• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.149-160
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• 1983

It has been known that Gentianae macrophyllae Radix is reputed to be effective in removal of 'Pungseub' and 'Heoyeol', and to be analgesic. Since ancient times, however, there have been many examples of substituting Lycoctoni Radix for Gentianae macrophyllae Radix. For that reason, this experiment was conducted to compare the diuretic, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anti-pyretic, anti-bacterial effect, and toxicity of Lycoctoni Radix with those of Gentianae macrophyllae Radix. The results obtained in this work were summarized as follows; In the test of acute toxicity, Lycoctoni Radix was found to be toxic in comparison to Gentianae macrophyllae Radix which was found to be non-toxic. Both herbs were found to be diuretic and Gentianae macrophyllae Radix was more effective than the other and to be ineffective for the blood pressure and respiration. Lycoctoni Radix was found to be more analgesic than the other. Gentianae macrophyllae Radix was found to be more anti-inflammatory of the two and both demonstrated anti-pyretic effect. Anti-bacterial effect was detected only in Lycoctoni Radix. It is concluded that Gentianae macrophyllae Radix has mild diuretic, analgesic, anti-inflammatory and anti-pyretic effect, but Lycoctoni Radix, due to its toxicity, can not be substituted for Gentianae macrophyllae Radix.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.32 no.4 s.127
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• pp.287-291
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• 2001

The Radix of Gentiana macrophylla (Gentianaceae) has been used for dispelling wind-damp, relaxing the sinews, and clearing heat from deficiency. In order to evaluate its quality, the method for the quantitative determination of gentiopicroside as standard compound has been developed. Gentiopicroside was a major compound of Gentianae Macrophyllae Radix. It was analyzed by HPLC using 30% MeOH as a solvent system. The amount of gentiopicroside from Gentianae Macrophyllae Radix was in the range of $2.22{\pm}1.22%\;(n=18)$.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.1-16
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• 2016

Objectives : The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of Gentianae Macrophyllae Radix pharmacopuncture (GP) at Hwando (GB30) in neuropathic pain induced rats. Methods : Neuropathic pain in rats was induced by tibial and sural nerve transection. The rat subjects were divided into 6 groups : normal (Nor, n = 5), control (Con, n = 5), neuropathic pain- induced injected at GB30 with 1 mg/kg GP (GP-A, n = 5), 5 mg/kg GP (GP-B, n = 5) and 20 mg/kg GP (GP-C, n = 5), and neuropathic pain-induced injected with 1mg/kg Tramadol (Tramadol, n＝5). Injections were administered 2 times a week for a total of 5 treatments. After each treatment plantar withdrawal response was measured and after all 5 treatments were completed c-fos, Bax, Bcl-2, mGlu5 and leukocytes in the blood were analyzed. Results : 1. Groups GP-A, GP-B and GP-C showed a meaningful decrease in the withdrawal response of mechanical allodynia compared to the control group. 2. Groups GP-A, GP-B and GP-C showed a meaningful decrease in the expression of c-fos compared to the control group. 3. Groups GP-A and GP-C showed a meaningful increase in the expression of mGluR5 compared to the control group. 4. Groups GP-A, GP-B and GP-C showed a meaningful decrease in Bax/Bcl-2 ratio compared to the control group. Conclusion : These results suggest that Gentianae Macrophyllae Radix pharmacopuncture at Hwando (GB30) could decrease mechanical allodynia and could have analgesic and neuroprotective effects on the model of neuropathic pain.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.28-38
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• 2009

Background : Peripheral nerve injuries are a commonly encountered clinical problem and often result in a chronic pain and severe functional deficits. Objective : The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of Gentianae Macrophyllae Radix (G. M. Radix) on the pain control and the recovery of the locomotor function that results from the sciatic crushed nerve injury in rats. Method : Using rats, we crushed their sciatic nerve, and then orally administered the aqueous extract of G. M. Radix. The effects of G. M. Radix on the recovery locomotor function were investigated by walking track analysis. The effects of G. M. Radix on pain control were investigated by brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression in the sciatic nerve, and c-Fos expression in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus and in the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray (vlPAG). Result : G. M. RADIX facilitates motor function from the locomotor deficit, and thereby increased BDNF expression and suppressed painful stimuli in the PVN and vlPAG after sciatic crushed nerve injury. Conclusion : It is suggested that G. M. Radix might aid recovery locomotor function and control pain after sciatic crushed nerve injury. Further studies on identifying specific the component in G.M. Radix associated with enhanced neural activity in the peripheral nerve injury may be helpful to develop therapeutic strategies for the treatment of peripheral nerve injury.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.63-70
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• 2009

Objectives : The present study was examined to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effects of the Gentianae Macrophyllae Radix MeOH extracts (GMR) in vivo. Methods : The effects of GMR on anti-inflammation were measured by production of NO, TNF-$\alpha$ (Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha) and IL-$1{\beta}$ (Interleukin-$1{\beta}$), IL-6 in Raw 264.7 macrophage cells stimulated with LPS. Results : 1. All concentrations of GMR(0.10 mg/ml) had no significant cytotoxicity in Raw 264.7 cell during the entire experimental period. 2. The level of NO and iNOS in culture medium was dramatically increased by LPS application. However, these increases were dose-dependently(0.03 and 0.10 mg/ml) attenuated by treatment with GMR. 3. All concentrations of GMR significantly inhibited the production of IL-$1{\beta}$ in Raw 264.7 macrophage cells stimulated with LPS. Conclusions : These results provide evidences that therapeutic effect of GMR on heat syndrome, especially due to the acute inflammation, are partly due to the reduction of some of inflammatory factors by inhibiting iNOS and COX-2 through the suppression of $p-I{\kappa}B{\alpha}$. Moreover, it suggests that the mechanism of action of GMR comes from the suppression of inflammatory mediators, such as NO, PGE2 and pro-inflammatory cytokines.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.407-418
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• 2016

In this study, the phylogenetic relationship of Korean Hydrangea was evaluated by using sequenced three chloroplast regions and ITS region, including the 7 taxa. The result of phylogenetic analysis indicated that Korean Hydrangea, 7 taxa formed the monophyletic group. This analysis also revealed that subsect. Macrophyllae of Korea was separated into two groups; H. serrata f. acuminate and H. macrophylla group. The H. serrata f. acuminta group was included with H. serrata f. buergeri and H. serrata f. fertilis. These three species form a monophyletic clade, with no significant differences between their nucleotide sequences. The H. serrata f. acuminta group showed a monophyletic group with H. serrata f. buergeri and H. serrata f. fertilis and there is significant differences between their nucleotide sequences. H. macrophylla group was an independent clade distinguished by H. serrate f. acuminate group. Subsect. Petalanthe, Heteromallae and Calyptranthae form a monophyletic group. H. petiolaris which is located in Subsect. Calyptranthae was separated into two subgroups; First subgroup: Jeju island (except for Mt. Halla) and Second subgroup: Ulleung island and Japan. Additional studies of two subgroups of H. petiolaris should be conducted a geographical study and add more samples.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.63-75
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• 2020

Objectives : Osteoporosis is the most common bone disease and osteoporosis fracture is the leading cause of decreased life. Bisphosphonate and selective estrogen receptor modulators are the best choice of treatment for osteoporosis. However, when used for a long time, they increase the probability of side effect such as osteonecrosis of the jaw. Thus, it is crucial to develop alternative medicine to treat osteoporosis. Gentianae Macrophyllae Radix, a herbal medicine, is mainly to treat rheumatoid arthritis. However, the effect of the water extract of Gentianae Macrophyllae Radix (w-GM) on osteoporosis has not been investigated. Thus, we examine whether w-GM can inhibit osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption on receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) ligand (RANKL)-treated RAW 264.7 cells. In this study, RAW 264.7 cells were used as an osteoclast differentiation model by treating them with RANKL. Methods : RAW 264.7 cells were used to determine the effect of w-GM on osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption. The number of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)-positive cells, TRAP activity and pit formation assay were examined. In addition, protein expressions were measured by western blot and mRNA expressions were analyzed by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Results : Treatment with w-GM inhibited the number of TRAP-positive cells, TRAP activity and pit area. In addition, w-GM decreased protein expression such as mitogen-activated protein kinase, NF-κB, c-Fos and nuclear factor of activated T-cells cytoplasmic 1 (NFATc1). It also inhibited the mRNA levels such as c-Fos, NFATc1, TRAP, NF-κB, calcitonin receptor and cathepsin K in RANKL-treated RAW 264.7 cells. Conclusions : These results suggest that w-GM has inhibitory effects via osteoclast differentiation, thus it could be a new medication for osteoporosis.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.233-247
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• 1999

A survey of syntaxa of vegetation of evergreen broad-leaved forests in Korea, class Camellietea japonicae is presented. 399 releve's were arranged two phytosociological tables, each representing an alliance. A synoptic table comprising all alliances is presented. The vegetation of evergreen broad-leaved forests is divided into three alliances including twelve new associations: (1) Querco - Castanopsion all. nov., split into four associations, Castanopsietum sieboldii, Quercetum acutae, Quercetum myrsinaefoliae and Litseetum japonicae; (2) Machilo-Camellion all. nov., separate into ten associations, Machiletum thunbergii, Pittosporetum tobirae, Aucubetum japonicae, Neolitsetum sericeae, Euryetum emarginatae, Elaeagnetum macrophyllae, Camellietum japonicae, Theo-Camellietom japonicae, Raphiolepietum umbellatae and Daphniphylletum macropodae; (3) Dendropanaco-Castanopsion sieboldii including one association, Hosto minoris-Castanopsietum sieboldii. The alliances are floristically and ecologically characterized and their distribution in Korea shown on the map.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.236-251
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• 2015

Objectives: To investigate the anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anti-pyretic and anti-histamine activities of 20 herbal medicines to test their efficacy in common cold treatment. Methods: For all experiments, the herbal medicines were extracted with 80% ethanol and freeze-dried. To determine the anti-oxidative properties, we tested DPPH-free radical-scavenging activity and xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity. To determine anti-inflammatory and analgesic potential, we investigated acetic acid-induced vascular permeability and writhing test in ICR mice. For anti-pyretic activities, an LPS-induced pyrexia study was conducted in rabbits. To evaluate the anti-histamine activity, we examined compound 48/80-induced systemic anaphylaxis in ICR mice and the release of β-hexosaminidase on rat basophilic leukemia (RBL-2H3) cells. Results: Ephedrae herba, Forsythiae fructus, Cinnamomi ramulus, and Cimicifugae rhizome showed potent free-radical scavenging activities. Gentianae macrophyllae radix inhibited acetic acid-induced vascular permeability. Schizonepetae spica and Cimicifugae rhizome inhibited acetic acid. Cinnamomi ramulus and Angelicae decursivae radix inhibited LPS-induced pyrexia. Angeliace dahuricae radix and Asari radix inhibited compound 48/80. Scutellariae radix, Cinnamomi ramulus, Ephedrae herba, and Zingiberis rhizoma crudus potently inhibited the release of β-hexosaminidase. Conclusions: We examined the anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anti-pyretic and anti-histamine activities of 20 herbal medicines;We examined the anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anti-pyretic and anti-histamine activities of 20 herbal medicines Codonopsis pilosulae radix, Zingiberis rhizoma crudus, and Cinnamomi ramulus showed novel efficacy. These results suggest that some of herbal medicines may be very effective in treating common cold.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.325-336
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• 2017

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to find out herb-pair prototype composed of Aconiti Radix(烏頭) or Aconiti Lateralis Preparata Radix(附子) written in ancient chinese medical classics. Methods : To search usages of Aconiti Radix and/or Aconiti Lateralis Preparata Radix, we have investigated the classics of herb and prescription such as "Fifty-two kinds of Diseases"("五十二病方"),"WuWeiHanDaiYiJian" ("武威漢代醫簡"),"Treatise on Febrile Caused by Cold"("傷寒論"),"Synopsis of Prescriptions of The Golden Chamber"("金匱要略"). Results : There were three herb pairs of Aconiti Radix and/or Aconiti Lateralis Preparata Radix in "Fifty-two kinds of Diseases", four herb pairs of it in "WuWeiHanDaiYiJian", eight herb pairs of it in "Treatise on Febrile Caused by Cold", and five herb pairs of it in "Synopsis of Prescriptions of The Golden Chamber". Conclusions : 1. Aconiti Radix herb-pairs written in ancient chinese medical classics are as follows ; Cinnamomi Cortex(桂), Arsenopyritum(礜) and Veratri Nigri Rhizoma et Radix(藜蘆). Zanthoxyli Fructus(蜀椒), Aconiti Lateralis Preparata Radix(附子), honey(蜜) and Asari Radix(細辛). 2. Aconiti Lateralis Preparata Radix(附子) herb-pairs written in ancient chinese medical classics are as follows ; Zanthoxyli Fructus(蜀椒), Paeonia Radx(芍藥), Ephedrae Herba(麻黃), Zingiberis Rhizoma(乾薑), Zingiberis Rhizoma(乾薑)-Allii Radix(葱白), Cinnamomi Cortex(桂), Atractylodis Rhizoma White(白朮), Poria(茯苓), Atractylodis Rhizoma White(白朮)-Poria(茯苓) and Gentianae Macrophyllae Radix(秦艽), Coisis semen(薏苡仁), Pinelliae Rhizoma(半夏). 3. In "Fifty-two kinds of Diseases"only Aconiti Radix was used and in "Treatise on Febrile Caused by Cold"only Aconiti Lateralis Preparata Radix was used, but in "WuWeiHanDaiYiJian"and "Synopsis of Prescriptions of The Golden Chamber"both herbs were used. 4. Method for reducing toxicity of Aconiti Radix and Aconiti Lateralis Preparata Radix was found in "Treatise on Febrile Caused by Cold"and "Synopsis of Prescriptions of The Golden Chamber".