least 28 dpi), Viperin (at least 30 dpi), and IFI44 (at least 30 dpi) were also observed in the recovery stage of infection. Under the no-susceptibility condition at 17℃ (0% mortality), significantly elevated levels of IRF3, Mx, ISG15, and PKR were observed mostly until 20 dpi. The findings indicate that RBIV infection can induce an efficient IFN-mediated antiviral immune response in low- and no-susceptibility conditions. The findings could be valuable for effective control of viral pathogens in fish.

• 한국해양바이오학회지
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.34-39
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• 2007

Penaeidins은 새우류에 존재하는 항미생물성펩티드의 한 종류로서 새우의 외부 병원체에 대한 방어기작을 구성하는 중요한 인자이다. 본 연구에서는 대하 혈구세포의 cDNA library로부터 분리된 EST 클론을 분리 동정하였다. 아미노산 염기서열 분석과 계통수 분석을 통하여 본 연구에서 분리한 EST 클론이 대하의 Penaeidin 3-2 유전자와 아미노산 수준에서 동일함을 밝혔다. 대하의 Penaeidin 3-2는 signal peptides로 예상되는 19개 아미노산 잔기를 포함하여 전체 71개의 아미노산 잔기로 이루어져 있고, C-말단에는 3개의 이중황화결합을 형성할 수 있는 6개의 cysteine가 존재하였다. 대하 Penaeidin 3-2 전사체는 혈구세포, 간췌장, 근육 조직에서 발현되었으며, 특히 혈구세포에서 주로 많이 발현되었다. 흰반점바이러스의 인위감염 실험에서 바이러스 감염 후 대하 Penaeidin 3-2의 발현이 증가하였다. 이상의 결과들로부터 대하 Penaeidin 3-2가 자체 방어 작용에서 중요한 역할을 할 것으로 예상된다.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제32권9호
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• pp.734-741
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• 2022

전세계적으로 약 4천만 명의 사람들이 인체면역결핍증바이러스(HIV) 감염이 되어 있으며, HIV에 감염된 세포의 수가 치명적인 수준에 다르면 후천성면역결핍증후군을 일으키게 된다. HIV에 감염이 되면 완치 치료가 어려우며 현재 알려진 치료방법으로는 감염, 복제 및 바이러스 방출 억제를 위해 항레트로 바이러스 치료법이 병용되고 있다. 하지만 HIV 바이러스는 지속적인 돌연변이 유발 및 약물에 대한 내성을 갖게 하므로 장기간 약물복용 시 심각한 부작용을 초래한다. 이에 새로운 치료방법과 효능약물에 대한 연구가 필요한 실정이다. 식물유래 천연물은 수많은 생리활성물질들이 보고되어 있으며, 이는 항HIV 효능 지닌 잠재성을 가진 후보 물질이 될 수 있다. 1990년 세계보건기구에서는 플라보노이드, 쿠마린, 탄닌 및 테르펜의 항 HIV 효능을 보고하였으며, 이러한 물질은 SARS-CoV-2와 같은 바이러스 감염을 또한 억제하는 것으로 밝혀졌다. 따라서, 본 연구에서는 항 HIV 효능을 나타내는 식물 추출물 및 파이토케미컬에 대한 최신 연구동향(2021-현재)을 검토하였으며, 이를 통해 항HIV 효능을 지닌 새로운 천연물 발굴의 기초자료로 활용될 것으로 사료된다.