• 제목/요약/키워드: Malus${\times}$domestica Borkh.

검색결과 16건 처리시간 0.025초

Identification and characterization of S-RNase genes in apple rootstock and the diversity of S-RNases in Malus species

  • Kim, Hoy-Taek;Moriya, Shigeki;Okada, Kazuma;Abe, Kazuyuki;Park, Jong-In;Yamamoto, Toshiya;Nou, Ill-Sup
    • Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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    • 제43권1호
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    • pp.49-57
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    • 2016
  • We isolated and confirmed two S-RNases, denoted as mpS1 and mpS2, from apple rootstock 'Marubakaido' (Malus prunifolia Borkh. Var. ringo Asami). These S-RNases contained and conserved five cysteine residues and two histidine residues, which are essential for RNase activity. The mpS1 showed high similarity to S5 (99.1%) of Malus spectabilis, whereas the mpS2 showed 99.5% nucleotide sequence similarity to S26 of (Malus ${\times}$ domestica) and 99.6% to S35 of (Malus sieversii) when compared with reported S-RNases. In amino acid sequences, the mpS1-RNase was almost similar to the S5-RNase of Malus spectabilis, and the mpS2-RNase was similar to the S35 of Malus sieversii, with only one bp being different from the S26-RNase of Malus ${\times}$ domestica. The 57 S-RNases of Malus species were renamed and rearranged containing the new S-RNases, as mprpS35 (mpS2) and mprpS57 (mpS1), for determining S-genotypes and identifying new alleles from apple species (Malus spp.).

Applications of Organic Fungicides Reduce Photosynthesis and Fruit Quality of Apple Trees

  • Bhusal, Narayan;Kwon, Jun Hyung;Han, Su-Gon;Yoon, Tae-Myung
    • 원예과학기술지
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    • 제34권5호
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    • pp.708-718
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    • 2016
  • Two different pest control programs were applied on 8-year-old 'Ryoka'/M.26 apple trees (Malus domestica Borkh.). Lime sulfur or Bordeaux mixture with emulsified oil were applied 12 times from late March to mid-September as organic treatment, and synthetic chemicals were 7 times applied as control treatment. Over the entire apple-growing season, photosynthesis rates of apple trees were significantly lower in the organic treatment than in the control, and this photosynthetic differences were larger in July and August. Photosynthesis-related parameters such as stomatal conductance and transpiration behaved similarly to photosynthesis. The leaf area in the organic treatment was significantly smaller ($24.7cm^2$) than that in the control treatment ($30.7cm^2$). Organic leaves contained significantly less Chl. a ($15.5mg{\cdot}g^{-1}$) than did control leaves ($17.6mg{\cdot}g^{-1}$). Fruit yield per tree was significantly lower in the organic treatment (18.8 kg) than in the control (24.5 kg), because organic fruits experienced a higher rate of disease infection such as white rot (Botryosphaeria dothidae) and bitter rot (Glomerella cingulata) than did control fruits. Organic fruits had high flesh firmness but less color development (lower Hunter's a values). In this experiment, the pest control program with frequent applications of organic fungicides showed negative effects on photosynthesis and disease infection on leaves and fruits, and thus reduce the fruit quality and yield in 'Ryoka'/M.26 apple trees.

사과 유기재배 시 무기성분 함량과 수체생장과 피해에 미치는 영향 (Effect of Mineral Nutrient Contents and Growth on the Damages of Organic Apple Trees)

  • 최현석;정석규
    • 한국유기농업학회지
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    • 제25권3호
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    • pp.587-602
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    • 2017
  • 온난다습 한 기후대의 미국 남부지방에서 2008년에 유기인증을 받은 '엔터프라이즈' 사과나무(Malus${\times}$domestica Borkh.)를 대상으로 수체피해[왜콩풍뎅이(Popillia japonica Newman), 설치류, 고사율, 잡초밀도]에 대한 잎과 토양의 무기성분 및 수체생장과의 상관관계를 분석하였다. 과원은 유기질 멀칭 4종류와 비료 3종류를 복합으로 처리하였고, 멀칭은 초생, 종이, 우드칩, 식물성퇴비를 포함하였고, 비료는 무비료, 계분, 상업용 유기질비료를 매년 4월에 수체 주위에 시용하였다. 수체피해인 설치류와 잡초밀도는 무기성분이나 수체생장과는 별다른 상관관계가 관찰되지 않았다. 왜콩풍뎅이에 의한 잎 피해는 식물성퇴비 멀칭구에서 높았고(26.5%), 고사율은 초생멀칭구에서 가장 높았다. 주당 바이오매스 생산량은 우드칩과 식물성퇴비 멀칭구에서 약 3,700 g으로 나머지 처리보다 2배 이상 높게 나타났다. 상관관계분석을 통한 잎의 왜콩풍뎅이 피해율은 토양과 잎의 무기성분이 증가하면 심해지는 경향을 보였고, 영양생장 지표인 주간 단면적과 강한 정의 상관관계($r^2=0.585$)가 관찰되었다. 수체 고사율은 토양 내 무기성분보다는 수체의 무기성분 함량과 수체생장과 부의 상관관계가 관찰되었다. 이에 미국 남부지방 과원에서 시용된 우드칩은 유기물함량을 증가시키고 유목의 건전성을 확보하는 동시에 토양 내의 풍뎅이류 등의 해충과 설치류의 피해 정도를 최소화할 수 있는 지역 맞춤형 피복자재로 판단되었다.

1-MCP와 에틸렌 혼용처리가 장기간 저온저장 후 상온에 보관된 '후지' 사과의 연화 억제에 미치는 영향 (Control of Softening of Long-Term Stored 'Fuji' Apples at Low Temperature and Subsequent Shelf-life by Combination Treatment of 1-MCP and Ethylene)

  • 최현석;정석규
    • 생물환경조절학회지
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    • 제26권2호
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    • pp.108-114
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    • 2017
  • '후지' 사과(Malus${\times}$domestica Borkh.)에 $1.0{\mu}L{\cdot}L^{-1}$ 1-MCP를 처리하거나 또는 1-MCP 처리 후 $10{\mu}L{\cdot}L^{-1}$ 에틸렌가스를 살포(1-MCP+에틸렌)하여 180일간 $0.5^{\circ}C$ 저온에서 과실의 저장성을 조사한 후에, 28일 동안 상온에서 보관하면서 연화정도를 비교하였다. 1-MCP 또는 1-MCP+에틸렌 처리된 과실의 산 함량과 경도는 저온저장 120일 이후부터 높은 수준으로 유지되었고, 이후 상온보관 28일 동안에서도 높게 나타났다. 1-MCP처리 과실은 저온저장+상온보관 동안 14N 이상으로 경도가 유지되었다. 과피 적색도는 저온저장 기간 중에는 처리에 따라 일관성 있는 결과가 나타나지 않았지만 상온보관 21일과 28일째에서는 1-MCP처리에 의하여 4.0 이상 높은 수준이 유지되었다. 대조구와 에틸렌 처리구는 저온저장 90일차에 에틸렌과 호흡량이 크게 상승되었고 클라이매터릭 맥시멈이 지나면서 노화가 더 빨리 진행된 것으로 판단되었다. 따라서 1-MCP가 처리된 과실은 $10{\mu}L{\cdot}L^{-1}$정도의 에틸렌에 노출되더라도 장기간 저온저장과 약 한달간의 상온저장 동안 상품성 유지가 가능한 것으로 평가되었다.

Sap Temperature Distribution of the Xylem and Leaf Water Status of Apple Trees in Relation to Soil Oxygen Diffusion Rates

  • Ro, Hee-Myong
    • Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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    • 제43권3호
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    • pp.170-175
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    • 2000
  • A pot-lysimeter experiment was conducted with 3-year-old 'Tsugaru' apple (Malus domestica Borkh) trees to examine the changes in oxygen diffusion rate (ODR) with lateral flow velocity of water through soil. The influence of lateral water flow velocity on water relations and elemental content in leaf, and sap temperature distribution patterns of the xylem of trees were also determined. Trees were grown under four soil water regimes: (1) fast laterally flowing (FWT, $2.50{\times}10^{-4}cm\;s^{-1}$), (2) slow laterally flowing (SWT, $0.25{\times}10^{-4}cm\;s^{-1}$), and (3) stagnant water table (WLT) at 60-cm, and (4) drip-irrigation at -40 kPa of soil matric potential as a control. The rate of $O_2$ diffusion converged near $2{\times}10^{-3}g\;m^{-2}\;min^{-1}$ for FWT and control soils, but decreased below $1{\times}10^{-3}g\;m^{-2}\;min^{-1}$ 40 days after treatment (DAT) for WLT soils. For SWT soils, however, the ODR at 15 cm below the soil surface was similar to that of control, but at 45 cm below the soil surface, ODR was similar to that of the WLT treatment. Leaf water potential of FWT and SWT plants was similar to that of control plants, but the values for SWT plants declined by 98 DAT. Leaf water potential of WLT plants decreased from -1.86 MPa (9 DAT) to -2.41 MPa (59 DAT) and finally down to -2.70 MPa. The sap temperature measured at 1100-hr was lowest at top and highest at bottom for FWT and control plants, but this pattern of SWT and WLT plants was disturbed from 29 DAT. However, for SWT plants, such thermal disturbance of sap temperature disappeared from 63 DAT.

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Differences in Ethylene and Fruit Quality Attributes during Storage in New Apple Cultivars

  • Yoo, Jingi;Lee, Jinwook;Kwon, Soon-Il;Chung, Kyeong Ho;Lee, Dong Hoon;Choi, In Myung;Mattheis, James P.;Kang, In-Kyu
    • 원예과학기술지
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    • 제34권2호
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    • pp.257-268
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    • 2016
  • Physiological characteristics of five new apple cultivars from the Korean apple breeding program were evaluated as a function of harvest time and storage after harvest. Internal ethylene concentration (IEC), flesh firmness, soluble solids concentration (SSC), and titratable acidity (TA) were measured in 'Summer Dream', 'Summer King', 'Green Ball', 'Picnic', and 'Hwangok' apples at harvest, during shelf life at $20^{\circ}C$, and one day after cold storage at $0.5^{\circ}C$ in air. IEC increased during shelf life in 'Summer Dream', 'Summer King', and 'Green Ball' but not in 'Picnic' or 'Hwangok', regardless of harvest time. Flesh firmness decreased towards harvest time and decreased gradually with time in cold storage only in the former three cultivars. In turn, IEC increased during cold storage in the first three cultivars but not for the last two cultivars, irrespective of harvest time. Changes in SSC and TA did not consistently relate to harvest time or storage period but TA tended to decrease as IEC increased. Furthermore, IEC was negatively correlated with flesh firmness except in the 'Green Ball' cultivar but the significance level was much greater in 'Summer Dream' and 'Summer King' (p < 0.0001) than in 'Picnic' (p < 0.01) or 'Hwangok' (p < 0.05) cultivars. Flesh firmness was positively correlated with TA in the first three cultivars but not in the last two cultivars. Overall, the results indicate that cultivars for which IEC increased after harvest had reduced flesh firmness and TA after storage.

Effects of Prohexadione-Ca, Ethephon, and Water Stress on Growth and Productivity of 'Golden Delicious'/M.9 Apple

  • Guak, Sunghee
    • 원예과학기술지
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    • 제31권1호
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    • pp.38-49
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    • 2013
  • Prohexadione-calcium (Pro-Ca), ethephon and transient water stress were evaluated in a factorial design, as potential inhibitors of early-season shoot growth of high density orchard management of apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) trees. In the experiment, water stress was imposed to one-half of the 7-year-old 'Golden Delicious'/M.9 apple trees in each of 5 blocks, by stopping irrigation for 3 weeks between 35 and 56 days after full bloom (AFB). Within each whole unit, the following Pro-Ca and ethephon treatments were randomly allocated at $2{\times}2$ factorial: a) 0 or 250 $mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ a.i. Pro-Ca applied at 28 days AFB and b) 0 or 300 $mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ a.i. ethephon applied twice (35 and 71 days AFB). All trees were hand thinned to king flowers prior to treatments. Vegetative shoot growth was markedly reduced by Pro-Ca, with its effect being obvious within 14 days after application, while ethephon and water stress treatments were less effective. Pro-Ca had no effect on fruit set and yield but slightly increased fruit size. Ethephon substantially reduced the fruit size and yield but had no effect on fruit set. Water stress reduced fruit set, fruit size and yield. With regard to fruit quality, Pro-Ca did not influence fruit shape, flesh firmness and soluble solids contents (SSC) but slightly reduced titratable acidity. Ethephon had no effect on fruit shape but increased firmness, SSC and acidity, while water stress did not influence these fruit quality attributes. Dry weight of dormant spur buds was reduced by both Pro-Ca and water stress, while increased by ethephon. The larger dormant buds led to the larger spur flowers at the tight cluster stage the following spring. Return flowering was promoted only by ethephon, especially on previous season's shoots. There were no significant interactions between Pro-Ca and ethephon or water stress on most variables observed in this study.

비료원과 멀칭재료에 따른 사과 유묘의 생장 및 토양이화학성 변화 (Growth and Soil Chemical Property of Small Apple Trees as Affected by Organic Fertilizers and Mulch Sources)

  • 최현석;롬컽;이연;조정래;정석규;지형진
    • 한국환경농학회지
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    • 제30권1호
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    • pp.9-15
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    • 2011
  • 본 실험은 비료 공급원으로서 1) 대조구(NF), 2) 상업용 유기질 비료($10N-2P_2O_5-8K_2O$, Nature Safe$^{(R)}$)(CF), 3) 계분 비료(PL)를 포함하였고, 멀칭 공급원으로는 4) 나무껍질 멀칭(WC), 5) 재활용 종이 멀칭(SP), 6) 식물성 퇴비 멀칭(GC), 7) 초생멀칭(GR)을 포함하였다. 유기질 비료와 멀칭의 양은 매해 유기농 사과나무 포장에 시비하였던 (50 g 질소/한 나무, 10 cm 멀칭시용/한 나무) 질소량과 체적에 각각 비례해서 각 포트에 시비하였다. CF, PL, 그리고 GR 급원은 미생물이 유기태 질소를 무기화(N-mineralization) 하는데 이상적인 탄소:질소(30:1이하)비를 보였는데, 처리 후 90일 째 되던 날에 토양중 무기태 질소 농도를 증가시켰다. CF, PL, 그리고 GR 처리된 유묘는 가장 넓은 총 엽면적과 두꺼운 직경, 그리고 큰 수고 및 건물중을 나타내어서 식물생장을 증가시키기 위한 가장 유용한 자재로 평가되었다.

Prohexadione-calcium 처리에 따른 성목기 '후지'/M.9 사과나무의 광합성, 신초생장 및 과실품질 (Photosynthesis, Shoot Growth and Fruit Quality in 'Fuji'/M.9 Mature Apple Trees in Response to Prohexadione-calcium Treatments)

  • 사공동훈;송양익;박무용;권헌중;김목종;윤태명
    • 원예과학기술지
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    • 제32권6호
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    • pp.762-770
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    • 2014
  • 본 시험은 prohexadione-calcium(Pro-Ca) 살포가 성목기 '후지'/M.9 사과나무의 신초생장 및 과실품질에 미치는 영향을 구명하고자 실시하였다. Pro-Ca은 $100-400mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ 농도로 정단신초 길이가 5-10cm 정도 생장한 낙화기에 1회 수관전체 살포하거나 혹은 100, 125, $150mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ 농도로 낙화기와 낙화 후 4-8주 경에 2회 살포하였다. 일반적으로 Pro-Ca 처리는 평균 신초장을 감소시켰으며, 그 정도는 처리농도에 비례하였다. 무처리에 비해 Pro-Ca $400mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ 처리는 평균 신초장을 15-22% 정도 감소시켰으나, Pro-Ca $200mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ 처리와는 차이가 없었다. 신초의 2차 생장발생률은 Pro-Ca 처리구가 무처리보다 높았다. 무처리에 비해 Pro-Ca 처리는 광합성속도를 5-10% 정도 향상시켰고, 또한 가용성 고형물 함량과 착색을 증진시켰다. 그러나 $400mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ 처리는 과중을 유의하게 감소시켰는데, 이는 Pro-Ca $400mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ 처리구의 신초 2차 발생률이 무처리 및 Pro-Ca $200mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ 처리구 보다 높았기 때문이었다.

미세살수와 흰색 코팅제 도포가 '후지'/M.9 사과나무 과실 일소 발생에 미치는 영향 (Effects of Microspraying of Water and Coating by White Materials on Fruit Sunburn Occurrence for 'Fuji'/M.9 Apple Tree)

  • 송양익;박무용;양상진;남종철;사공동훈
    • 한국농림기상학회지
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    • 제12권2호
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    • pp.76-82
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    • 2010
  • 본 연구는 '후지'/M.9 재배에 있어 최근 문제시 되는 일소 발생 경감 기술을 비교 분석하기 위하여 3년 (2001~2003) 동안 수행하였다. 일소는 과실 성숙기에 높은 온도와 일사광에 의해 과실 온도가 $40{\sim}45^{\circ}C$에 달할 경우 발생하므로 과실 온도를 효과적으로 줄이는 것이 매우 중요하다. 이에 6월말 이후 흰색 코팅제인 카올린 및 탄산칼슘을 2주 간격으로 4회 처리한 실험과 7월 말에서 8월 중순 사이에 기온이 $31^{\circ}C$ 이상일때 미세살수 한 실험 결과를 분석해 본 결과, 두 실험 모두 일소 발생이 현저하게 감소되면서 과실품질이 향상된 것으로 나타났다. 이는 이들 처리들이 과실과 잎의 온도를 감소시켜서 광합성 능력이 증가했기 때문인 것으로 판단되었다.