• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.907-913
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• 1997

Background : Congenital bronchoesophageal fistula(BEF) presented in adult life is a rare disorder and has characteristic clinical findings such as paroxysmal cough after water ingestion and recurrent respiratory infections. It usually manifested recurrent pneumonia and chronic cough with purulent phlegmon which was mis-or under-diagnosed as chronic bronchitis, bronchiectasis or lung abscess so forth. Methods : We reviewed retrospectively 13 cases of congenital BEF in adult of Paik Hospital, College of Medicine, Inje University including 22 cases of congenital BEF previously reported in literature of Korea from 1979 through 1995. Results : The mean age at diagnosis was $40.2{\pm}14.3$. There was no difference in sex ratio(Male : Female 18 : 17). The most common symptom was cough(91.4%), followed by chronic sputum(74.3), hemoptysis(25.7), and paroxysmal nocturnal cough at specific position(20%). Twenty one of 31 patients who were able to review have the most specific sign, Ono's sign presented as paroxysmal cough after liquid ingestion. By classification of Braimbridge-Keith, Fourteen(45.1%) of 31 patients were group I (associated with esophageal diverticulum), 15(48.4%) were group II (simple fistula), and group Ill and IV was one case in each. The opening of fistula confined to right lower lobe in 26(76.5%), left lower lobe in 6(17.6%), and left main bronchus in 2(5.9%) cases. Conclusion : Congenital bronchoesophageal fistula is uncommon disorder which has characteristic histories and specific symptoms such as chronic and recurrent lower respiratory infections, and paroxysmal cough after liquid ingestion. Medical attention and careful history should be done in patients who have localized recurrent lower respiratory infections in right lower lobe.

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.57-75
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• 2019

In this paper, we conducted a study focusing on the innovation direction of the documentary model on the Internet of Things industry, which is the most actively industrialized among the core technologies of the 4th Industrial Revolution. Policy, economic, social, and technical issues were derived using PEST analysis for global trend analysis. It also presented future prospects for the Internet of Things industry of ICT-related global research institutes such as Gartner and International Data Corporation. Global research institutes predicted that competition in network technologies will be an issue for industrial Internet (IIoST) and IoT (Internet of Things) based on infrastructure and platforms. As a result of the PEST analysis, developed countries are pushing policies to respond to the fourth industrial revolution through cooperation of private (business/ research institutes) led by the government. It was also in the process of expanding related R&D budgets and establishing related policies in South Korea. On the economic side, the growth tax of the related industries (based on the aggregate value of the market) and the performance of the entity were reviewed. The growth of industries related to the fourth industrial revolution in advanced countries overseas was found to be faster than other industries, while in Korea, the growth of the "technical hardware and equipment" and "communication service" sectors was relatively low among industries related to the fourth industrial revolution. On the social side, it is expected to cause enormous ripple effects across society, largely due to changes in technology and industrial structure, changes in employment structure, changes in job volume, etc. On the technical side, changes were taking place in each industry, representing the health and medical sectors and manufacturing sectors, which were rapidly changing as they merged with the technology of the Fourth Industrial Revolution. In this paper, various management methodologies for innovation of existing business model were reviewed to cope with rapidly changing industrial environment due to the fourth industrial revolution. In addition, four criteria were established to select a management model to cope with the new business environment: 'Applicability', 'Agility', 'Diversity' and 'Connectivity'. The expert survey results in an AHP analysis showing that Business Model Canvas is best suited for business model innovation methodology. The results showed very high importance, 42.5 percent in terms of "Applicability", 48.1 percent in terms of "Agility", 47.6 percent in terms of "diversity" and 42.9 percent in terms of "connectivity." Thus, it was selected as a model that could be diversely applied according to the industrial ecology and paradigm shift. Business Model Canvas is a relatively recent management strategy that identifies the value of a business model through a nine-block approach as a methodology for business model innovation. It identifies the value of a business model through nine block approaches and covers the four key areas of business: customer, order, infrastructure, and business feasibility analysis. In the paper, the expansion and application direction of the nine blocks were presented from the perspective of the IoT company (ICT). In conclusion, the discussion of which Business Model Canvas models will be applied in the ICT convergence industry is described. Based on the nine blocks, if appropriate applications are carried out to suit the characteristics of the target company, various applications are possible, such as integration and removal of five blocks, seven blocks and so on, and segmentation of blocks that fit the characteristics. Future research needs to develop customized business innovation methodologies for Internet of Things companies, or those that are performing Internet-based services. In addition, in this study, the Business Model Canvas model was derived from expert opinion as a useful tool for innovation. For the expansion and demonstration of the research, a study on the usability of presenting detailed implementation strategies, such as various model application cases and application models for actual companies, is needed.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.111-121
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• 2005

The appearance of digital culture swiftly has changed the culture in domestic and international arenas before and after the year 2004 and the image and animation have become two of the most important expression media in contemporary age. Among the Japanese animations that have demonstrated the rapid development of cartoon and animation in the world, the director Dakahata Isao's 'Graves of the Fireflies' that has influenced many works has been evaluated as one of the noticeable works that has a unique method and scenario dramatization in terms of producing the original novel into an animation. This study investigates the metaphor and symbolism shown in this work according to each sequence, divides the production ability in the work into three elements and applies them to the important elements such as camera, colors and mise-en-scene when the original work is depicted into image. It can be summarized in more detail as in the following: firstly, I study the rhythm of camera corresponding to the symbolism of the angle that the camera has and production; secondly, I analyze the artistic elements appeared in the process of expressing the original work into the image, especially the production for the colors and symbolism contained in them and the composition of screen. Thirdly, I analyze how effectively the atmosphere for the situations for the original work is expressed in animation with the aid of one of the image elements, mis-en-scene. It is expected that the analyzed findings will be effective as a way of overcoming the limitation of expressions that the original work in text and the study on these processes will become good examples to the relevant workers and will be the good references to the producers who are interested in the creation of animation in Korea.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.67-79
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• 2013

A meta-analysis is a statistical literature synthesis method that provides the opportunity to view the research context by combining and analyzing the quantitative results of many empirical studies. The technology acceptance model (TAM) has been the subjects of a great deal of MIS research in the last two decades and now also has been continuously studied. Recently, the convergence of knowledge information society and information telecommunication technologies has a rapid impact on politics, economics and various fields. The biggest issue in the information communication and information systems fields is smart. Therefore, we conducted a meta-analysis research on the behavioral intention of smart phone users based on technology acceptance model. Also, this study was targeted a total of 50 research papers that are setting up the causal relationship in TAM among the research papers published in domestic academic journals since 2005. The result of the meta analysis, showed that the effect size was 0.48 in the path from perceived usefulness to behavioral intention, it showed that the effect size was 0.46 in the path from perceived ease of use to behavioral intention. And, it showed that the effect size was 0.46 in the path from perceived ease of use to perceived usefulness. Also, it showed that the effect size was 0.61 in the path from attitude to behavioral intention. Based on the results, it was discussed the difference through comparative analysis with previous research.

• Korean Journal of Plant Tissue Culture
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.63-69
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• 2000

In order to establish a micropropagation system for buffalo gourd (Cucurbita foetidissima ) and common milkweed (Asclepias syriaca), the effects of several plant growth regulators and culture temperature on shoot multiplication and rooting were investigated. In buffalo gourd, the greatest number of shoot from shoot tip culture and well growth of formed shoot were obtained on the MIS medium supplemented with 1.0 mg/L BA and 0.3 or 0.6 mg/L IAA. Whereas kinetin and 2iP were not effective for shoot multiplication in vitro. It was found that 22$^{\circ}C$ and $25^{\circ}C$ were suitable for shoot multiplication. Roots were easily formed by the addition of auxins, especially 1.0 or 2.0 mg/L IBA and 2.0 mg/L IAA. Over 90% of plants survived successfully after being transferred into the field. In common milkweed, BA was more effective than kinetin or 2iP for its micropropagation in vitro. The increased shoot weight and number of nodes per shoot were obtained on the medium containing 3.0 mg/L BA and 0.3 or 0.6 mg/L IAA. But 2iP promoted the shoot elongation. In addition. common milkweed was sensitive to culture temperature in vitro. Temperature around 22$^{\circ}C$ was favorable for shoot multiplication and growth, whereas temperature higher than $25^{\circ}C$ usually reduced the rate of shoot survival rate.

• The Journal of Society for e-Business Studies
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.229-253
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• 2009

The effect of knowledge sharing and its importance have been reported in the information systems literature. However, little has been learned about the impact of knowledgeexchange web sites. This study explores relationships between individual characteristics such as personal innovativeness in the domain of information technology (PIIT), computer selfefficacy (CSE), and computer anxiety (CA), user involvement (UI), and knowledge sharing in a knowledge.exchange website. In order to examine our research model, we adopted a survey research design based on the Structural Equation Modeling method. By analyzing 241 samples collected, we conclude that UI and CA are valuable to discuss in terms of their theoretical and practical implications. This study not only extends the research on personal innovativeness and knowledge sharing, but also suggests a need for focused research efforts to investigate real practices on knowledge sharing. This study initiates this kind of efforts to make a relevant tie between design of knowledge sharing applications and the success case in the commercial field to encourage users to share their knowledge.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Navigation
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.1-18
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• 1997

From the beginning of 1990s , also in the shipping industry, especially liner shipping industry competition has been more intensive and difference of the service quality among shipping companies has been learned . On the other hand, a shipping company has some limitations to do its international mission for itself just by broadening service area. For this reason, the necessity for the global strategi alliance among the shipping companies, which is orginally aimed at sharing of facilities and organixation, has been developed. Through strategic alliance, liner shipping companies do not need to input the additional capitals to increase the material assets such as vessel capacity and spread the risk by the enlargement of the market. Also, they can secure the competitive edge through efficient utilizaton of assets. The purpose of strategic alliance of Hanjin Shipping Ltd., can be summarized as follows ; broadening of service area, cost reduction through vessel sharing, realization of rationalized shipping service by terminal and equipment or facilities sharing. Liner strategic alliances are agreement among liner companies to pol their equipment , andterminals for joint operations and services in which each alliance partner continues to serve its market using jointly operated or used inland feeders,inland terminals, port terminals, and mainline fleets of ship as well as joint pools of containers and equipment. Strategic alliances are generally more formal agreements than consortia and impose longer term and far reaching obligation on their members. It also acts as one in developing and advancing the strategic aims of the alliance members. The most important objective for liner strategic alliances is cost reduction and improvement in capital asset utilization. Main aims of strategic alliance drawn in this paper, can be enumerated follows : 1. improvements in service frequency and quality : 2. improvements in vessel and equipment utilization and thereby reductions in fixed and variable cost ; 3. improvements in market shares and high value cargo booking ; 4. reductions in intermodal storage and port terminal throughput costs ; 5. improvements in negotiating powers with ports and feeder transport providers ; 6. reduction in financial and other fixed costs such as insurance; 7. coordination and integration of MIS and EDI systems and service for greater efficiency and market penetration ; and, 8. improvements in logistic chain management and economic of scale by equipment depot, terminal, and vessel sharing.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2000.02a
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• pp.89-89
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• 2000

AlN 박막은 Al과 N원자의 부분적 이온결합 특성을 가진 공유결합을 한 육방정계의 wurtzite 경정구조의 화합물 반도체로서, III-V족 반도체 중 가장 큰 에너지 갭(6.2 eV), 결정 구조적 이방성, 화학 양론적 결합구조, 높은 탄성종과 전달속도(약 10$\times$106 m/s)와 높은 열전도도, 고온 안정성, 가시광성.적외선 영역에서의 좋은 투과성과 높은 굴절률, 상온 대기압에서의 유일하게 안정적인 특성을 가지고 있어, 절연재료, 내열재료, 저주파 영역 센서의 압전 트랜스듀서, 광전소자, 탄성파 소자 및 내환경 소자, MIS소자 등으로 주목받고 있다. 본 연구에서는 BAW 공진기의 활용을 목적으로 반응성 마그네트론 스퍼터링 방법으로 AIN 압전박막을 제작하여, 증착 조건-질소 농도, 고주파 출력, 전체 스퍼터링 압력, 기판 온도-에 대한 박막의 특성을 조사하였다. AlN 박막의 c축 우선 방위 결정성 및 낮은 투과성, 적당한 굴절률의 특성이 BAW 공진기의 활용을 위한 요건이므로, 각각의 증착 조건하에 제작된 박막은 XRD의 $\theta$/2$\theta$ 스캔 회절상에 의한 결정성의 분석과 우선 성장 결정면의 rocking curve 및 XRD로 측정한 FWHM과 표준 편차로 결정성의 배열성과 소자 응용가능성을 조사하였다. 박막의 표면.단면 미세 구조 및 평활도는 SEM으로 관찰하였으며, Al-N 결합 상태는 XPS와 FT-IR로 분석 조사하였다. 제작된 AlN 박막의 결정성 분석 결과, c축 우선 방위 성장을 위한 스퍼터링 압력에 대한 임계 질소 농도와 임계 스퍼터링 압력이 관찰되었다. 전체 스퍼터링 압력이 6~8 mTorr의 범위에서 나타난 최소 임계질소 농도는 10%, 최대 임계 질소 농도는 60%이며, 4 m Torr 이하 10 m Torr 이상의 전체 스퍼터링 압력에서 박막의 우선 방위성장이 제재된다. 이는 AlN 박막이 형성에 관여하는 질소 이온 양의 충분한 형성에 필요로 하는 질소 가스의 유입량에 따른 것으로 판단된다. AlN 박막의 c축 결정면인 (002) 결정면의 성장을 유도하며 다른 방향으로의 성장을 제어하여 소자 활용에 유용한 박막을 제작하기 위한 고주파 출력은 300W 정도가 적당하며, 기판을 가열하지 않았을 때 낮은 투과도를 나타낸다. 본 연구에 의한 BAW 공진기 활용을 위한 AlN 압전박막의 제작을 위한 최적 증착 조건은 기판의 가열 없이 6~8 mTorr의 전체 스퍼터링 압력에 20~25%의 질소종도, 300W의 고주파 출력이다. 최적 조건에서의 AlN 박막은 약 0.19$^{\circ}$의 FWHM과 약 0.08$^{\circ}$의 표준편차를 가지며, 균일하고 조밀한 표면 미세구조와 주상정 구조의 측면구조, 파장에 대한 약 2.0의 굴절률, 낮은 투과도와 화학 양론적 구조를 가지는 우수한 박막이 형성되었다.

• Journal of Elementary Mathematics Education in Korea
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.179-198
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• 2011

The understanding of mathematical concepts should be backed up on a constant basis in oder to grow problem-solving skills which is one of the ultimate goals of math education. The purpose of the study was to provide readers with the information which could be considered valuably for the math educators trying both to prevent mathematical misconceptions and to develop curricular program by estimating the actual conditions and developing backgrounds of the mathematical misconceptions held by the gifted education learners. Accordingly, this study, as the first step, theoretically examined the meaning and the developing background of mathematical misconception. As the second step, this study examined the actual conditions of mathematical misconceptions held by the participant students who were enrolled in the CTY(Center for Talented Youth) program run by a university. The results showed that the percentage of the correct statements made by participant students is only 35%. The results also showed that most of the participant students belonged either to the level 2 requiring students to distinguish examples from non-examples of the mathematical concepts or the level 3 requiring students to recognize and describe the common nature of the mathematical concepts with their own expressions based on the four-level of concept formulation. The causes could be traced to the presentation of limited example, wrong preconcept, the imbalance of conceptual definition and conceptual image. Based on the estimation, this study summarized a general plan preventing the mathematical misconceptions in a math classroom.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.459-467
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• 1998

The existing methods to analyze the heterogeneous porous media based on the similar media concept are the microscopic Miller similitude(MiS), the macroscopic Miller similitude(MaS) and the Warrick similitude(WS). The inter-relationship is found such that MiS ⊂ MaS ⊂ (⊂:subset). The proposed method is based ont eh assumption that the scale variables $\alpha$=w and the moisture content is dimensionless by introducing the effective degree of saturation instead of the degree of saturation into WS. The method, without the loss of generality in view of the inspectional analysis, can explain the heterogeneity of the media by using the scale variable $\alpha$ only. The media of $\alpha$=1 (average of $\alpha$) means the equivalent media corresponding to the heterogeneous media, while the standard deviation of $\alpha$ may explain the degree of the heterogeneity of the media under consideration. The hydraulic conductivity of the media with $\alpha$>1 is greater than that of the equivalent media, and the effective moisture content of the media with $\alpha$>1 is also greater. Based on these properties of the scale variable $\alpha$, the ideal vertical one-dimensional heterogeneous porous media is generated by using the technique of random number generation.