• International Journal of Railway
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• 제1권4호
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• pp.129-133
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• 2008

Over the last $15{\sim}20$years, many countries have adopted policies of railway privatization to keep up with increasing competition from road and air transport. Although each country and case has its own history, market characteristics, political context as well as administrative process, railway privatizations (including railway restructure, concession etc.) in the west usually are accompanied with the establishment of new regulatory regimes. Therefore, railway governance has been innovating towards an interaction of government, regulator, industry bodies, user groups, trade unions and other interested groups within the regulatory framework. However, it is not the case in China. Although China had seen a partial privatization in some branch lines and is experiencing a much larger-scale privatization by establishing joint-ventures to build and operate high-speed passenger lines and implementing an asset-based securitization program, administrative control still occupies absolutely dominant position in the railway governance in China. Ministry of Railway (MOR) acts as the administrator, operator as well as regulator. There is no national policy that clearly positions railway in the transportation network and clarifies the role of government in railway development. There is also little participation from interested groups in the railway policy making, pricing, service standard or safety matter. Railway in China is solely governed by the mere executive agency. Efficiency-focused economic perspective explanation is far from satisfaction. A wider research perspective from political and social regime is of great potential to better explain and solve the problem. In the west, separation and constrains of power had long been established as a fundamental rule. In addition to internal separation of political power(legislation, execution and jurisdiction), rise of corporation in the 19th century and association revolution in the 20th century greatly fostered the growth of economic and social power. Therefore, political, social and economic organizations cooperate and compete with each other, which leads to a balanced and resonable power structure. While in China, political power, mainly party-controlled administrative power has been keeping a dominated position since the time of plan economy. Although the economic reform promoted the growth of economic power of enterprises, it is still not strong enough to compete with political power. Furthermore, under rigid political control, social organizations usually are affiliated to government, independent social power is still too weak to function. So, duo to the limited and slow reform in political and social regime in China, there is an unbalanced power structure within which political power is dominant, economic power expanding while social power still absent. Totally different power structure in China determines the fundamental institutional environment of her railway privatization and governance. It is expected that the exploration of who act behind railway governance and their acting strength (a power theory) will present us a better picture of railway governance as a relevant transportation mode. The paper first examines the railway governance in China and preliminarily establishes a linkage between railway governance and its fundamental institutional environment, i.e. power structure in a specific country. Secondly, the reason why there is no national policy in China is explored in the view of political power. In China, legislative power is more symbolic while party-controlled administrative power dominates political process and plays a fundamental role in Chinese railway governance. And then, in the part three railway finance reform is analyzed in the view of economic power, esp. the relationship of political power and economic power.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제48권5호
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• pp.696-709
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• 2020

쌀의 도정과정에서 발생되는 농업부산물인 왕겨를 탄화시켜 만든 왕겨숯과 톱밥을 이용하여 수지 첨가율, 톱밥 첨가율별로 보드를 제조하고 수지와 톱밥 첨가율이 동적·정적탄성계수 및 휨강도에 미치는 영향과 동적탄성계수와 정적탄성계수 및 휨강도 사이의 관계를 조사하였다. 왕겨숯-톱밥 혼합보드의 페놀수지 첨가율이 10~25%로 증가할수록 휨성능이 증가하여 수지 첨가율이 휨성능에 크게 영향을 주었다. 톱밥 첨가율이 증가할수록 휨성능도 완만하게 증가하였지만, 톱밥첨가율과 휨강도, 동적 및 정적 휨 탄성계수 사이는 결정계수의 값(R²)은 0.4012, 0.0809, 0.1971로써 다소 낮은 상관관계를 나타내 톱밥 첨가율이 휨성능에 미치는 영향이 미비하였다. 왕겨숯-톱밥 혼합보드의 동적탄성계수와 정적탄성계수 및 휨강도 사이에 높은 상관관계가 확인되어 동적탄성계수로부터 비파괴적으로 정적탄성계수와 휨강도의 예측이 가능한 것으로 확인되었다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제30권5호
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• pp.959-963
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• 2001

식품 가검물로부터 분리 동정된 L.monocytogenes에 대하여 황금추출물의 항균력을 검토하였다. 먼저 오렴실태를 조사하였는데, 검사대상 가검물 178검 중 30건이 검출되어 16.9%의 검출율을 보였다. 쇠고지에서 93건 중 13건(14.0%)이 검출되었고, 돼지고기에서는 29건중 9건(39.2%)이 검출되어 가장 높은 검출율을 나타내었다. 가공식품에 있어서 육제품인 소시지류 및 햄류와 유제품인 치즈, 시유등의 살균제품에서는 L.monocytogenes 균이 검출되지 않은 반면, 냉동식품인 분쇄가공품에서는 검사시료 12건중 2건(16.7%)이 검출되었다. 분리된 L.monocytogenes 30균주를 슬라이드응집법으로 혈청형으로 확인한 결과 30균주에서 serotype O-1은 23건(76.7%)이 확인되었으면 serotype O-4은 7건(23.3%)으로 나타났다. 식품에 있어서 생육관계를 조사하기 위하여 시판되는 무방부제햄을 시료로 분리균주들을 각각 접종한 다음 35$^{\circ}C$에서 0, 3, 6, 24, 48, 72, 96및 120시간 동안 배양하여 얻은 생육곡선에서 L.monocytogenes균주들 모두가 유도기, 대수기, 정지기, 사멸기를 거치는 전형적인 S자 모양의 생육곡선을 보였다. 식품에 대한 황금추출물의 항균작용을 알아보기 위하여 증기멸균된 무방부제햄과 동량긔 멸균생리식염수를 넣고 황금추출물의 농도가 0, 500, 1000 및 5,000 ppm(mg/kg)이 되도록 균질화시킨 시료에서 분리균주들을 각각 접종한 다음 35$^{\circ}C$에서 0, 3, 6, 24, 48시간 동안 배양하여 얻은 생육저해곡선에서 L.monocytogenes 균주들 모두가 유도기를 거친 다음 6시간이 경과된 후 황금추출물의 농도에 따라 시험균주의 균수 차이를 보였고 식품중의 L.monocytogenes에 있어서 생육이 억제되는 황금추출물 유효저해농도는 1000 ppm 이었다. 세포형태변화를 관찰하기위한 투과형전자현미경(TEM)상에서 황금추출물 처리로 인한 L.monocytogenes 균주들의 세포막기능의 파괴로 세포내용물들이 용출된 것을 볼수 있었다.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.106-113
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• 2002

폐기 목질재료를 사용하여 학생용 책상 천판의 성형시 각 제조조건에 따른 천판의 성능을 검토하였다. 책상 천판의 파티클 구성은 고운 파티클과 거친 파티클을 적절히 혼합한 것이 고운 파티클이나 거친 파티클만으로 제조한 것보다는 전체적으로 성능이 양호하였으며, 특히 표층에는 고운 파티클을 중충에는 거친 파티클을 구성하는 것이 표면 마감성이 가장 우수하였다. 그리고 밀도가 높을수록 박리강도, 휨 강도는 우수하나, 흡수두께 팽창율은 증가하였으며, 수지 도포량이 많을수록 박리강도, 흡수두께 팽창율은 양호하나, 포름알데히드의 방출량은 높았다. 가압온도는 높을수록 대부분의 성능이 향상되었으며, 190℃가 가장 적절하였다. 가압시간은 1단계 2분과 2단계 2분이 비교적 양호하나 2단계의 가압시간을 1분으로 단축하여도 성능에는 큰 문제가 없어 앞으로 생산성의 향상을 기대할 수 있을 것으로 생각된다.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제55권5호
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• pp.465-475
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• 2022

해저열수광상(seafloor massive sulfide deposit, SMS)은 다량의 유용금속을 포함하는 중요한 광물 자원으로서 그 성인적 특성 및 금속 함량 변화는 주로 모암과 마그마로부터 금속과 황을 공급하는 물-암석 상호작용과 마그마성 휘발 성분의 용리에 의해 결정된다. 이러한 금속 공급원들은 지구조환경에 따라 다양한 특성을 보이기 때문에 해저열수광화작용에 대한 이들의 기여는 여전히 불분명하다. 본 논평에서는 중앙해령 및 화산호 지역 SMS 광상의 광물·지구화학적 특성을 검토하여 서로 다른 금속 공급원의 영향을 파악하고 향후 진행되어야 할 성인 연구의 방향성에 대해 논하고자 한다. 연구 결과 황비동석 및 큐바나이트, 방연석, 중정석의 산출은 각각 마그마 영향과 물-암석 상호작용의 기여를 반영하여 금속 공급원 특성 차이에 의한 해저열수광상의 유형 구분을 가능케 한다. 또한, 황철석의 Co, As, Hg 거동 특성 및 섬아연석의 철 함량 변화는 지구조환경에 따른 금속 공급원의 영향을 반영하는 효율적인 경험적 지표가 될 수 있다. 현재까지 연구는 주로 열수 침전에 의한 광체에만 국한되었기 때문에 해저열수광상의 성인적 특성을 포괄적으로 이해하기 위해서는 마그마 기원 황화광물과 황산염광물을 대상으로 한 추가 연구가 필수적이다.

• 한국균학회지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.1-8
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• 1988

고추 역병균(疫病菌)의 유주자낭(游走子囊) 발아억제(發芽抑制) 및 균사생장(菌絲生長)에 미치는 효과(效果)를 구명(究明)하기 위하여 $NH_4^+/ NH_3,NO_2^-/ NHO_2$ 및 $Ca^{+2}$을 in vitro에서$NH_4OH,KNO_2$ 및 $CaCl_2$에서 공시(供試)하여 수행한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. $NH_4OH,KNO_2$ 및 $CaCl_2$로 조제(調劑)된 mol 용액(溶液)으로 처리(處理)한 결과(結果) 비(非)이온화(化)인$NH_3, NHO_2$와 이온화형(化型)인 $Ca^{+2}$ 농도(濃度)에 의해 고추 역병균(疫病菌)의 유주자낭(游走子囊) 발아(發芽)가 무처리구(無處理區)에 비(比)하여 $15{\sim}50%$의 억제효과(抑制效果)를 보였다. 2. pH와 mol농도(濃度)가 증가(增加)함에 따라서 $NH_3$의 농도(濃度)가 증가(增加)되었으며 반면에 $HNO_2$농도(濃度)는 pH 감소(減少)와 mol농도(濃度) 증가(增加)에 의하여 증가(增加)되었는데 동일(同一)한 농도(濃度)에서 $NH_3$는 pH6보다 pH8에서 유주자낭(游走子囊) 발아(發芽)에 더 저해적(沮害的)이였으나 반대로$HNO_2$는 pH8보다 pH6에서 더 억제(抑制)되었다. 3. $NH_3$나 $HNO_2$은 저농도(低濃度)에서 고농도(高濃度)로 될수록 유주자낭(游走子囊) 발아(發芽)가 더욱 억제(抑制)되는 경향을 보였다. 4. $Ca^{+2}$은 pH와 mol농도(濃度)가 증가(增加)됨에 따라 유주자낭(游走子囊) 발아(發芽)가 억제(抑制)되는 경향이었다. 5. 균사생장(菌絲生長)은 pH에 의하여 영향(影響)을 받았는데 특히 높은 PH에서 다소 억제(抑制)되었으나 $NH_3, HNO_2$ 및 $Ca^{+2}$의 농도(濃度)에는 아무런 영향(影響)이 미치지 많았다. 6. 이상(以上)의 결과(結果)로 보아 고추 재배(栽培)에 있어서 토양개량제(土壤改良劑)인 계분(鷄糞)같은 실소(室素)를 ,함유(含有)한 유기물(有機物)의 $NH_4^+/,NH_3,\;NO_2^-/HNO_2$ 및 $Ca^{+2}$은 고추의 역병균(疫炳菌)의 유주자낭(游走子囊) 발아(發芽)에 저해적(沮害的)으로 작용(作用)함으로 이는 실제로 토양(土壤) 개량제(改良劑) 처리(處理) 토양(土壤)에서 고추 역병균(疫病菌)의 발생억제현상(發生抑制現象)을 부분적(部分的)으로 나마 뒷받침하여 준다.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제29권10호
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• pp.1095-1101
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• 1996

1983년 7월부터 1995년 6월까지 전북대학교병원 흉부외과학 교실에서 승모판협착증으로 수술을 시행한 판막치환술 62예와 교련절개술 33예를 패상으로 하였다. 대동맥 판막이나 관상동맥 질환을 동반하거나 중등도 이상의 승모판 폐쇄부전증이 동반된 경우는 본 연구에서 제외하였으며 승모판 협착증에 대한 술식들을 합병증과 재수술, 사망율, 수술후 기능적인 변화에 따라 비교 분석 하였다. 수술전 대상환자의 특성 중 승모판 치환술군에서 심흉곽비가높았던 점 이외에 나이나 성별, NYHA 기능분류, 심전도상 심방세동의 유무, 심초음파 소견에서 두군 간에 의의 있는 차이는 없었다. 수술시 판막 병변의 병리학적 소견은 치환술군에서 더 심하였고(Sellors type IR, 35 in MVR, 1) in OMC 3 판엽의 석회화를 보이는 경우도 많았으나(35 in MVR, 11 in OMC), 판엽의 석 회화가 있었던 46 예 중 11예(23.9%)와 Sellor의 제3형 협착 61예 중 13예(27.1 %)에서 교련절개 술이 가능하였다. 수술후 조기 및 만기사망과 생존율에서 두군 간에 차이는 없었고, 출혈 및 혈전색전증과관련된 조기 및 만기 합병증이 치환술군에서 더 많았으며, 수술후 중장기 추적관찰시 N HA기능분류, EKG, 심흉 곽비, 심초음파 소견(EF, LAD, LWDs, LWDd) 등의 기능상의 변화에서는 두군간에 의의있는 차이를 발견할 수 없었다. 승모판 헙착증의 상호 보완적인 주요술식인 치환술과 교련절개술은 술식에 따른 기능상의 변화와 사망 및 생존율에 의의있는 차이는 없으나 출혈 및 혈전색전증과 관련된 합병증이 치환술군에서 많았고 고도의 협착 및 판막석회화가 존재하는 상황에서도 교련절개술이 가능하였으므로 자연판막의 보전을 위한 노력은 지속되어야 한다.

• 대한방사선기술학회지:방사선기술과학
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.21-28
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• 1985

We serveyed the actual condition of business of the departments of radiology of 45 health conters (except 3) in the area of Seoul, Kyungki and Inchon from March, 1984 to November, 1984. The results are summarized as follows : 1. T.O. of the radiologic technologist is three persons in each health center of Seoul area, and one person in each one of Kyungki and Inchon area. P.O. is 2-5 persons in Seoul area, 1-2 persons in Kyungki or Inchon area. 2. The number of all the radiologic technologists employed now is 75 persons, and among all of them, when analized by position class 7th is 54.7%, class 8th 28.0%, class 9th is 13.3%, and class 6th is 2.7%, and by sex, female is 68.0%, male is 32.0%, by educational background, for the most part, junior college graduates come to 73.3%, by age group 60% of them is in their twenties, 16.0% is in their thirties and forties, 8.0% is in their fifties, and by career after certificate 60% have the career of 1-5 years, 13.3% have the one of 6-7 years or mor than 21 years, and 6.7% have the one of 11-15 years of 16-20 years. 3. All the diagnostic x-ray equipment being kept is 62, and among them flxing equipment is 71.0%, portable equipment is 29.0% and by rating of X-ray equipment, maximum tube current 100 mA is 46.8%, maximum KV 100KVP is 72.6%, the most part. 4. Photofluorographic camera and hood are equipped in every health center. While, as to the radiographic cassettes, $14{\times}14"$ cassetts are equipped in every health center, but cassettes of other sizes are in half of them. 5. Bucky's table is equipped in 11.9% health centers, the automatic processor is in 21.4%, the photofluorographic film changer is 9.5%, the grid is 73.8%, the protective apron is in 88.1%, and the protective glove is in 57.1% health centers. 6. The number of the people who got the x-ray examination for one year (by the year 1989) is the most, 1,000-6,000 in direct radiography of the chest, or 15,0001-45,000 in the health centers of Seoul area, 5,000-20,000 in Kyungki and Inchon area in photofluorography of the chest. Moreover, other radiographies are being taken extremely limitedly in all health centers. 7. In processing types of x-ray film, automatic processing is used in 9 health centers (21.4%), manual tank processing is in 30 (71.4%), and manual tray processing in 3 (7.2%). 8. As for collimation of x-ray exposure field, "continual using restricted by a subject size" has the most part, 78.6% "restricted using at every radiography" has 19%, and the case of "never considered" has 2.4% response. 9. As for the dosimeter used for radiation control, film badge (35.7%) and pocket dosimeter (26.2%) are used, and in 38.1% health centers the dosimeter is not equipped at all. Consideration of the previous radiation exposure is being done in only one health center. 10. Reading of radiographs is mainly depended on the radiologists electively (45.2%) or on the genral practitioners(45.2%).

• 한국보건간호학회지
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.53-66
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• 1993

By this time, a few of previous studies of factors related to separation from their jobs and job satisfaction only have dealt with the separation rate. the cause of separation and related factors that induce job satisfaction and incentive factors, the actualities of morale some suggestions for reduction of the separation rate. This study is attempted to determine factors that have effect on job satisfaction of national hospital nurses. and to proide information and materials for the development of the administration of nursing through the appreciation of factors influencing on job satisfaction between isolated ward nurses and general ward nurses working at national hospitals. 185 nurses of national hospitals responsed th this study, and were divided into two groups. Group 1: 57 nurses working at isolated wards for tuberculosis patients and Group 2 : 128 nurses at general wards. Relevant data were collected from August, 5, 1992 through August 20, 1992. The questionnaire consisted of 8 genalized items and 4 items concerning job satisfaction. The collected data were processed with SPSS, and the relationship among vaviables was analyzed by means of $X^2-test$, Pearson Correlation, Multiple Regression. The results of this study are as follows: 1. There is no significant difference between two groups in terms of generalized items. Age distributions show $44.3\%$ under the category of less than 34. and $55.7\%$ under the category more than 35, $19.3%$ was single and $74.6\%$ was married respectively. 2. $79.4\%$ of the nurses have the desire to have in-service education under the satisfactory physical environments such as welfare system, accommodating structures and facilities, instruments or management systems of the hospital, but under the category of unsatisfactory circumstances, $60.3\%$ have the intention of having in- service education. The concern in terms of in-service education shows statistically significant difference between two groups $(X^2=8.85,\;p<0. 05)$. This result accepts the hypothesis that good physical environments could intensify interests in service education. 3. The extent of satisfaction related to psychological environments is heightend according to good physical environments. In result, the hypothesis that the extent of satisfaction in terms of physical environments could raise satisfaction about psychological environment is accepted. 4. In the light of the extent of satisfaction about physical environments, $33.3\%$ of isolated ward nurses are satisfied with physical environments, but only $11.7\%$ of general ward nurses are satisfied. $(X^2=10.88,\; p<0.01)$. This result shows that the satisfaction degree about phusicalenvironments of isolated war nurses was higher than that of general ward nurses in spite of high physical and psychological risks due to exposure to infection. Consequently. the hypothesis was rejected that the satisfaction degree about physical environments would be lower in isolated ward nurses than in general ward nurses. 5. The fact that $87.7%$ of isolated ward nurses took interest in service education and $53.19\%$ of general ward nurses took interest in service education demonstrats that isolated ward nurse have more interest in service education than gerneral ward nurses. The result shows that the hypothesis is accepted that isolated ward nurses would have mor interests in service education than general ward nurses. 6. In the extent of satisfaction about physical environments such as morale human relationship promotion, there is no significant difference between two groups in terms of statistics. The hypothesis is rejected that satisfaction about psychologic environments would be high in isolated ward nurses than in general ward nurses. In conclusion. factors influencing on job satisfaction are considered to have effect on. another, and also interdisciplinary amelioration of factors accompanied with systematic inter cooperative investigation is necessary.

• 한국인구학
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.1-18
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• 1990

This is a study which attempt to analyze changing patierns of economic active popu-lation, t o estimato- future patterns, and exa- mine vartons problems arises by changing c ire u mst ances of t he labor force market in- clunging soici al, economic ic, heathl th and demoi-graph ic aspects. We have constructed series of wotking life table which are useful in syt uiolyioig the lirocess of growth and structural change of labor force. Work i ng life tables represent ihie life eyele of econrmic' activity in hi ypothetical cohorts, that is. gen-erat i on of men Sn bject at eat' b period ot f their lives th given ra to's o mor tali it y and of par-- tici pation in economic activities. The tabloes prot' ide measorues of the alvet'age he ng t able of economically aeti \- e life. and agespecific rates of en trannee' into and retirement from the hahn' force. In const routing working life tables, age-specific activity rates and life tabole popula- titoto which represents contemporary condi-tions of moortality in Korea au'e the basic' maltoerials. We have derived the age-specific rates foorm economically active population survey, whoich were conducted by the Bureau of Statistics, Economic Planning Borard of the Korean government. Working life tables are constructed for men wtable these materi- als in the year of 1970, 1980 and 1988 by a modified Wolfbein-Wool's method. Some of the findings may be summerized as follow : 1) A central part of constructing working life table is calculation of stationary' economic active population, which represents the number of men in the stationtary population extoected to be in the labor force at each age group in the life span. The stationary economic active population by age have generally a universal pattern, where they rise sharply in the early twenties, approach its' peak in the thirties decline thereafter. at first graolually and then more rapidly at an advanced age. Korean men show the same general pa ttern of age distribution of stationary eco-- nomic active population with sharp increase hegining from the age interval of 20 to 24, reaching to maximum level at older age. The population. however, presumably, increased substantially due to increaseing school atte endance rates. Another difference exiSts in the youngest age groups, that is the activity rate in the year of 1988 is lower than that of Japan. The table shows an analysis of changes in the age distrihution of labor force between 1970, 1980 and 1988. 2) It was shown an analysis of changes in the age distribution and cause of separation from labor force. The entrance rate to labor force has increased from 18~\5 persons to 299 persons per 1000 head of stationary population between that of 1980 than that of 1988 for Korean men in 20~24 age group. The entrace rate to labor force shows a rapid entrance appearance concentrated on the 15~24 age group. The separation rate from labor force by retirment in Korea in the year of 1988 shows a great difference of the about four times as much as that of Japan. 3) The functions of table illustrate the patterns of working life of males in Korea in 1970, 1980 and 1988. The average remaining number of economically active years, e at age 15 in 1988 is 46.39 which is 2.12 years of increase compared with that of at age 15 in 1970,1980 and 1988 are 43.90,44.27 and 46.39 respectively, showing steadily increase dur- ing the past double decade the increase in the length of economically active life various age may be considered to have come both from extention of general life expectancy and from increasing entrance rate to economic activity in high age that of working is far greater in 1988 than that of 1980. The gaps between expectation of life and average remaining years of economically active widened due to rapid improvement of mortality level in Ko- rea. This observation together with the population pressure by the appearance of a group of younger population implies that constant increase of economically inactive population among older age group.