• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.249-257
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• 2013

This study is being performed to confirm the container effects during the fermentation processes of kimchi. Kimchi fermentation was prepared in the laboratory with four different types of containers; namely, a traditional Onggi vessel (Korean traditional clay pot, TOV), plastic airtight covered Onggi vessel (PAOV), plastic covered vessel (PCV) and plastic airtight covered vessel (PACV). The kimchi fermentation in the different containers was followed by taking samples at 48 hour intervals for 10 days. In all fermentation containers, the pH changes of kimchi were decreased with fermentation days, while salt content was the same for all types of containers. The number of lactic acid bacteria in kimchi were $1.09{\times}10^8$ $CFU/m{\ell}$ at first. But the TOV, PAOV, PCV, and PACV after fermentation for 10 days were $1.42{\times}10^{10}$, $9.13{\times}10^9$, $4.93{\times}10^9$ and $7.46{\times}10^9$ $CFU/m{\ell}$, respectively. The kimchi fermented in the TOV with the most dominant bacterial species were the following 5 strains: Bacillus subtilis, B. licheniformis, B. safensis, Lactobacillus brevis and B. pumilus. The use of different types of containers therefore influenced the number of L. brevis and the four Bacillus species. in kimchi, and may influence the characteristics of the fermented kimchi products. The TOV offered the greatest L. brevis numbers and suggested that it could be the best suited for preparing traditional kimchi fermentation.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.45-53
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• 2011

Background: Increasing numbers of young people go to clubs. In Korea, however, no studies have been conducted regarding the exposure of club patrons to secondhand smoke. The present study was conducted to evaluate the degree of club customers' exposure to secondhand smoke. Methods: The study subjects included 10 male and 12 female non-smokers. The investigational site was a club located in Daegu. Urine samples were collected before exposure to secondhand smoke in the club and 6 hours after a 3-hour exposure. The urine cotinine levels were measured via the LC -MS/MS method. A survey was conducted to collect data regarding the subjects' smoking experiences and the degree of exposure to secondhand smoke in their daily lives. Results: The average urine cotinine level increased from 1.09 ${\mu}g/L$ to 5.55 ${\mu}g/L$ ($p$<0.05). No significant difference existed in the change in urine cotinine level between the male and female subjects. In addition, there was no significant difference in the change in urine cotinine level by the degree of exposure to secondhand smoke in daily life. Conclusions: The average urine cotinine level in all the subjects significantly increased after exposure to secondhand smoke. This is the first study on exposure to secondhand smoke in clubs; these results can be used to craft measures that reduce exposure to secondhand smoke in public places, such as clubs.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.39 no.6
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• pp.572-584
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to compare the nutrient intake and diet quality of male college student according to smoking groups. Subjects were recruited and divided into three groups according to the smoking, which included non-smoker (n = 100), light-smoker (n = 78; packyear < 5), and heavy-smoker (n = 76; packyear ${\geq}$ 5). Subjects were interviewed using a general questionnaire, 24-hour recall method for dietary intake and diet quality. The average age of the subjects were 22.7 years for non-smoker, 23.5 years for light-smoker, and 23.4 years for heavy-smoker. Also the results showed that the heavy-smoker was significantly more often to drink coffee and alcohol compared with the other two groups (p<0.001, p<0.05). The mean daily energy intake was 2278.1 kcal in non-smoker, 2148.3 kcal in light-smoker, and 2144.4 kcal in heavy-smoker. The heavy-smoker consumed significantly lower intakes of vitamin C (p<0.001), calcium (p<0.01), animal calcium (p<0.01), and potassium (p<0.05) compared to the non-smoker and light-smoker. Also NAR (Nutrient Adequacy Ratio), ND (Nutrient Density), and INQ (Index of Nutritional Quality) of these nutrients in heavy-smoker were lower than the other two groups. Mean adequacy ratio (MAR) was 0.78 in non-smoker, 0.78 in light-smoker, and 0.74 in heavy smoker (p<0.05). The heavy-smoker consumed significantly lower intakes of fruits (p<0.001) compared to the non-smoker and light-smoker. The DVS (Dietary Variety Score) of heavy-smoker (26.8) was significantly lower than that 30.4 of non-smoker and 31.5 of light-smoker (p<0.01). In conclusion, heavy-smoker man have low intake status of vitamin C, calcium and potassium, and partly low diet quality. Therefore it was needed that well planed diet to replace the nutrients supplied from excluded food groups in heavy- smoker.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.242-249
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• 2007

Backgrounds & Objectives : Yukgunjatanggranule (YGJT) ha been used for the treatment of functional dyspepsia, regarded as one of the gastric dysmotility diseases, but its mechanisms of cation are not yet well known, We investigated the effects of YGJT on gastric emptying and its mechanisms of action in rats. Methods : Gastric emptying was measured by glass beads (1mm in diameter) expelled from the stomach for 1 hour and 2 hours after administration ofnormal saline (NS) or YGJT 41.6mg/kg or 124.8mg/kg in rats. By the same method, gastric emptying was measured only for 2 hours after administration of NS of YGJT 124.8mg/kg in rats treated with atropine sulfate (1mg/kg, s.c), quinpirole HCl(0.3mg/kg, i.p.), NAME (NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester, 75mg/kg, s.c.) or cisplatin (10mg/kg, i.p.) to delay gastric emptying. Results : YGJT 124.8mg/kg improved gastric emptying more than NS or YGJT 41.6mg/kg (p=0.046). Under delayed gastric emptying, YGJT 124.8mg/kg improved gastric emptying in the group treated with cisplatin ($3.1{\pm}1.3$ vs. $6.6{\pm}3.1$, p=0.015), quinpirole HCl ($4.7{\pm}2.8$ vs. $5.5{\pm}5.6$, p=0.874) and NAME ($2.2{\pm}1.4$ vs. $4.7{\pm}6.0$, p=0.414), but aggravated it with atropine sulfate ($1.8{\pm}0.9$vs. $1.7{\pm}1.0$, p=0.957). Conclusions : YGJT improves gastric emptying through the cholinergic pathwas, and shows some effect against the toxicity of cisplatin. Therefore, we expect that it would be effective in relieving gastrointestinal symptoms in functional dyspepsia patients and cisplatin-treated patients.

• Journal of the Society of Naval Architects of Korea
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• v.55 no.2
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• pp.136-143
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• 2018

3-D templates are produced to evaluate completeness of the shell plates during the forming process, which is an essential step for the ship production. They are mostly produced in advance during the detail/production design stage, but occasionally they are requested by the shell plate forming department, because it is impossible to predict accurately the necessities of them at the design stage. This results in a huge loss of man-hour and a bottleneck. In order to resolve this issue while reducing the dependence on other department, the process of manufacturing the 3-D templates needs to be automated. Therefore, this study proposes an automatic system that calculates the manufacturing information of the 3-D templates with only geometric information of the shell plates. The system considers the thickness and the cutting method of the parts of the 3-D templates and some options are provided to reflect the intention of the worker.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.362-371
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• 2014

This study utilized commercially available proteolytic enzymes to prepare egg-white protein hydrolysates (EPHs) with different degrees of hydrolysis. The antioxidant effect and functionalities of the resultant products were then investigated. Treatment with Neutrase yielded the most ${\alpha}$-amino groups (6.52 mg/mL). Alcalase, Flavourzyme, Protamex, and Ficin showed similar degrees of ${\alpha}$-amino group liberation (3.19-3.62 mg/mL). Neutrase treatment also resulted in the highest degree of hydrolysis (23.4%). Alcalase and Ficin treatment resulted in similar degrees of hydrolysis. All hydrolysates, except for the Flavourzyme hydrolysate, had greater radical scavenging activity than the control. The Neutrase hydrolysate showed the highest 2,2-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging activity ($IC_{50}=3.6mg/mL$). Therefore, Neutrase was identified as the optimal enzyme for hydrolyzing egg-white protein to yield antioxidant peptides. During Neutrase hydrolysis, the reaction rate was rapid over the first 4 h, and then subsequently declined. The $IC_{50}$ value was lowest after the first hour (2.99 mg/mL). The emulsifying activity index (EAI) of EPH treated with Neutrase decreased, as the pH decreased. The EPH foaming capacity was maximal at pH 3.6, and decreased at an alkaline pH. Digestion resulted in significantly higher 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ABTS radical scavenging activity. The active peptides released from egg-white protein showed antioxidative activities on ABTS and DHHP radical. Thus, this approach may be useful for the preparation of potent antioxidant products.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.14 no.9
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• pp.43-51
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• 2016

The purpose of this study is to find out what are the factors that influence christian characteristics among christian theology major and non major students. Among the diversity factors, especially focused on studies of faith character variable and satisfaction of chapel, and how much these factors affect and how it correlates and what affects the most between christian theology major and non major students. This study has been surveyed to students who are enrolled in B University. As a result, christian theology major students have larger portion of Christian characteristics than non major students. Additionally students who are satisfied with chapel, having personal prayer time, meditation time, spending longer hour with bible and involving church activities have highly established christian personalities upon students.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.412-422
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• 2000

The polymeric FAB materials of air shower used in clean room of wafer industry have been outgassed with the dynamic headspace (ca.$100^{\circ}C$) for half an hour, and analyzed using GC-MS. The air in the clean room running air shower was sampled using sorbent tube method, and the organic compounds adsorbed in the sorbent tube were extracted using Soxhlet extraction method, and analyzed using GC-MS. The analytical results from FAB materials of air shower (electric over current relay, acryl plate. polycarbonate window, filter, fan housing, steel galvanized cold plate and canvas buffer) indicated that most of chemicals were originated from polymer fragments of FAB materials. Their analytical results have been compared with those from the air of clean room running air shower. These comparative results could lead to identify whether the sources of trace organic contaminants in clean room air are originated from the polymeric FAB material of air shower.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2005.07a
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• pp.336-337
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• 2005

ZnO varistor ceramics were fabricated as a function of the amount of $Y_2O_3$ addition and sintered at $1250^{\circ}C$ for 2 hour. The average grain size was decreased from 14.2 ${\mu}m$ to 8.3 ${\mu}m$ with the amount of $Y_2O_3$ addition, and varistor voltage was increased from 433 V to 563 V with $Y_2O_3$ addition. Nonlinear coefficient a of all specimens were increased with the amount of $Y_2O_3$ more than 67, in case of $Y_2O_3$ 0.01wt% addition showed the excellent results of 87. And leakage current was less than $1{\mu}A$ at 82% of varistor voltage. The clamping voltage ratio of the specimens added 0.01wt% $Y_2O_3$ was 1.41 at 25A [8/20${\mu}s$]. At the specimen 0.01wt% $Y_2O_3$ addition. endurance of surge current and deviation of varistor voltage were 5700A/$cm^2$ and $\Delta$-2.86%, respectively.

• Journal of Power System Engineering
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.180-185
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• 2014

Due to the larger and high-speed vessels recently constructed, output and speed of the engines for propulsion or power generation is increasing. These high-power and high-speed engine of the ship is becoming as a major contributor causing excessive noise and vibration. Other fittings as well as equipment installed on board, it makes equipment failure or other defect by resonance. This causes a lot of M/H(Man Hour) for repairs and the reliability of the company is invading even be negative because the clients give much comment. Thus, it's being studied for any fittings installed on board to maintain the safe operation and to prevent any problem during the performance in any operating conditions. In this study, it was investigated to solve these problems for the supports of the various fittings for easy installation-related support that each type of intensity and shape and manufacturing method using structural analysis program(DNV Nauticus Hull 3D Beam). Namely, it would be applied to the very large crude carriers in consideration of mechanics of materials of the support equipment by providing the fact that dynamics analysis of the structural characteristics of the equipment and the support of the production installation is easy and productivity can be high standards for geometry and thereby to simplify the analysis task to design changes at the same time and to minimize the reinforcement for the supports.