• Animal Bioscience
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• 제36권8호
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• pp.1274-1284
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• 2023

Objective: Understanding consumer perception of meat quality in developing countries is an important issue since consumer perception of quality could be highly variable. In the current study, consumers' purchasing preferences affected by marbling and perception of quality were evaluated in a survey study. Furthermore, consumers' preferences for degree of doneness were investigated using both survey and consumer panel studies. Methods: The study was carried out in two phases. Firstly, a survey was conducted in Adana Province, Turkey to collect data related to the attributes affecting consumers' meat purchase decision and consumers' degree of doneness preferences. In the second phase, boneless ribeye was used to investigate consumers' degree of doneness preferences in a consumer panel. In addition, proximate analyses of the samples were conducted. Results: The survey study using pictures of marbling illustrations indicated that higher degrees of marbling might be considered too fatty to be purchased by consumers. Consumers' perceptions regarding the relationship between marbling and beef quality further indicated that marbling might not be acknowledged as a cue of a higher quality meat. Nevertheless, the results of the importance of some attributes related to intrinsic and extrinsic quality cues showed that consumers were looking for the cues that indicated not only quality but also safety of the meat during meat purchase. The results of both survey and consumer panel studies revealed that consumers might prefer higher degrees of doneness while consuming meat since a majority of the consumers' preference of degree of doneness was at least well done. Conclusion: This study revealed that consumer purchasing preferences might vary between countries regarding marbling and perception of quality. Furthermore, higher degrees of doneness could be the preference of these consumers. Thus, further studies are needed to increase consumer satisfaction in these countries.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제14권7호
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• pp.966-969
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• 2001

Some researchers reported that beef marbling was improved by the supplementation of organic zinc to a diet satisfying zinc requirement. We studied the relationship between serum zinc concentration and marbling score or serum adipogenic activity in 40 fattened steers. To determine serum adipogenic activities of the steers, preadipocytes were cultured in medium containing the serum samples during differentiation. Although serum zinc concentration was not related to beef marbling score, it was positively correlated to adipogenic activity. Then, we studied the effect of zinc on adipocyte differentiation. Zinc was added into the medium with the similar methods except the addition of fattened calf serum. The activity of glycerophosphate dehydrogenase, a marker of adipocyte differentiation, was significantly increased by the addition of zinc in culture with or without insulin. These results suggest that zinc possibly improved beef marbling through increasing adipogenic activity during fattening.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.158-165
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• 2015

Marbling is an important trait regarding the quality of beef. Analysis of beef cattle transcriptome and its expression profile data are essential to extend the genetic information resources and would support further studies on beef cattle. RNA sequencing was performed in beef cattle using the Illumina High-Seq2000 platform. Approximately 251.58 million clean reads were generated from a high marbling (H) group and low marbling (L) group. Approximately 80.12% of the 19,994 bovine genes (protein coding) were detected in all samples, and 749 genes exhibited differential expression between the H and L groups based on fold change (>1.5-fold, p<0.05). Multiple gene ontology terms and biological pathways were found significantly enriched among the differentially expressed genes. The transcriptome data will facilitate future functional studies on marbling formation in beef cattle and may be applied to improve breeding programs for cattle and closely related mammals.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제19권12호
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• pp.1799-1808
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• 2006

This study was designed to explore the effects of marbling on meat quality characteristics and intramuscular connective tissue of beef longissimus muscle. Chemical determinations, histological and mechanical measurements were performed on the raw and cooked meat at d 4 postmortem. The results showed that crude fat, collagen, fiber diameter and maximum transition temperature of intramuscular connective tissue increased (p<0.05) with the increase of marbling score. The cooking losses, collagen solubility, WBSF and perimysial thickness decreased (p<0.05) with the increasing marbling. WBSF correlated (p<0.05) with moisture, crude fat, collagen, cooking losses, sarcomere length and perimysial thickness. The development of marbling results in the decline in cooking losses, the avoidance of sarcomere shortening, and the disorganization of the perimysia, which accounts for the improvement of beef tenderness.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제53권6호
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• pp.505-509
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• 2011

This experiment was conducted to estimate the genetic parameters and breeding values of the economic traits measured from the cows (aged 15 months or older) using ultrasound and to use them as the information for the selection of stock animals at the farm level. The means and standard deviations of longissimus muscle area, backfat thickness and marbling score were $54.11\;cm^2{\pm}9.06$, $3.57\;mm{\pm}2.45$ and $2.65{\pm}2.88$, respectively. While the linear regression coefficients of longissimus muscle area, backfat thickness and marbling score for age (in months) were all positive (0.3532, 0.0868 and 0.0833), the quadratic regression coefficients of them for age (in months) were all negative (-0.0023, -0.0005 and -0.0006), and as the body condition score increased longissimus muscle area, backfat thickness and marbling score increased collectively. The heritability estimates for the longissimus muscle area, backfat thickness and marbling score were 0.39, 0.48 and 0.13, respectively and the estimated annual genetic gains for the longissimus muscle area, backfat thickness and marbling score were 0.00334 $cm^2$, -0.0073 mm and 0.0043 score, respectively, which were not significantly different from zero.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제58권4호
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• pp.15.1-15.6
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• 2016

Background: Our previous study had identified the SNP (g.81966377T > C) and indel (g.81966364D > I) located in the promoter of APM1 to have a significant effect on marbling in Hanwoo. APM1 encodes an adipocytokine called adiponectin, which plays a significant role in lipogenesis. The aim of this study was to verify and validate the effect of the SNP and indel on marbling and other carcass traits in a large, representative, countrywide population of Hanwoo cattle. The carcass traits measured were marbling (MAR), backfat thickness (BFT), loin eye area (LEA), and carcass weight (CAW). Results: Primers were designed to amplify 346 bp of the genomic segment that contained the targeted SNP (g.81966377) and the indel (g.81966364). After data curation, the genotypes of 8,378 individuals identified using direct sequencing analysis estimated frequencies for C (0.686) and T (0.314) respectively showing genotype frequencies for CC (0.470), CT (0.430) and TT (0.098). The genotypes were significantly associated with MAR, BFT and LEA. The indel had significant effect on marbling (P < .0001) with strong additive genetic effects. The allele frequencies was estimated at (DEL, 0.864) and insertion (INS, 0.136) presenting genotypes of D/D (75.63 %), D/I (21.44 %), and I/I (2.92 %). Significant departure from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium was not detected for both the SNP and the indel. Conclusion: The SNP genotypes showed significant association with MAR, BFT and LEA with strong additive genetic effects, while the indel was significantly associated with MAR. The results confirmed that the variants can be used as a genetic marker for improving marbling in Hanwoo.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.579-585
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• 1999

Proteins from the loin tissues age ranged from 0 to 24 months of ten Korean cattle were extracted, separated and compared on two dimensional(2 D) gels to identify the proteins whose expression is highly correlated to marbling. We also compared the difference of loin proteins between castrated and non castrated bull cows on two dimensional gels. As the marbling in the loin of the cattle is optimized at 18 to 24 months, eight proteins expressed significantly higher level in 24 month than in 0 or 6 month were selected in terms of isoelectric points(pIs) and molecular weights. Using these values, we searched the Swiss Prot database via the ExPASy molecular biology server with TagIdent program. The proteins with the nearest molecular weights and isoelectric points were selected from the lists. These possible candidates were confirmed by N terminal microsequencing of the eight selected proteins. Three proteins, myoglobin, hemoglobin and ATPase, whose N termini were not blocked could be microsequenced and found to be exactly matched to the selected candidates. It is suggested that the proteins increasingly expressed in marbling periods can be involved in meat color, lipid transport and flavor improvement.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제36권2_spc호
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• pp.350-363
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• 2023

Beef quality is characterized by marbling (marbling degree and marbling fineness), physiochemical (shear force, meat color, fat color, texture, and maturity), and sensory (tenderness, flavor, juiciness, taste, odor, and appearance) traits. This paper summarizes and addresses beef-quality characteristics and the beef-grading systems in Korea, Japan, the USA, and Australia. This paper summarizes recent research progresses on the genetic and nutritional factors that affect beef quality. Intramuscular (i.m.) adipose tissue deposition or marbling is a major determinant of beef quality. This paper addresses the mechanisms of i.m. adipose tissue deposition focused on adipogenesis and lipogenesis. We also address selected signaling pathways associated with i.m. adipose tissue deposition. Nutrients contribute to the cellular response and phenotypes through gene expression and metabolism. This paper addresses control of gene expression through several nutrients (carbohydrates, fat/fatty acids, vitamins, etc.) for i.m. adipose tissue deposition. Several transcription factors responsible for gene expression via nutrients are addressed. We introduce the concept of genome-based precision feeding in Korean cattle.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.248-253
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• 2010

본 연구는 성숙도와 근내지방도가 육질에 미치는 영향을 규명하기 위하여 수행하였다. 성숙도와 근내지방도에 따른 pH, $L^*$값, $a^*$값, $b^*$값, 가열 감량, 근원섬유 단백질 추출성, 경도, 탄력성, 뷰착성, 검성 몇 저작성윤 유의한 차이가 없었다. 그러나 보수력의 경우 성숙도가 6 및 7이고, 근내지방도가 8 및 9인 것이 높았다(p<0.05). 전단력은 성숙도 9이고 근내지방도 7인 것이 가장 높았다(p<0.05). 따라서 본 연구의 결과는 성숙도와 근내지방도가 한우 등심의 육질에 미치는 영향이 았다고 판단된다.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.196-203
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• 2022

Objective: This study compared differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between groups with high and low numbers of fine marbling particles (NFMP) in the longissimus thoracis muscle (LT) of Korean cattle to understand the molecular events associated with fine marbling particle formation. Methods: The size and distribution of marbling particles in the LT were assessed with a computer image analysis method. Based on the NFMP, 10 LT samples were selected and assigned to either high- (n = 5) or low- (n = 5) NFMP groups. Using RNA sequencing, LT transcriptomic profiles were compared between the high- and low-NFMP groups. DEGs were selected at p<0.05 and |fold change| >2 and subjected to functional annotation. Results: In total, 328 DEGs were identified, with 207 up-regulated and 121 down-regulated genes in the high-NFMP group. Pathway analysis of these DEGs revealed five significant (p<0.05) Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes pathways; the significant terms included endocytosis (p = 0.023), protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum (p = 0.019), and adipocytokine signaling pathway (p = 0.024), which are thought to regulate adipocyte hypertrophy and hyperplasia. The expression of sirtuin4 (p<0.001) and insulin receptor substrate 2 (p = 0.043), which are associated with glucose uptake and adipocyte differentiation, was higher in the high-NFMP group than in the low-NFMP group. Conclusion: Transcriptome differences between the high- and low-NFMP groups suggest that pathways regulating adipocyte hyperplasia and hypertrophy are involved in the marbling fineness of the LT.