• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.41
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• pp.237-266
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• 2009

KORUS-FTA are consist of articles 8. In order to the subjects are, application of a safeguard measures, conditions and limitations, provisional measures, compensation, global safeguard actions, definitions, antidumping and countervailing duties, committee on trade remedies. In especially, regarding application of a safeguard measures under KORUS-FTA, if as a result of the reduction or elimination of a customs duty under this agreement, an originating good of the other party is being imported into the territory of a party in such increased quantities, in absolute terms or relative to domestic production, and under such conditions that the imports of such originating good from the other party constitute a substantial cause of serious injury, or threat thereof, to a domestic industry producing a like or directly competitive good, the party may: suspend the further reduction of any rate of customs duty on the good provided for under this agreement; increase the rate of customs duty on the good to a level not to exceed the lesser of: the most-favored-nation (MFN) applied rate of duty on the good in effect at the time the action is taken; and the MFN applied rate of duty on the good in effect on the day immediately preceding the date this Agreement enters into force; or in the case of a customs duty applied to a good on a seasonal basis, increase the rate of duty to a level that, for each season, does not exceed the lesser of: the MFN applied rate of duty on the good in effect for the corresponding season immediately preceding the date of application of the safeguard measure; and the MFN applied rate of duty on the good in effect for the corresponding season immediately preceding the date this agreement enters into force.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2000.07a
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• pp.751-754
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• 2000

When charge-trap SONOS cells are used flash memory, the tunneling program/erase condition to minimize the generation of interface traps was investigated. SONOSFET NVSM cells were fabricated using 0.35$\mu\textrm{m}$ standard memory cell embedded logic process including the ONO cell process. based on retrograde twin-well, single-poly, single metal CMOS process. The thickness of ONO triple-dielectric for memory cell is tunnel oxide of 24${\AA}$, nitride of 74 ${\AA}$, blocking oxide of 25 ${\AA}$, respectively. The program mode(Vg: 7,8,9 V, Vs/Vd: -3 V, Vb: floating) and the erase mode(Vg: -4,-5,-6 V, Vs/Vd: floating, Vb: 3V) by modified Fowler-Nordheim(MFN) tunneling were used. The proposed programming condition for the flash memory of SONOSFET NVSM cells showed less degradation($\Delta$Vth, S, Gm) characteristics than channel MFN tunneling operation. Also the program inhibit conditions of unselected cell for separated source lines NOR-tyupe flash memory application were investigated. we demonstrated that the program disturb phenomenon did not occur at source/drain voltage of 1 V∼4 V and gate voltage of 0 V∼4.

• Journal of Genetic Medicine
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.89-91
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• 2020

Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease can be divided mainly into demyelination and axonopathy based on the results of the electrophysiological study. Mitofusin 2, encoded by MFN2 gene, has a crucial role in the fusion of mitochondria, which is known to associate with CMT type 2A as one of the axonal forms. We describe a 44-year-old man with progressive weakness on bilateral legs after noticing foot drop in his early teen. When we examined him at 45 years of age, he presented atrophy on entire legs and with distal muscle weakness on limbs. The nerve conduction study revealed severely decreased amplitude on motor nerve ranging from 0.2 to 4.5 mV, while conduction velocity remained more than 30.4 m/s. The whole-exome sequencing revealed a novel variant c.2228G>T in MFN2 by efficient genetic analysis tool, MutationDistiller. This report will not only expand the mutation spectrum of CMT2A but also introduce a time-saving genetic analysis tool.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.16 no.10
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• pp.3230-3255
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• 2022

Causality mining in NLP is a significant area of interest, which benefits in many daily life applications, including decision making, business risk management, question answering, future event prediction, scenario generation, and information retrieval. Mining those causalities was a challenging and open problem for the prior non-statistical and statistical techniques using web sources that required hand-crafted linguistics patterns for feature engineering, which were subject to domain knowledge and required much human effort. Those studies overlooked implicit, ambiguous, and heterogeneous causality and focused on explicit causality mining. In contrast to statistical and non-statistical approaches, we present Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERT) integrated with Multi-level Feature Networks (MFN) for causality recognition, called BERT+MFN for causality recognition in noisy and informal web datasets without human-designed features. In our model, MFN consists of a three-column knowledge-oriented network (TC-KN), bi-LSTM, and Relation Network (RN) that mine causality information at the segment level. BERT captures semantic features at the word level. We perform experiments on Alternative Lexicalization (AltLexes) datasets. The experimental outcomes show that our model outperforms baseline causality and text mining techniques.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.37 no.10
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• pp.994-1000
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• 2000

Mn-Ni-Co계 스피넬을 모재로 선택하여 상업용 페라이트 등 다양한 종류의 Fe-스피넬과 동시 소결 가능성을 검토할 목적으로 각 소재의 소결 거동, 서미스터와의 계면 반응이나, 2차상의 형성 등에 대해 알아보았다. 대부분의 페라이트 조성이 Mn 스피넬과 새로운 2차상을 형성하지는 않는 것을 알 수 있었다. 상업용 페라이트의 경우 115$0^{\circ}C$ 소결 온도에서 접합이 가능한 조성은 다량의 액상이 존재하며 접합계면의 폭이 상대적으로 넓으므로 서미스터 특성에도 좋지 않은 영향을 줄 수 있을 것으로 생각된다. 반면에 MFN1과 MFN2 조성은 접합계면에서 새로운 2차상이 형성되지 않고 원소의 상호확산도 작아 NTC 서미스터의 동시소결용 보호재로서의 가능성이 높은 것으로 확인되었다.

• Journal of Broadcast Engineering
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.463-478
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• 2008

A Distributed Translator Network(DTxR) is a cost-effective and frequency-effective method which can use existing transmission utilities and can be constructed in a shorter time as compared with Multiple Frequency Network(MFN) or Single Frequency Network(SFN) using On Channel Repeater(OCR). In order to verify the feasibility of DTxR, this field test was done in 30 points of north-west area in Seoul using 3rd, 5th, and 6th generation DIV receivers. Electric field strength, noise margin and ease of reception were measured and subjective evaluation of video quality was done in these points during the field test. With the test result, an improvement of receiving quality was obtained and an ease of reception was increased in case of the 5th. and 6th. receiver. From the results, we conclude that DTxR is a feasible method in DIV networks.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers
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• v.13 no.11
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• pp.914-920
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• 2000

When the charge-trap type SONOS(polysilicon-oxide-nitride-oxide-semiconductor) cells are used to flash memory, the tunneling program/erase condition to minimize the generation of interface traps was investigated. SONOSFET NVSM(Nonvolatile Semiconductor Memory) cells were fabricated using 0.35 ㎛ standard memory cell embedded logic process including the ONO cell process, based on retrograde twin-well, single-poly, single metal CMOS(Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor) process. The thickness of ONO triple-dielectric for the memory cell is tunnel oxide of 24 $\AA$, nitride of 74 $\AA$, blocking oxide of 25 $\AA$, respectively. The program mode(V$\_$g/=7, 8, 9 V, V$\_$s/=V$\_$d/=-3 V, V$\_$b/=floating) and the erase mode(V$\_$g/=-4, -5, -6 V, V$\_$s/=V$\_$d/=floating, V$\_$b/=3 V) by MFN(Modified Fowler-Nordheim) tunneling were used. The proposed programming condition for the flash memory of SONOSFET NVSM cells showed less degradation(ΔV$\_$th/, S, G$\_$m/) characteristics than channel MFN tunneling operation. Also, the program inhibit conditins of unselected cell for separated source lines NOR-type flash memory application were investigated. we demonstrated that the phenomenon of the program disturb did not occur at source/drain voltage of 1 V∼12 V and gate voltage of -8 V∼4 V.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.408-419
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• 2023

Background: Ginsenoside compound K (CK), the main active metabolite in Panax ginseng, has shown good safety and bioavailability in clinical trials and exerts neuroprotective effects in cerebral ischemic stroke. However, its potential role in the prevention of cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury remains unclear. Our study aimed to investigate the molecular mechanism of ginsenoside CK against cerebral I/R injury. Methods: We used a combination of in vitro and in vivo models, including oxygen and glucose deprivation/reperfusion induced PC12 cell model and middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion induced rat model, to mimic I/R injury. Intracellular oxygen consumption and extracellular acidification rate were analyzed by Seahorse multifunctional energy metabolism system; ATP production was detected by luciferase method. The number and size of mitochondria were analyzed by transmission electron microscopy and MitoTracker probe combined with confocal laser microscopy. The potential mechanisms of ginsenoside CK on mitochondrial dynamics and bioenergy were evaluated by RNA interference, pharmacological antagonism combined with co-immunoprecipitation analysis and phenotypic analysis. Results: Ginsenoside CK pretreatment could attenuate mitochondrial translocation of DRP1, mitophagy, mitochondrial apoptosis, and neuronal bioenergy imbalance against cerebral I/R injury in both in vitro and in vivo models. Our data also confirmed that ginsenoside CK administration could reduce the binding affinity of Mul1 and Mfn2 to inhibit the ubiquitination and degradation of Mfn2, thereby elevating the protein level of Mfn2 in cerebral I/R injury. Conclusion: These data provide evidence that ginsenoside CK may be a promising therapeutic agent against cerebral I/R injury via Mul1/Mfn2 mediated mitochondrial dynamics and bioenergy.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.68
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• pp.171-195
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• 2015

The large increase in RTAs since the late 1980's has challenged the foundations of the multilateral trading system, and thereby has become an axis in the GATT/WTOsystem.While RTAs can be seen to be contradictory to the overall aim of the WTO, they were allowed for in Article XXIV of GATT conditional to certain provision. The failure of compliance and subsequently enforcement of these provisions could be seen as a serious flaw of Article XXIV since the inception of GATT system. Many elements of GATT Article XXIV are not clear and thus lead to divergent interpretations of its disciplines. This considerable divergence in opinions arise from both ambiguities throughout the provisions under GATT Article XXIV. In this regard, both economic and legal work is required to keep up with constantly changing nature of the world trading system. Further, global efforts are required to resolve another teething issue of WTO's problematic institutional framework on GATT/WTO's oversight and surveillance of RTAs. and thereby strengthen the multilateral trading system. Needless to say, theGATT/WTOframework has been essential in paving the way for RTAs while ensuring a more multilateral and liberal trading system. Consequently, global efforts should be made to restructure the WTO for the renewed multilateral trade liberalization in the GATT/WTO.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.112-122
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• 2012

A gradual change of molecules that are related in fission and fusion is occurred during aging process. Although aging effects on mitochondrial fusion and fission are investigated, it is still unclear that the extent of the change in mitochondria fusion and fission periodically. In this study we investigated the changes of mitochondrial proteins involved in fusion (Mfn2, Opa1) and fission (Drp1, Fis1) in the human gracilis muscle ranging from 10 to 50 years of age (n=40). The gracilis muscle showed a significant increase in muscle apoptotic changes in the age of 50s compared with 10s by using in situ terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end-labeling (TUNEL). The expression levels of Drp1 and Fis1 (P<0.01, P<0.05) mRNA were significantly elevated and the Mfn2 and Opa1 (P<0.01, P<0.05) levels were decreased from older individuals. The ratio of fission and fusion was altered and the level of increment of fission gene was greater than fusion gene decrement in the age of 50s. These findings suggest that changes of mitochondrial fusion and fission proteins related with aging might contribute to aged muscle apoptosis.