• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.11 no.6
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• pp.507-517
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• 2002

Cheeka Peak is a unique site for monitoring the background chemistry and aerosol contents of pristine marine air at mid-latitude. During long-range onshore winds that occur frequently throughout the year, it is predicted to have the cleanest air in the northern hemisphere. Measurements of CO and O$_3$were conducted at Cheeka Peak Observatory(CPO) on the northwestern tip of Washington state, USA during March 6 ∼May 29, 2001. The data have been segregated to quantify the mixing ratio of these species in the Pacific marine atmosphere. Also the marine air masses were further classified into four categories based on 10-day backward isentropic trajectories; high, mid, and low latitude and those which had crossed over the Asian industrial region. The diurnal variation of CO and O$_3$at CPO showed a similar to tendency of background measurement site. When marine air mass flowed to CPO, CO concentration was lower and O$_3$was similar or higher than those of total data. The westerly flow from ocean, not easterly from continent occurred the high concentration of CO and O$_3$at CPO. Using the trajectory segregation of marine air mass, the comparison of concentration according to latitude calculated. the CO concentration of Asian trajectory was lower than other latitudes, O$_3$concentration was higher.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.976-982
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• 2008

The 10 species of marine green algae was collected from Jejudo(Island) in Korea. Methanolic and aqueous extracts were prepared and screened for inhibition activities against tumor cell growth. Of the tested samples, the sea staghorn (Codium fragile) aqueous extract (CFAE) showed the highest activity on CT-26 cell growth. Therefore, CFAE was selected for further experiments and the possibility to induce apoptosis by the CFAE was investigated. Flow cytometric analysis revealed that it dose-dependently increased apoptotic cells with hypodiploid DNA contents in CT-26 cell line. These results indicated that CFAE can suppress the growth of CT-26 cells through apoptosis. The CFAE decreased the protein expression of anti-apoptotic Bcl-xL and led to the activation of caspase-3 and -7. A crude polysaccharide was separated from CFAE and it mainly constituted with 61.2% galactose and 30.5% arabinose as analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.53 no.3
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• pp.456-463
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• 2020

The diet of the walleye pollock Gadus chalcogrammus, was studied by examining the stomach contents of 864 individuals. Using gill nets, samples were collected monthly from January to December 2017 in Jugwang, Sokcho, Yangyang, Uljin, Ganggu, and Gampo, Korea. The specimens ranged in total length (TL) from 16.6 to 75.2 cm. G. chalcogrammus fed mainly on Euphausia pacifica (Euphausiacea) and less on Cephalopoda, Pisces, Mysidacea, and Macrura. The results indicated that G. chalcogrammus is a specialist feeder, feeding mainly Euphausiacea. With growth, however, its diet shifted from Euphausiacea to Cephalopoda, Macrura and Pisces. Smaller individuals (<40.0 cm TL) consumed mainly Euphausiacea. The proportion of Euphausiacea decreased with increasing body size, whereas the consumption of Cephalopoda and Macrura increased gradually.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.198-203
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• 2003

Heat-induced surimi gels were prepared using various concentration of ATC as a additives and calcium agent. Regardless of various concentration of ATC, there were no difference the moisture $(80.4-81.2\%)\;and\;crude\;ash\;(1.4-1.\5%)$ contents. The pH of heat-induced surimi gels were decreased 7.16 to 7.04 depend on increasing ATC concentration. The whiteness, breaking force and gel strength of $0.09\%$surimi gel were improved significantly difference (p<0.05). Sensory evaluation on texture and whiteness were also similar to determination by color and texture meters. In mineral content of heat-induced surimi gel calcium content was increased 26 to 54 mg/100g depend on increasing ATC concentration, while phosphorus content was not change. The optimal concentration of ATC for preparation of high quality heat-induced surimi gel was $0.09\%$. The shelf-life of heat-induced surimi gel did not extend by addition of $0.09\%$ ATC.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.52 no.2
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• pp.176-182
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• 2016

The feeding habits of juvenile Chaenogobius annularis were examined based on gut content analysis of 281 individuals, collected from May to June 2011 in the coastal water of Geoje, Korea. Copepods were the main source of food for C. annularis, which constituted 61.6% in IRI. Barnacle larvae was the second largest dietary component. Graphical analysis of the diet composition showed that C. annularis was a specialized predator characterized by strong individual feeding specialization. Both small and large size class of C. annularis mainly consumed harpacticoida and cirripedia cypris.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.52 no.2
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• pp.169-175
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• 2016

The feeding habits of yellowfin goby (Acanthogobius flavimanus) were studied based on the examination of stomach contents of 171 specimens collected from September 2013 to August 2014 in the tidal flat of Sangnae-ri, Suncheon, Korea. The size of A. flavimanus ranged from 10.6 to 18.3 cm in standard length (SL). A. flavimanus mainly consumed amphipods (especially Corophium sp.). Its diet also included shrimps, crabs, fishes and polychaetes. Ontogenetic changes in diet composition of A. flavimanus were evident. The portion of amphipods and polychaetes was inversely proprotional to the increase in fish size whereas it was directly proportional to the increase in the consumption of shrimps and crabs increased.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.55 no.4
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• pp.327-334
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• 2019

The feeding habits of the bighead croaker Collichthys niveatus were studied using 745 specimens collected by bottom trawl net in the West Sea, Korea, in April and October of 2016, 2017 and 2018. The size of C. niveatus ranged from 4.8 to 16.0 cm in total length. The stomach contents analysis indicated that C. niveatus consumed mainly euphausiids and copepods. C. niveatus consumed mainly euphausiids and copepods in all size classes. The dietary compositions of C. niveatus was not significantly different among size classes (One-way ANOVA, P > 0.05). As body size of C. niveatus increased, the mean weight of prey per stomach (mW/ST) tended to increase.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.252-258
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• 2013

The quality and quantity of food organisms in fish seed production are important. The marine microalgae Nannochloropsis oculata are used as initial food organisms in the field. We investigated the effects of salinity (0, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 psu) on the lipid and fatty acid composition of N. oculata. Cultivation of N. oculata at varying salinities showed the highest growth rate at 20 psu. Total lipid content ranged from 17.26 to 18.63% at salinities from 0 to 50 psu). The nonpolar lipid content increased markedly at 30 psu and was highest at 15.55%. The polar lipid content was lowest at 30 psu, by 84.45%. It was also found that the omega-3 and EPA contents were inversely proportional to salt concentration. For the polar and nonpolar lipid compositions, there was no significant effect of salinity. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid content especially the content of EPA in the seawater larvae is the essential fatty acid in this food organism. It is thus advantageous to culture N. oculata at 20 psu.

• East Asian Journal of Business Economics (EAJBE)
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.1-11
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• 2019

Purposes - This study discusses various aspects of familiarity with the sea and how familiarity with the sea is perceived. This study also summarizes the literature on the factors of previous researches that affect the formation or decision of national image. Research design and methodology - Sea familiarity index was derived from the results of recognition of free association with the sea, friendliness with the sea, association of the sea with life, interest to the sea, Korea's representative marine regions, and sea related emotionalism. The familiarity with the sea (ocean) perceived by foreign visitors or foreigners in the future will be helpful in deriving a comparative research. Results - This study has identified the marine tourism resources, marine ecology, and the cognitive and emotional situations consumers feel that should be developed practically. If a continuous time series research is conducted in the future through these, it will be a chance to provide a basis for consumers' dynamic awareness. Conclusions - Through this study, it is pointed out that the research utilizing the sea and ocean to form national image highly suggested an opportunity to add and utilize new variables academically. This study on the perspective of the formation of national image suggests a new approach to add and utilize new variables to future research using the sea and ocean.

• Journal of Power System Engineering
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.72-78
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• 2018

With growing concerns over air pollutions attributed to shipping activities, the international maritime organization has enacted a series of stringent regulations. In particular, MARPOL Annex IV Reg. 16 requires sulfur contents from exhaust gases of marine engines to be progressively reduced. To comply with this regulation, three feasible options have been introduced: using LNG as a marine fuel, using heavy fuel oil with the scrubber system, and using the marine gas oil (a type of low sulfur fuel oil). For the objectives of this paper, the holistic environmental impacts pertinent to these options were investigated and compared in ways that the flows of energy and emission were tracked and quantified through the life cycle of the ship. Research findings obtained from a case study with a large bulk carrier showed that the use of the scrubber system to purify heavy fuel oil would produce relatively fewer amounts of emissions attributing to global warming than other two options. On the other than, the use of LNG would be the way to operate the ship in a cleaner way in terms of reducing the acidification, eutrophication, and photochemical effects. Throughout the analysis, the excellence of life cycle assessment was proven to shift the environmental impact of marine systems from the short-term view to the long-term one.