• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.467-475
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• 2013

In order to seize quantitative materials as part of studies on measures for oil pollution prevention and control, the statistics of oil pollution incidents in Korean coastal waters for 10 years from 2003 to 2012 were analyzed with relation to the number of oil spills and the volume of oil spilt according to causes, sources and sea areas of spills. Total number and total volume of oil spills for 10 years were found to be 2,833 cases and 17,877 kL, respectively. 50.4 %(1,429 cases) of total number of oil spills were caused by negligence, although oil spillage due to negligence was 294 kL(1.7 %). While oil spillage caused by marine accidents was 17,400 kL(97.3 %), marine accidents accounted for 27.9 %(790 cases) of total number of oil spills. While negligence had a great influence on the number of oil spills, marine accidents had a huge impact on the amount of oil spilt. Fishing boats accounted for 42.7 %(1,210 cases) of the number of oil spills, and although oil tankers accounted for 9.2 %(261 cases) of the number of oil spills, oil spillage from oil tankers was 15,488kL(86.7 %). It means that oil tankers such as VLCC or ULCC may be the main sources of major oil spills and a few very large spills are responsible for a high percentage of the amount of oil spilt. While the number of oil spill incidents was closely related to the accidents of fishing boats, the volume of oil spilt was greatly affected by the major oil spill incidents of oil tankers such as M/T Hebei Spirit. The number and volume of oil spills were shown to be 1,613 cases(56.9 %) and 3,804 kL(21.3 %) in South Sea, 700 cases(24.7 %) and 13,501 kL(75.5 %) in West Sea, and 520 cases(18.2 %) and 572 kL(3.2 %) in East Sea of Korea, respectively. The highest number of oil spills was found in South Sea and the most volume of oil spilt was shown in West Sea of Korea for 10 years.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.129-137
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• 2013

In order to obtain quantitative basic data for marine oil pollution prevention, the statistics of oil spill incidents in Korea and in the world for 20 years from 1993 to 2012 were collected and analyzed with relation to the number of oil spills and the amount of oil spilt. In Korea for 20 years, total number and average annual number of oil spills were 6,608 cases and nearly 330 cases/year, respectively, and total volume and average annual volume of oils spilt were 57,328 kL and nearly 2,866 kL/year, respectively. Due to major oil spills from oil tankers, annual volumes of oils spilt in Korea were sharply increased to 15,388 kL in 1993, 15,773 kL in 1995, 3,428 kL in 1997 and 13,008 kL in 2007. In case of worldwide oil spills for 20 years, total number and average annual number of oil spills of 8 kL (or 7 tonnes) and above were 420 cases and 21 cases/year, respectively, and total amount and average annual amount of oils spilt 8 kL (or 7 tonnes) and above were about 800,000 kL (or 704,000 tonnes) and about 40,000 kL/year (or 35,200 tonnes/year), respectively. Major oil spills from oil tankers increased massively annual amounts of oils spilt worldwide to about 159,000 kL (or 140,000 tonnes) in 1993, about 147,600 kL (or 130,000 tonnes) in 1994, about 90,900 kL (80,000 tonnes) in 1996, about 81,800 kL (72,000 tonnes) in 1997 and about 76,100 kL (or 67,000 tonnes) in 2002. Obvious correlation between annual number of oil spills and annual amount of oil spilt was not found in both Korea and the world, while both annual number and annual volume tended to decrease with the lapse of year in both Korea and the world, though there were wide fluctuations from year to year in both annual number of oil spills and annual amount of oils spilt worldwide and in Korea for 20 years. From 2008 to 2012 worldwide, there were sharp decreases in both annual number and annual amount of oil spills. In particular, no oil spill of 800 kL (or 700 tonnes) and above occurred in the year of 2012.

• Proceedings of the KSRS Conference
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• v.2
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• pp.981-984
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• 2006

Oil pollution of the ocean is a major environmental problem, especially in its coastal zones. Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) flown on satellites, such as ERS-2 and Envisat, has been proved to be a useful tool in oil spill monitoring due to its wide coverage, day and night, and all-weather capability. The total 120 SAR images containing oil spill over the East China Sea were collected and analyzed, ranging in date from July 23, 2002 to November 11, 2005. After preprocessed, SAR images were segmented by adaptive threshold method. The oil spill images were incorporated into GIS after distinguished from look-like phenomena, finally we presented the oil spills distribution map for the East China Sea. The wide-swath and quick-looks SAR imagery for mapping of oil spill distribution over large marine areas were proved to be useful when full resolution data are not available. After the temporal and spatial distribution of the oil spills were analyzed, we found that most of oil spills were distributed along the main ship routes, which means the illegal discharge by ships, and the occurrence of oil spill detected on SAR images acquired during morning and summer is much higher than during evening and winter.

• The Journal of Fisheries Business Administration
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.59-87
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• 1994

While overall input of oil into the sea has actually declined over the years 1975-92, major spills have regularly occurred in certain locations which have had serious effects upon local environments and hence caused public outcry. The purpose of this paper is to suggest the scheme for maximizing the compensation for oil pollution, which can be adopted in Korea, by analysing the mandatory 1969 Civil Liability Convention(CLC), the 1971 Fund Convention and two voluntary schemes (TOVALOP andCRISTAL). The paper examines the major subjects which are as follows : major pollution incidents and international response, the present situation of oil pollution in Korea, the role of flag of convenience tankers in oil pollution, the mode of oil pollution damages and tanker owner's liability, international compensation system fer oil pollution, Korean compensation system for oil pollution damage, and its problems to be tackled.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.365-375
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• 2017

Approximately 250 marine pollution accidents involving oil and HNS spills are reported every year in the Republic of Korea. It is necessary that a strengthen of specialization of marine pollution response personnel on marine pollution response due to a diminution of damage when a major oil and HNS spill incident occurred, as in the case of the M/V Heibei Spirit and the M/V Maritime Maisie. In regard to this, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) has planned to revise the OPRC Model Training Course to strengthen expertise for oil spill incident responses. Through a comparison of curriculum with the Korea Coast Guard Academy (KCGA) program, a revised IMO Model Course and the OSRL training institute, this study recommends the following improvements for the education program of the KCGA in response to oil spills. This study suggests several options in line with this approach to revise the oil spill response education curriculum, exercise, discussions and making materials. Accreditation of the KCGA as an institute that provides an IMO Model training course developed according to the revised IMO Model Course material is proposed.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.11 no.5
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• pp.455-461
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• 2002

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) are ubiquitous contaminants in coastal marine environment. PAHs enter estuarine and nearshore marine environment via several routes such as combustion of fossil fuels, domestic and industrial effluents and oil spills. In August of 1997, mussels(Mytilus edulis) were collected at 6 sites near Kori nuclear power plant in order to analyze the PAH content by HPLC with uv/vis detection. Unfortunately, I could not find any living oysters in which I firstly intended to measure the PAH content in the study area. NPTHL and ANCPL were the major dominant PAH compounds in mussels living in the intertidal zone of Kori, Korea, and DahA, BbF, BaP were the next dominant PAH group in mussels in the study area. The mean concentrations of 15 PAH in mussels ranged from 3.2 to 1,680 ppb(mean 105$\pm$60.5 ppb). Compared with other studies world over, the concentrations of carcinogenic PAHs were relatively low in mussels in the study area, even though total PAH content was rather high. According to N/P(Naphthalene/Phenanthrene) ratio(147) and the ratio of 2∼3 ring to 3∼5 ring PAHs(58∼90 %) in mussels in the study area, I expect that the major source of PAHs in this study area is rather fresh petroleum-derived. This study presents preliminary data for the PAH levels in mussels from the intertidal zone of Kori, and the data will hopefully be utilized for the assessment of oil pollution in the East Sea, Korea.

• Journal of Environmental Policy
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.89-120
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• 2008

With petroleum being a major source of energy in Korea, the quantity of petroleum transported via ocean routes is on its way up due to increased consumption. Due to the increase, more than 300 cases of pollution caused by petroleum occur annually. Moreover, the number of oil-spill accidents is also on the rise. Causes of such accidents, not including the disposal of waste oil on purpose, turn out to be human error during navigation or defects in the vessels, showing that most accidents are caused by humans. Therefore, to prevent future oil spills, it is imperative that navigation efficiency be enhanced by improving the quality of navigators and replacing old vessels with newer ones. Nevertheless, such improvements cannot occur overnight, so long- and mid-term efforts should be made to achieve it institutionally. As large-scale oil-spill accidents can happen at anytime along the coastal waters of Korea, it is necessary to set-up institutional devices which go beyond the compensation limit of 92FC. The current special law regarding this issue has its limits in that it prescribes compensation be supplemented solely by national taxes. Therefore, the setting-up of a new 'national fund' is recommended for consideration rather than to subscribe to the '2003 Convention for the Supplementary Fund'. It is strongly suggested that a National fund be created from fees collected from oil companies based on the risks involved in oil transportation and according to the profiteers pay principle. In addition, a public fund should be created to handle general environmental damage, such as the large-scale destruction of the ecosystem, which is distinct from the economic damage that harms the local people. The posterior responses to the large-scale oil spill have always been unsatisfactory because of the symbolic nature of the disasters included in such accidents. Oil-spills can be prevented in advance, because they are caused by human beings. But once they occur, they inflict long-term damage to both human life and the natural ecosystem. Therefore, the best response to future oil-spills is to work to prevent them.

• Proceedings of KOSOMES biannual meeting
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• 2004.05b
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• pp.65-72
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• 2004

With data of historical spill from vessels occurred in korean coastal waters, the author analyze the causes of spill and evaluate response technique adopted during spill. It is found that the majority of spill caused by operational failure, bad weather, violation of navigation rule and hull defect. As a result of evaluation of response measures, it is suggested that responsible agency establishes criteria for various response options and standards of tier response time and capability according to the size of spill.

• Environmental Sciences Bulletin of The Korean Environmental Sciences Society
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.57-68
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• 1998

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAMs) are ubiquitous contaminants in marine environments. PAMs enter estuarine and nearshore marine environment via several routes such as combustion of fossil fuels, domestic and industrial effluents and oil spills. PAHs have been the focus of numerous studies in the world because they are potentially carcinogenic, mutagenic, and teratogenic to aquatic organisms and humans from consuming contaminated food. However, one can hardly find any available data on PAM content in marine organisms in Korea. The present study was carried out in order to determine PAM content in oysters from the intertidal and subtidal zones of Chinhae Bay, which is located in near urban communities and an industrial complex, and the bay is considered to be a major repositories of PAHs. 16 PAHs were analyzed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) with uv/vis and fluorescence detectors in oysters: they are naphthalene (NPTHL), acenaphthylene (ANCPL), acenaphthylene (ACNPN), fluorene (FLURN), phenanthrene (PHEN), anthracene (ANTHR), fluoranthene (FLRTH), pyrene (PYR), benzo(a)anthracene (BaA), chrysene (CHRY), benzo(b)fluoranthene (BbF), benzo(k)fluoranthene (BkF), benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), dibenz(a,h)anthracene(DahA), benzo(g,h,i)peryne (BghiP) and indeno(1,2,3,-cd)pyrene (I123cdP). The PAM contents in oysters from the intertidal and subtidal zones of Chinhae Bay ranged from < 0.1 to 992.0 ug/kg (mean $69.8\pm9.8$ ug/kg).

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.57-68
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• 1993

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAMs) are ubiquitous contaminants in marine environments. PAHs enter estuarine and nearshore marine environment via several routes such as combustion of fossil fuels, domestic and industrial effluents and oil spills PAHs have been the focus of numerous studies in the world because they owe potentially carcinogenic, mutagenic, and teratogenic to aquatic organisms and humans from consuming contaminated food. However, one can hardly find any available data on PAM content in marine organisms in Korea. The present study was carried out in order to determine PAH content in oysters from the intertidal and subtidal zones of Chinhae Bay, which is located in near urban communities and an industrial complex, and the bay is considered to be a major repositories of PAHs. 16 PAHs were analyzed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) with uv/vis and fluorescence detectors in oysters: they are naphthalene (NPTHL), acenaphthylene (ANCPL), acenaphthene (ACNPN), fluorene (FLURN), phenanthrene (PKEN), anthracene (ANTHR), fluoranthene (FLRTH), pyrene (PYRf), benzo(a)anthracene (BaA), chrysene (CHRY), benzo(b)- fluoranthene (BbF), benzo(k)fluoranthene (BkF), benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), dibenz(a, h)anthracene (DhA), benzo(g, h, i)peryne (Bghip) and indeno(1, 2, 3, -cd)pyrene (I123cdP). The PAH contents in oysters from the intertidal and subtidal zones of Chinhae Bay ranged from < 0.1 to 992.0 $\mu\textrm{g}$/kg (mean 69.8 $\pm$ 9.8 $\mu\textrm{g}$/kg). Key words . polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, high performance liquid chromatography, oyster, Chinhae Bay.