• Polymer(Korea)
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.171-175
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• 2011

Isophorone diisocyanate(IPDI), polytetramethylene glycol 1000 (PTMG1000), and N-methyl diethanol amine (MDEA) were applied to prepare cationic polyurethane water dispersions (PUD). Various neutralizers and chain extenders were introduced in order to investigate property changes, such as particle size, viscosity, $T_g$, tensile strength, and water swellability, depending on chemical structure of those chemicals. While the PUDs neutralized by acetic acid showed a typical elastomeric behavior, the others used with hydrochloride presented crystalline behavior. Among chain extenders isophorone diamine (IPDA) provided the best mechanical property. The particle size of the PUD neutralized with HCl was smaller than that with acetic acid. It is believed that this is attributed to the size difference of counter ions. The PUD chain-extended with hydrazine had the smallest particle size.

• Journal of Energy Engineering
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.157-162
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• 2000

기존의 IGCC의 장점인 고효율 플랜트의 특성을 살리기 위해 고온정제를 적용하는 경우 조건변화에 따른 플랜트 성능의 영향을 관찰하고자 본 연구를 수행하였다. IGCC에 고온정제 공정을 적용하여 구성한 모델은 연구 목적에 알맞은 범위의 건전성을 가진 것으로 나타났으며 기타 조건을 동일하게 설정한 경우 저온 정제 공정(MDEA amine) 적용에 비해 플랜트 효율이 약 2.7% 가량 상승하였다. 한편 동일한 고온정제 공정이라도 적용하는 흡수제를 zinc titanate에서 zinc ferrite로 달리 하는 경우 탈황제의 화학 반응상 특성 및 차이점으로 인해 연료가스의 발열량 변화를 유발하므로 결과적으로 약 0.5%의 플랜트 효율 손실이 발생함을 알 수 있었다. 또한 탈황 온도 350~$650^{\circ}C$ 사이의 온도범위에 대해 민감도 분석을 실행하였으며 민감도 분석 결과 전제 온도의 증가와 플랜트 효율은 정비례하지 않으며 50$0^{\circ}C$ 이상의 정제 온도를 적용한 경우는 거의 비슷한 효율을 나타내었다. 이와 같은 결과는 정제 온도를 증가시킴으로 인해 가스터빈에 공급되는 연료가스의 온도는 높아지지만 적용한 가스터빈의 출력 및 연소 온도가 제한되어 있어 고온정제를 적용함으로써 얻어지는 이득을 가스터빈에서 충분히 보상하지 못하고 한편으로 고온정제를 채택함으로써 저온정제 적용시 보다 syngas cooler에서 회수할 수 있는 헌열이 줄어듦으로 인한 증기 터빈 출력의 감소가 커지기 때문으로 분석되었다.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.47 no.5
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• pp.266-270
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• 2003

We evaluated four commercially available methamphetamine immunoassays for their relative cross-reactivities of amphetamine analogues in human urine: Abbott TDx, Vitalab Selectra and on-site test kits (Accusign MET, SD bioline MET). High cross-reactivities were shown at designer's drugs such as methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA), methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and methylenedioxyethylamphetamine (MDEA) in all of the tested immunoassays. Methoxyphenamine, fenfluramine and phentermine were positive in TDx and Selectra, but were not positive in on-site test kits. Pseudoephedrine, norpseudoephedrine, ephedrine, norephedrine, MDMA, MDA, fenfluramine and phentermine were detected by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry(GC/MS) in false positive urines. Since the overall specificity of any of the devices was not 100％, we found it is important to confirm any positive screening test result, so we developed simultaneous determination of amphetamine analogues in urines. After alkalinization of the urine samples with 6-N NaOH, the analytes were extracted using ethyl acetate, derivatized with pentafluoropropyl anhydride (PFPA) prior at GC/MS analysis.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.575-580
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• 2020

In this study, we simulated an amine regeneration process with heat-stable salts removal unit. We derived the optimal operating conditions considering the flow rate of waste, the removal rate of heat-stable salts, and the loss rate of MDEA (methyl diethanolamine). In the amine regeneration process that absorbs and removes acid gas, heat-stable salt impairs the absorption efficiency of process equipment and amine solution. An ion exchange resin method is to remove heat-stable salts through neutralization by using a strong base solution such as NaOH. The acid gas removal process was established using the Radfrac model, and the equilibrium constant of the reaction was calculated using Gibbs free energy. The removed amine solution is separated and flows to the heat-stable salts remover which is modeled by using the Rstoic model with neutralization reaction. Actual operation data and simulation results were compared and verified, and also a case study was conducted by adjusting the inflow mass of removal unit followed by suggesting optimal conditions.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.50 no.1
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• pp.135-140
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• 2012

In this study, the heats of absorption of $CO_2$ with aqueous solutions of primary, secondary and tertiary amine aqueous solutions were measured in the commercial reaction calorimeter SIMULAR (HEL, UK). The heats of absorption of 30 wt% amine aqueous solutions of MEA (monoethanolamine, primary amine), EAE(2-(ethylamino)ethanol, secondary amine), and MDEA (methyldiethanolamine, tertiary amine) were measured as function of the $CO_2$ loading ratio at $40^{\circ}C$, in each case. In addition, the heats of absorption of sterically-hindered amine aqueous solutions of AMP(2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol, primary amine), DEA(diethanolamine, secondary amine) and TEA(triethanolamine, tertiary amine) were measured to observe the steric hindrance effect. The heat of absorption is high in the following order regardless of the steric hindrance: primary amine > secondary amine > tertiary amine. The heats of absorption of amines having sterically-hindered substituents surrounding nitrogen atoms are relatively low compare to that of sterically-free amines, although the difference is very small.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.31 no.10
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• pp.883-892
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• 2009

We evaluated the degradation properties of various alkanolamine absorbents (MEA, AMP, DEA, and MDEA) having different chemical structures for $CO_2$ capture. The degradation of $CO_2$ absorbent in general was known to be caused by oxygen which is in flue gas and by heat source, respectively. To analyze the effect of $CO_2$ and $O_2$ on degree of degradation, we conducted a variety of experiments at $30^{\circ}C$ and $60^{\circ}C$ (oxidative degradation) and $130^{\circ}C$ and $150^{\circ}C$ (thermal degradation), respectively. DEA showed the worst property for oxidative degradation in the presence of oxygen among the alkanolamine absorbents. In the case of thermal degradation, the degradation of absorbent was occurred for most of absorbents at $150^{\circ}C$. Among these absorbents, MEA and DEA gave the worst results. As a result, AMP which is a primary amine and having a steric hindrance showed the best result through the degradation test. But, the degradation of absorbent proceeded easily in the case of DEA which is a secondary amine and having 2 OH groups in terminal position. Consequently, we have evaluated the degree of degradation of various absorbents having different chemical structures to give the basic data for the development of alkanolamine absorbent.

• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.98-106
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• 2018

In this study, graphene oxide(GO) was synthesized by using Hummer's method. Then, GO was used as a additive for epoxy resin nanocomposites that were prepared by mixing Tetraglycidyl diamino diphenyl methane(TGDDM) and hardner(MDEA+M-MIPA). Thermal and mechanical properties of epoxy resin nanocomposites were confirmed by analytical methods such as TG-DTA, DMA, fracture toughness, tensile strength, and flexural strength. The fracture surfaces of epoxy resin nanocomposites with different content of the GO were observed by a Scanning Electron Microscope(SEM). The mechanism for mechanical properties of epoxy resin nanocomposites was analyzed by modeling of nanocomposites with different GO weight. Due to the GO, both the heat resistance and the glass transition temperature of the epoxy resin nanocomposites were improved. Interestingly, when 0.1wt.% of GO was added to the epoxy resin/hardner mixture, the properties of mechanical increased compared with the neat epoxy resin. This results were caused by an aggregation between the GO.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.23-32
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• 2020

Methamphetamine (MA) is the most common and available drug of abuse in Korea and its primary metabolite is amphetamine (AP). Detection of AP derivatives, such as MA, AP, phentermine (PT), MDA, MDMA, and MDEA by the use of immunoassay screening is not reliable and accurate due to cross-reactivity and insufficient specificity/sensitivity. Therefore, the analytical process accepted by most urine drug-testing programs employs the two-step method with an initial screening test followed by a more specific confirmatory test if the specimen screens positive. In this study, a gas chromatography-mass spectrometric (GC-MS) method was developed and validated for confirmation of MA and AP in human urine. Urine sample (500 µL) was added with N-isopropylbenzylamine as internal standard and ethyl chloroformate as a derivatization reagent, and then extracted with 200 µL of ethyl acetate. Extracted samples were analysed with GC-MS in the SIM/ Scan mode, which were screened by Cobas c311 analyzer (Roche/Hitachi) to evaluate the efficiency as well as the compatibility of the GC-MS method. Qualitative method validation requirements for selectivity, limit of detection (LOD), precision, accuracy, and specificity/sensitivity were examined. These parameters were estimated on the basis of the most intense and characteristic ions in mass spectra of target compounds. Precision and accuracy were less than 5.2 % (RSD) and ±14.0 % (bias), respectively. The LODs were 3 ng/mL for MA and 1.5 ng/mL for AP. At the screening immunoassay had a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 95.1 % versus GC-MS for confirmatory testing. The applicability of the method was tested by the analysis of spiked urine and abusers' urine samples.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.485-494
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• 2000

According to the worldwide interest in controlling $CO_2$ which contributes to green house effect. new techniques of reducing $CO_2$ are under development. We have developed new technique for reducing $CO_2$. In low $CO_2$ concentration. the chemical absorption method is useful. In this study. the kinetics of the reaction between $CO_2$ and the sterically hindered amine solution with piperazine. have been investigated from measurements of the rate of absorption of $CO_2$ in the stirred vessel that has a horizontal liquid-gas interface, in the temperature range $30{\sim}70^{\circ}C$. The experiments were carried out in the range 10.130~20.260 kPa of partial pressure of $CO_2$, and in aqueous $2.0kmol/m^3$ AMP solution with $0{\sim}0.4kmol/m^3$ piperazine The experimental results are as follows: 1) The absorption rate of $CO_2$ into aqueous AMP + piperazine solution is gett ng faster than that of aqueous AMP absorbents with temperature. Because the activation energy of piperazine 57.147 kJ/mol is higher than that of AMP 41.7kJ/mol. therefore the effect of piperazine on absorption rate increases with temperature. 2) Compared with aqueous AMP solution. the absorption rate of $CO_2$ into AMP + piperazine solution increases from 6.33% at $30^{\circ}C$ to 12% at $70^{\circ}C$, so AMP + piperazine solution is thought to be a better than AMP solution, 3) The reaction rate constants of piprazine in aqueous AMP solution with $CO_2$ have been determined as 217.21, 420.46, 707.00 and $3162.167m^3/kmol{\cdot}s$ respectively at 30, 40, 50 and $70^{\circ}C$ but these results are higher than those of Xu which were 186.7. 367.32. 693.01. $2207.65m^3/kmol{\cdot}s$ at 30, 40, 55, $70^{\circ}C$in aqueous MDEA solution. So the regression analysis of the data has led to the following equation In $k_p$ =28.324-6934.7/T.