• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.7 no.12
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• pp.3118-3134
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• 2013

This paper deliberates for a multimedia transmission scheme combining multiple description coding (MDC) and network coding (NC). Our goal is to take advantage from the property of MDC to provide quantized and compressed independent and identically distributed (iid) descriptions and also from the benefit of network coding, which uses network resources efficiently to recover lost data in the network. Recently, p-cycle NC has been introduced to recover and protect any lost or distorted descriptions at the receiver part exactly without need of retransmission. So far, MDC have not been explored using this type of NC. Compressed and coded descriptions are transmitted through the network where p-cycle NC is applied. P-cycle based algorithm is proposed for single and multiple descriptions lost. Results show that in the fixed bit rate, the PSNR (Peak Signal to Noise Ratio) of our reconstructed image and also subjective evaluation is improved significantly compared to previous work which is averaging method joint with MDC in order to conceal lost descriptions.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartA
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• v.13A no.3 s.100
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• pp.211-222
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• 2006

The cluster system with shared-nothing storage cannot escape from the problem of skewed request toward specific contents. This paper, therefore, suggests streaming method using MDC (Multiple Description Coding) instead of using single original content; this method is able to cope with skewed request in shared-nothing storage server as well as to continue to provide services in case of the system failure. Also, the system can support adaptive streaming service according to user player type, network status, the load of server, and client.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.238-244
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• 2015

Macrophage-derived chemokine, C-C motif chemokine 22 (MDC/CCL22), is one of the inflammatory chemokines that controls the movement of monocytes, monocyte-derived dendritic cells, and natural killer cells. Serum and skin MDC/CCL22 levels are elevated in atopic dermatitis, which suggests that the chemokines produced from keratinocytes are responsible for attracting inflammatory lymphocytes to the skin. A major signaling pathway in the interferon-${\gamma}$ (IFN-${\gamma}$)-stimulated inflammation response involves the signal transducers and activators of transcription 1 (STAT1). In the present study, we investigated the anti-inflammatory effect of dieckol and its possible action mechanisms in the category of skin inflammation including atopic dermatitis. Dieckol inhibited MDC/CCL22 production induced by IFN-${\gamma}$ (10 ng/mL) in a dose dependent manner. Dieckol (5 and $10{\mu}M$) suppressed the phosphorylation and the nuclear translocation of STAT1. These results suggest that dieckol exhibits anti-inflammatory effect via the down-regulation of STAT1 activation.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering Conference
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• 2005.05a
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• pp.124-127
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• 2005

As computer capability and test skill become more and more advanced, finite element method and modal test are being widely applied in engineering design. In order to correlate and reconcile the inevitable discrepancies between the analytical and experimental models, many techniques have been developed. Among these methods, multiple-system methods are known as the effective tools in that they can supply the rich modal data available which are experimentally obtained. These abundant modal data can help structural system parameters estimated well. Multiple-system methods can be classified into the structural modification methods and feedback controller methods. The structural modification methods need the physical attachment of structures and their concept may limit the application of them. To overcome this drawback, the feedback controller methods are addressed which enable us to get more modal data without the structural change. Mode decoupling controller(MDC), one of them, is to use acceleration out)ut feedback to perturb an open-loop system. The output feedback controller generally cannot guarantee the stability of a closed-loop system. However, MDC can solve this problem under the certain constraints. So far, MDC utilizes accelerations as the sensor signals. In this research, strain sensors are going to be picked up to apply to the MDC. Strain output is recently used for structural system identification due to the drastically improved and miniaturized strain sensor. In this paper, we show that the MDC using strain output has differences compared with acceleration output in estimating the structural system parameters. The associated simulation is performed to demonstrate the above mentioned characteristics.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.223-226
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• 2002

Background: The type 2 deviated immunological state is predominant in lepromatous leprosy. Erythema nodosum leprosum (ENL) is an immune-complex mediated reaction that typically occurs in lepromatous leprosy. To date, the serum levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-${\alpha}$, interleukin (IL)-2 receptor, IL-10, IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-1 receptor antagonist and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) were reported to be higher in lepromatous leprosy. TNF-${\alpha}$ is also known to be higher in ENL, which is reduced after thalidomide treatment. However the serum type 2 chemokine levels in lepromatous leprosy patients have not been reported. Methods: The serum levels of the type 2 chemokines such as thymus and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC), macrophage-derived chemokine (MDC) and eotaxin together with IL-12 and IL-10 in the sera from leprosy patients were detected using an enzyme-linked solvent assay (ELISA) method. Results: The Serum TARC, MDC, eotaxin, IL-10 and IL-12 levels in lepromatous leprosy patients were not significantly different from the normal control levels. The serum levels were not significantly different between the paucibacillary group and multibacillary group. The serum TARC or MDC levels in the ENL patients were more reduced after a treatment containing thalidomide. Conclusion: The type 2 chemokines are not related to the severity of lepromatous leprosy. The larger reducing effect of the TARC or MDC levels in ENL patients by a treatment containing thalidomide suggests the potential role of these chemokines in the development of ENL and the therapeutic mechanism of thalidomide.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea TC
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.22-30
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• 2008

In this paper, we deal with modulation classification method using WT capable of classifying incident digital signals without a priori information. These key features should have good properties of sensitive with modulation types and insensitive with SNR variation. The 4 key features for modulation recognition are selected using WT coefficients, which have the property of insentive to the changing of noise. The numerical simulations for classifying 8 digital modulation types using these features are peformed. The numerical simulations of the 3 types (i.e. DTC, MDC, and SVMC) of modulation classifiers are performed the investigation of classification accuracy and execution time to design the modulation classification module in software radio. The simulation result indicated that the execution time of MDC and DTC was best and MDC and SVMC showed good classification performance.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.173-183
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• 2023

Background: Understanding the stability of quantitative sensory tests (QSTs) over time is important to aid clinicians in selecting a battery of tests for assessing and monitoring patients. This study evaluated the short- and long-term reliability of selected QSTs. Methods: Twenty healthy women participated in three experimental sessions: Baseline, 2 weeks, and 6 months. Measurements included pressure pain thresholds (PPT) in the neck, upper back, and leg; Pressure-cuff pain tolerance around the upper-arm; conditioned pain modulation during a pressure-cuff stimulus; and referred pain following a suprathreshold pressure stimulation. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) and minimum detectable change (MDC) were calculated. Results: Reliability for PPT was excellent for all sites at 2 weeks (ICC, 0.96-0.99; MDC, 22-55 kPa) and from good to excellent at 6 months (ICC, 0.88-0.95; MDC, 47-91 kPa). ICC for pressure-cuff pain tolerance indicated excellent reliability at both times (0.91-0.97). For conditioned pain modulation, reliability was moderate for all sites at 2 weeks (ICC, 0.57-0.74; MDC, 24%-35%), while it was moderate at the neck (ICC, 0.54; MDC, 27%) and poor at the upper back and leg at 6 months. ICC for referred pain areas was excellent at 2 weeks (0.90) and good at 6 months (0.86). Conclusions: PPT, pressure pain tolerance, and pressure-induced referred pain should be considered reliable procedures to assess the pain-sensory profile over time. In contrast, conditioned pain modulation was shown to be unstable. Future studies prospectively analyzing the pain-sensory profile will be able to better calculate appropriate sample sizes.

• Proceedings of the Korea Information Processing Society Conference
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• 2006.05a
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• pp.1435-1438
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• 2006

일반적인 비 공유 저장장치를 가진 시스템에서는 특정 컨텐츠에 대한 편향된(skewed) 요청 문제를 피할 수 없다. 본 논문에서는 비 공유 저장장치 모델로 설계/구현된 클러스터 기반의 시트리밍 서버에서 사용자의 편향된 컨텐츠 요청에 대처할 수 있고 스트리밍 서비스 중인 서버 또는 NS 카드에 문제가 생기더라도 스트리밍 서비스가 중단되지 않도록 다중 스트리밍 방법인 MDC(Multiple Description Coding)를 적용한 스트리밍 전송방법을 제안한다. 제안하는 방법은 클러스터 시스템에서 단일 세션으로 스트리밍 서비스를 제공하는 것이 아니라 MDC 를 활용하여 다중 세션을 통한 스트리밍 서비스를 제공함으로써 모든 서버의 부하가 같아지고, 특정 서버에 문제가 발생하더라도 스트리밍 서비스가 끊어지지 않으면서 MDC 의 특성인 적응형 서비스도 가능하게 되는 장점이 있다.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.91-96
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• 1998

The saturated fatty acids(arachidic acid, stearic acid, and palmitic acid) were repeatedly applied on water surface, and their ${\pi}-A$ isotherms and Maxwell displacement current(MDC) were measured to identify the effect of the number of carbons of fatty acids on the properties of Langmuir films. The saturated fatty which contain higher carbon number showed higher MDC peak, and the less carbon it contains, the higher surface pressure they show. It was found the maximum of MDC peaks was as the molecular area just before the surface pressure increases in compression cycles of saturated fatty acids.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 1996.05a
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• pp.6.1-10
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• 1996

Starting from the Debye theory of rotational Brownian motion equation, we derive an expression for explaining the generation of Maxwell displacement current (MDC) across single monolayers on a material surface. The orientational order parameter and the dielectric relaxation the of monolayers are derived. Based on fille analyses developed here, we examine the MDC across phospholipid monolayers with thermal stimulation due to the change in the spontaneous polarization, and the generation of MDC from 4-cyano-4\`-5-alkayl-biphenyl(5CB) Langmuir-film at the onset of transition by monolayer compression