• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.97-103
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• 2002

Five citrus juices were separated into a ascorbate and phenolic portion using rep-pak C$\_$18/ cartridge, respectively, in order to elucidate the nitrite scavenging effect and N-nitrosodimethylamine(NDMA) formation in model system. The nitrite scavenging effect of ascorbate portion from citrus juices, in the different pH, when added with 5ml were 79.9 ∼98.6% under the condition of pH 2.5. 48.5∼86.3% at pH 4.2 and lower than 35.2% at pH 6.0. The nitrite scavenging effect was excellent phenolic portion rather than ascorbate portion. Particularly, the effect was more 2 times than ascorbate portion under the reaction condition of pH 6.0. When added the phenolic portion in the reaction mixture, NDMA formation was inhibited 92.8% or more in kum quat, mandarin orange and sweet orange juices. But the ascorbate portion was a negative response of the inhibition of NDMA formation. The inhibition on NDMA formation in citrus juice may be due to phenolic compounds were reacted.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.63-72
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• 2014

Objectives: This is an experimental study that attempts to define the effect that self-aromatherapy massage has on depression and satisfaction with life of depressed college students. Methods: Of the total 41 participants, 21 were designated as the experimental group and 20 as the control group. The participants were subject to massages; lavender, sweet orange, mandarin, rosewood, and bergamot aromas diluted to the concentration of 2% in jojoba oil, the carrier oil, were used on the experimental group, and only jojoba oil was used on the control group. Self-aromatherapy massages were conducted for 10 minutes per session, 3 times a week in alternating days, in a period of 2 weeks, and the depression points and satisfaction with life scale were measured before and after massages. Results: This study revealed that there was a statistically significant decrease of depression points in the experimental group, and that there was no significant difference of life satisfaction in both groups. Conclusions: Thus, it is thought self-aromatherapy massages could be used as a practical method of self-mediation that alleviates depression in depressed college students.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.514-520
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• 2006

An abandoned mandarin orange orchard in southwestern Japan was set-stocked by Japanese Black cows at two stocking rates (1.0 and 2.0 animals/ha), and vegetation dynamics and diet selection by cattle were monitored for two years, in an effort to obtain information on effective use of abandoned agricultural fields for low-cost animal production and environmental conservation. Two dominant species at the commencement of grazing, kudzu (Pueraria lobata Ohwi) and tall goldenrod (Solidago altissima L.), showed different responses to grazing during the two years; the composition of kudzu decreased, contrasting with that of tall goldenrod which increased at both stocking rates. This was caused by high preference for kudzu and avoidance or low preference for tall goldenrod by cattle. Retrogression of vegetation due to cattle disturbances occurred at both stocking rates, with the high stocking rate leading to a lower degree of succession than the low stocking rate. It was shown that cattle grazing, particularly at a high stocking rate, was effective in the management of vegetation of an abandoned orchard.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Plant Pathology Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.124-124
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• 2003

Citrus canker is very important disease in international trade of citrus. The disease was usually take place from late of June, and severe middle of July to middle of August, though disease occurrence was affected by environmental conditions. In pathogenicity test, three varieties, orange, lemon and kiyomi among 7 varieties, were succeptible, two varieties, satsuma mandarin and iwasachi, intermediate resistant. On the other hand, shiranuhi and yuzu were resistant relatively. The pathogen, Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri, grew well in PD broth adjusted to pH 7.0 at 26$^{\circ}C$. It's growth was best in medium containing group of monosaccharide as a carbon source and group of ammonium as a nitrogen source. Tow isolates were resistant to streptomycin among 11 isolates isolated from diseased leaves in field in Jeju-Do. The streptomycin sensitives isolate was controlled by in greenhouse test. On the other hand, the resistant and sensitive isolates were controlled by treatment with copper sulfate, the control value is 88.7％ and 90.6％, respectively.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2011.05a
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• pp.200.1-200.1
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• 2011

Underground air is a special energy source in Jeju and distributes lava cave, pyroclastic, open joint, and crushing zone. A possible area to utilize underground air is 85% of Jeju except to the nearby area of Sambang Mt. and 25m high coastal area from sea level. In Jeju, underground air is used for heating agricultural facilities such as greenhouse cultivated mangos, Hallbong and mandarin orange, pigsty, mushroom cultivation house, etc. and fertilizing natural $CO_2$ gas by suppling directly into agricultural facilities. But this heating method causes several problem because the underground air has over 90% relative humidity and is inadequate in heating for crops. Mangos are the most widely grown tropical fruit trees and have been cultivated since 1993 in Jeju. In Jeju, the cultivating area is about 20ha and amount of harvest is 275ton/year in 2010. In this study, the heat pump system using underground air as heat source was installed in mangos greenhouse which area is $495m^2$. The capacity of heat pump system and heat storage tank was 10RT, 5ton respectively and heating effect and heating performance of the system were analysed.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.53-62
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• 2004

Purpose This study was designed to verify the effect of aromatherapy on a postpartum mother's perineal healing. Method The research design was a clinical trial. The methods of aromatherapy were applied sitz bath or soap application using essential oils with Lavender, Myrrh, Neroli, Rose, Grapefruit, Mandarin, Orange, and Roman Chamomile. The subjects of this experiment were postpartum mothers who delivered vaginally with an episiotomy. They were allocated to one of three groups; the aroma-sitz bath group, aroma-soap application group or control group. To evaluate the effect of aromatherapy, the perineal healing status was measured using the REEDA scale and smears of episiotomy wound were obtained. The data were analyzed by repeated measures of ANOVA, ANCOV A, x$^2$- test, and multiple response analysis via SPSS program. Results The REEDA scale was significantly low in the experimental group at postpartum 5th and 7th days (P=.009, P=.003), respectively. Most were observed ‘few’(5-10 bacteria per field) bacteria in the smears of episiotomy wound. The one bacteria was identified in the 50.8% of subjects in pretest and two bacteria in the 60.3% in posttest. Most frequently identified bacteria were Escherichia coli and Enterococcus faecalis. Conclusion In conclusion, these findings indicate that postpartum aromatherapy for perineal care could be effective in healing the perineum perineal care could be effective in healing the perineum.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.50 no.6
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• pp.944-949
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• 2018

The mass attenuation coefficients (${\mu}/{\rho}$) of food waste samples (pomegranate peel, acorn cap, lemon peel, mandarin peel, pumpkin peel, grape peel, orange peel, pineapple peel, acorn peel and grape stalk) have been measured employing a Si(Li) detector at 13.92, 17.75, 20.78, 26.34 and 59.54 keV. Also, the theoretical values of the mass attenuation coefficients have been evaluated utilizing mixture rule from WinXCOM program. The results showed that the lemon peel has the highest values of ${\mu}/{\rho}$ among the selected samples. From the obtained mass attenuation coefficients, we determined some absorption parameters such as effective atomic number ($Z_{eff}$), electron density ($N_E$) and molar extinction coefficient (${\varepsilon}$). It was found that the $Z_{eff}$ values of all food wastes lie within the range of 4.034-7.595, whereas the $N_E$ of the studied food wastes was found to be in the range of $0.301-1.720{\times}10^{25}$ (electrons/g) for present energy region.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.18-25
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• 2014

This study was conducted to investigated effects of water relation of mulching and trickle irrigation on the external and internal fruit quality in Satsuma mandarin grafted on trifoliate orange rootstock in a orchard assigned to randomly three groups; whole period of Tyvex mulching (TM), Tyvex mulching with trickle irrigation once a week from October 22 to harvesting season (WM) and non-mulching treatment (NM). The average soil moisture content in the TM was lower than the WM during the time of trickle irrigation from Oct. 21 to Nov. 28. The leaf water potential was at the level of ${\Psi}max$ of -1.5 to -2.5 MPa during whole period of Tyvex mulching treatment but gradually increased at the point of supplement of water. The water and osmotic potential in juice vesicle was decreased by drought but increased again in response to the supply of water in WM. The total soluble solids (TSS) in fruit juice was increased by drought stress, but diminished in response to supply of water after drought. The content of titratible acidity was increased by drought stress but gradually decreased due to supplement of water after drought, reached it at the level of 1%. It was suggested that the accumulation of the total soluble solids compensates the degree of active osmoregulation and the decrease in content of acidity accounts for the fast respiration and water uptake resulted of the water after drought.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.45-50
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• 2005

Virus-free stocks was produced by the combination of the heat treatment of virus infected plant and shoot-tip grafting (STS). To produce virus-free stocks, the plants infected with citrus viruses were used for virus-free stock production using the modified method of STG in thermotherapy at $40^{\circ}C$ for 16 hours in the light, and at $30^{\circ}C$ for 8 hours of darkness for 4 weeks. Trifoliate orange (P. trifoliata) were used as rootstock seedling for STG. Percentages of virus-free stocks against citrus tristeza virus (CTV), satsuma dwarf virus (SDV) and citrus tatter leaf virus (CTLV) were $75.7\%,\;100.0,\%\;82.6\%$ respectively. Shoot tip size for successful STG were as small as possible. Less than $0.3\;\cal{mm}$ of shoot tips gave the hight efficiency of virus free plants but survival rates were low. And, survival rate after shoot-tip culture was analyzed and the rates were dependant on the cultivars; Yuzu cultivar showed the hight survival rate ($74.6\%$) and early satsuma mandarin (Iwasagi) was $13.3\%$ as the lowest cultivar. But citrus trees were not succeed to grown, turned brown, and died.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 1998

The early history of Korean mandarin fish, Siniperca scherzeri was studied to obtain some information required in aquaculture and reinforcement of natural population. During the period from June 1996 to July 1997, the mature adults of Siniperca scherzeri were collected from the middle Soyang Lake at Puksan - myon, Chunchon - shi, Kangwon - do, Korea. The eggs from females were obtained by injecting HCG or/and GnRH - a and fertilized by dry method in the laboratory. The fertilized eggs, measuring 1.70~2.10 mm in diameter and expanded to 2.20~2.66mm after absorption of water, were globosity, light orange yellow, separative, submergence and had one large oil globules of 0.5~0.7 mm. The blastodisc was formed in 1 hour and cleavage started in 1 hour 30 min. after fertilization, and the intervals of each stage of cleavage was about 50 min. at the water temperature of $21{\sim}24^{\circ}C$. Hatching occurred 131 hours 30 min. after fertilization and newly hatched larvae were 5.86~6.85 mm in total length(TL) and numerous stellate melanophores were distributed on the yolk and abdomen of caudal peduncle. The yolk was almost absorbed and the teeth development. 3 days after hatching, at 6.98~7.60 mm TL. The head spines and the teeth were largely developed and all fins were completely formed and became postlarva stage 15 days after hatching, at 10.10~12.90 mm TL. The body shape and the color pattern were similar to adult, 25 days after hatching, at 15.3~23.8 mm TL. In 5 months after hatching were reached at 154.10~175.02 mm TL and 49.32~82.67 g in body weight.