• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.83-92
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• 2023

Excess N and P from the livestock manure applied to farmlands, have entered the water systems and poses a serious threat to the natural environment. Consequently, there has been recent awareness towards the management of livestock manure and its related fields. In this study, piggery wastewater was collected from a piggery in Pohang city, Korea. At 800℃, thermal decomposition of a natural stone, magnesite (MgCO₃), yielded powered MgO with particle sizes ranging between 10 to 100 ㎛. Furthermore, NH₄⁺-N and PO₄^3--P were recovered as struvite precipitates from the piggery wastewater, by adjusting the pH with MgO and H₃PO₄. At pH 10, the recovery efficiencies of NH₄⁺-N and PO₄^3--P were found to be 86.1% and 94.1%, respectively. Using an X-ray Diffractometer (XRD), the struvite in the precipitate was confirmed to be consistent with standard pure struvite. Further, the purity of the struvite precipitate was analyzed using an energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) and thermal gravimetry-differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA), and found to be between 79.2% and 93.0%. Additionally, struvite-containing piggery wastewater and sawdust were mixed in a weight ratio of 2.5:1 and processed into a mature compost. The newly manufactured compost passed all quality standards required for first-class graded livestock composts. Moreover, this compost was sprayed directly onto the soil at the test site, and various parameters of the soil's effluent, such as total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (T-N), total phosphorus (T-P), and dissolved oxygen (DO), were analyzed and measured. Based on these results, it is determined that the newly manufactured compost can more significantly reduce water pollution than commercial compost.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.253-259
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• 2008

In this paper an optimum design of a lab-scale biofilter for absorbing ammonia has been proposed and analyzed. This biofilter is using pine chaff and wood shaving as filter materials. It is assumed that the biofilter can be used as a storage tank of swine manure slurry or swine stall. To evaluate the biofilter performance, the ammonia, mainly offensive odor ingredient, was measured. Swine compost was mixed with filter materials in ratio of 1:1 on weight base. Each test continued for 20 days. The ammonia emissions were reduced by 97.9% and 98.3% in case of using biofilter filled with pine chaff and compost, and wood shaving and compost, respectively. The system was tested with and without adding compost. It was found that the biofilter with wood shaving and compost has an ammonia removal efficiency of 94.1%, while biofilter with wood shaving only has 85.3%. The biofilter with wood shaving and compost showed 8.8% higher removal efficiency than that of wood shaving only. By mixing the compost, the number of microorganism was found to be about 2.3 times more than that of wood shaving only. Therefore it can be concluded that adding compost has a positive effect on the formation of microorganism.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.47-53
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to investigate the change of temperature, moisture content, weight and chemical properties in swine manure during the maturing process and moisture content of swine manure. The manure production on the early time(1 days), middle(25 days: and late(50 days) were made by moisture 45%, 55%, 65%, 75% in swine manure, according to manure treatment of the early time, the highest temperature of swine manure treatment was 59$^{\circ}C$ as moisture 75% after mixed 24 hours, the lowest 45% in mixed 25 days(middle time), 32$^{\circ}C$ as moisture 45% in mixed 50 days(late time). 2. Weight change during maturing manure, the most treatment of weight decrease was 17.4% as moisture 45%, the least of those was 12.2% as moisture 75% during maturing process of swine manure. 3. Volume change during maturing manure, the most treatment of volume decrease was 37.1% as moisture 65%, the least of those was 32.1% as moisture 55% during maturing swine manure, but not big difference between treatment. 4. T-N, P2O5, K2O content of compost were increased during maturing process, On the contrary, T-C content and C/N ratio were reduced.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.182-192
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• 2000

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of various kinds of composts on the amount of maximum composts in upland soils. Field experiments were conducted in the loam and sandy loam soils. Various kinds of composts such as poultry manure compost(PMC), cow manure compost(CMC), human excrement sludge(HES), and food industrial sludge compost(FISC) were applied annually at rates of 0, 40, and $80Mg\;ha^{-1}$ to soils grown with soybean and maize plants for 4 years during 1994 to 1997. The results of this study were as follows : Maize dry matter production was related linearly positively with application amount of compost, but soybean dry matter production was showed an apex at $60Mg\;ha^{-1}$, maize produced 4.7 times dry matter as compared to soybean. Rate of nitrogen utilization of maize were 21~31% and that of soybean were 8~19%, rate of phosphorous utilization of maize were 5~7% and that of soybean were l~2%. On the basis of biomass maximum application rates of poultry manure compost were $39{\sim}47Mg\;ha^{-1}$ for maize cultivation and $8{\sim}13Mg\;ha^{-1}$ for soybean cultivation. On the other hand those amounts estimated by nitrogen requirement of crops were 39~47 and $8{\sim}13Mg\;ha^{-1}$ for maize and soybean cultivation, respectively. Based on phosphorous requirement of crops those were 29 and $14Mg\;ha^{-1}$ for maize and soybean cultivation, respectively. Considering the upper limit of the base saturation percentage to be 80%, maximum application rates were 63~93 and $49{\sim}69Mg\;ha^{-1}$ in loam and sandy loam soil, respectively.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.115-122
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• 2006

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of tillage system and fertilizer type on the forage yield, quality, and production cost of winter rye. This experiment was a 2×2 factorial arrangement for two tillage system (Tillage and No-tillage) and two fertilizer type (Chemical and Manure compost). There was no difference in dry matter (DM) content, TDN (total digestible nutrients) yield, and CP (crude protein) yield of rye, but the DM yield was significantly higher for rye in tillage compared to the no-tillage system. The use of chemical fertilizer type also showed significant increase in DM, TDN and CP yields compared to the use of manure compost as fertilizer. The CP content for rye was significantly higher in no-tillage compared to tillage system, but the type of fertilizer used has no significant effect. No significant effects were observed for NDF (neutral detergent fiber), ADF (acid detergent fiber), and TDN in tillage system and fertilizer type of rye. The total cost to prepare 1 ha is lower in no-tillage compared to tillage, but production cost in rye per kg of fresh, DM and TDN were almost the same as tillage system because of lower forage production. The total cost to prepare 1 ha with the use of chemical fertilizer was higher than using manure compost as fertilizer, however, the cost to produce 1 kg of fresh, DM and TDN were lower when using chemical as fertilizer because of higher yield. Based on the results of this study, tillage system and fertilizer type affected forage yield more than forage quality. Production cost per 1 kg of tillage was lower compared to no-tillage, and that of chemical was lower than manure because of higher forage yield.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.59-70
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• 2012

This experiments was conducted to investigate the influence on the growth of Sorghum ${\times}$ Sudangrass hybrid by use of various organic fertilizer and investigated their productivity, feed value and stock carrying capacity. In the results, the application of fermented poultry manure showed 93.6ton/ha, 19.6ton/ha, 1.12ton/ha, 11.31ton/ha of fresh yield, dry matter yield, crude protein (CP) yield and total digestible nutrients (TDN) yield but there were no significant differences with the application of poultry by-product compost (poultry manure with sawdust) and swine by-product compost (swine manure with sawdust). And the average value of $K_{CP}$ and $K_{TDN}$ showed the highest one as 9.45head/ha/yr in the application of fermented poultry manure. However, organic matter content of fermented poultry manure to the lower portion of 32.1% compared to other organic fertilizers could imagine that mineralization of fermented poultry manure was fairly advanced and plant used most of nitrogen in fermented poultry manure, so productivity of Sorghum ${\times}$ Sudangrass hybrid was shown more than other organic fertilizers. If other organic fertilizers use continuous, this difference can be considered to be reduced further. As a result, fermented poultry manure is better than other organic fertilizers in productivity, feed value and stock carrying capacity due to the higher content of mineralizable matters. In addition, mixing poultry manure with cow and swine manure is better choice because cow and swine manure will meet a low organic matter in poultry manure.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.20 no.9
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• pp.1339-1344
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• 2010

In order to produce environmental-friendly fermented compost, a cattle manure-sawdust compost (antifungal compost) was developed by inoculation of B. licheniformis KJ-9 to cattle manure-sawdust. The thermal stability of the antifungal substance produced by B. licheniformis KJ-9 maintained more than 60% antifungal activity with heat treatment at $100^{\circ}C$ for 10 min, and the optimum pH of antifungal activity of the substance was 7.0. In a pot experiment with red pepper, the antifungal compost increased 1.5~2 times in leaf number and stem and root growth rate compared to those of commercial compost. Also, the diameter of stems increased 1.5-3 times in the antifungal compost treated group. The amount of microbes increased markedly in soil supplemented with antifungal compost compared to the control. In the field experiment for cultivation of garlic and Perilla japonica, the growth of both crops was significantly enhanced in the field treated with antifungal compost as compared to the commercial compost.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.115-118
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• 2002

This study was conducted to determine the effects of pig manure composting on emission of dinitrogen oxide ($N_2O$) that is greenhouse gas. Fresh pig manure was mixed with sawdust as bulking agent and moisture content of mixed compost was adjusted by 61.9%. After mixing bulking agent with pig manure that was left to compost with aeration in composting chamber for an initial period of 30 days. At the end of this period, that was decomposed and a second period of composting was conducted without aeration for 60 days. Temperature during the initial composting period was above $55^{\circ}C$ for 7 days. Moisture reduction rate by composting pig manure was 36.7%. $N_2O$ Produced during composting was 0.043g/T-Ng.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.222-227
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• 2020

BACKGROUND: Among the biomass conversion techniques of livestock manure, composting process is a method of decomposing organic matter through microorganisms, and converting it into fertilizer in soil. The aerobic composting process is capable of treating cow manure in large quantities, and produces greenhouse gas as CO₂ and N₂O, although it has economical benefit. By using the activated rice hull biochar, which is a porous material, it was intended to mitigate the greenhouse gas emissions, and to produce the compost of which quality was high. Objective of this experiment was to estimate CO₂ and N₂O emissions through composting process of cow manure with different cooperated biochar contents. METHODS AND RESULTS: The treatments of activated rice hull biochar were set at 0%, 5%, 10% and 15%, respectively, during composting cow manure. The CO₂ emission in the control was 534.7 L kg^-1, but was 385.5 L kg^-1 at 15% activated rice hull biochar. Reduction efficiency of CO₂ emission was estimated to be 28%. N₂O emission was 0.28 L kg^-1 in the control, but was 0.03 L min^-1 at 15% of activated rice hull biochar, estimating about 89% reduction efficiency. CONCLUSION: Greenhouse gas emissions during the composting process of cow manure can be reduced by mixing with 15% of activated rice hull biochar for eco-friendly compost production.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.355-361
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• 1996

The Purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of the Change in the operating conditions on rotary turning compost plants. The major parameters investigated were moisture content and mixing of the sawdust and pig farm wastewater. Pig farm scale composting plants with mixing rotary were used in this study. Wastes used for the study were sawdust, pig manure, urine and wastewater. When the moisture content was 75%, the compost product obtained from the plants had better physical characteristics than that obtained from the plants with moisture contents of 70%, 80% and 85%.(two a day mixing). When the turning was twice a day, the compost product obtained from the plants had better characteristics than that obtained from non-mixing.(moisture content 75%). C/N ratio, pH value and coliform bacterial population were stable in the compost.