• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.607-612
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• 2003

To elucidate the action mechanism of MCS-C2, a novel analogue of toyocamycin and sangivamycin, its effect on the expression of cell cycle-related proteins in the human myelocytic leukemia cell line HL-60 was examined using Western blotting and a flow cytometric analysis. MCS-C2, a selective inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinases, was found to inhibit cell growth in a time- and dose-dependent manner, and inhibits cell cycle progression by inducing the arrest at G1 and G2/M phases, in HL-60 cells. The flow cytometric analysis revealed an appreciable arrest of cells in the G2/M phase of the cell cycle after treatment with MCS-C2. The HL-60 cell population increased gradually from 13% at 0 h, to 28% at 12 h in the G2/M phase, after exposure to $2{\;}\mu\textrm{M}$ MCS-C2. Furthermore, Western blot analysis demonstrated that MCS-C2 induced the cell cycle arrest at G1 phase through the inhibition of pRb phosphorylation. Hypophosphorylated pRb accumulated after treatment with $5{\;}\mu\textrm{M}$ MCS-C2 for 12 h, whereas, the level of hyperphosphorylated pRb was reduced. Thus, treatment of the cell with MCS-C2 suppressed the hyperphosphorylated form of pRb with a commensurate increase in the hypophosphorylated form.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.433-437
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• 2010

In the course of screening for novel modulators of cell cycle progression and apoptosis as anticancer drug candidates, we generated an analog of sangivamycin, MCS-C2, which was elucidated as 4-amino-6-bromo-7-cyclopentyl-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine-5-carboxamide. In the present study, we evaluated the molecular mechanisms of MCSC2-induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in A549 human lung cancer cells. To investigate the effects of MCS-C2 on cell cycle progression in A549 cells, we measured the DNA content of A549 cells treated with $5\;{\mu}M$ MCS-C2 using flow cytometry. The analysis revealed an appreciable $G_2$ phase arrest in treated cells. This event was associated with significant upregulation of p53 and $p21^{Cip1}$. In addition, the TUNEL assay was used to examine apoptotic induction in treated cells, and the effects of MCS-C2 on the expression of apoptosis-associated proteins were examined by Western blot. Apoptotic induction in MCS-C2-treated A549 cells was associated with cytochrome c release from mitochondria, which in turn resulted in the activation of caspase-9 and -3 and the cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). Based on these results, we conclude that MCS-C2 is a candidate therapeutic agent for the treatment of human lung cancer via upregulation and activation of p53.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Applied Microbiology Conference
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• 2004.06a
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• pp.297-301
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• 2004

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the anti-proliferative and apoptotic effects of MCS-C2, a novel analogue of toyocamycin and sangivamycin, in human promyelocytic leukemia (HL-60) cells. When treated with MCS-C2, inhibited proliferation associated with cell cycle arrest and apoptotic induction was found in the HL-60 cells in a concentration-dependent and time-dependent manner. This apoptotic induction was associated with the cleavage of Bid and a release of cytochrome c from mitochondria into the cytosol, followed by the activation of caspase-3 and inactivation of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). However, there was no significant change in any other mitochondrial membrane proteins, such as Bcl-2 and Bax. Consequently, the current findings suggest that the mitochondrial pathway was primarily involved in the MCS-C2-induced apoptosis in the human promyelocytic leukemia HL-60 cells.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.197-206
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• 2005

To determine the correlation between mast cells(MCs) and neoangiogenesis in the growth and progression of cervical cancer, we investigated mast cell density(MCD), microvessel density(MVD) and the expression of vascular epithelial growth factor(VEGF) in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and invasive suqamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix. Forty-five cervical intraepithelial neoplasia(CIN I, II and III), 15 microinvasive carcinomas, 15 invasive squamous cell carcinomas and 20 normal cervical epithelia were included in this study. MCs were stained with anti-c-Kit antibody and alcian blue, microvessels with anti-factor VIII antibody and VEGF with anti-VEGF antibody. The adjacent fields of both normal and neoplastic epithelium were used for counting MCs and microvessels. Computerized image analysis was used to evaluate MCD and MVD. MCD and MVD were the mean numbers per $1mm^2$ counted in 5-10 high and low power fields respectively. In both c-Kit and alcian blue stained sections, MCD progressively increased along the continuum from CIN I to invasive squamous cell carcinoma(p<0.001). MVD increased significantly with cervical neoplasia progression, from CIN to invasive squamous cell carcinoma (p<0.001). In double c-Kit and Factor VIII-stained sections, MCs were mainly present in the areas adjacent to newly formed blood vessels. However, there were no significant differences in MCD and MVD between normal epithelum and CIN I. A strong correlation was also observed between MCD and MVD. In double VEGF and alcian blue-stained sections, VEGF was expressed in only MCs. Strong VEGF-positive MCs were particularly abundant around the tumorous region. Our results suggest that MCs may upregulate neoangiogenesis by VGEF secretion in the development and progression of cervical neoplasia.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.54-60
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• 2006

[ $MnO_2$ ]-Coated Sand(MCS) was prepared with variation of coating temperature, coating time, and dosage of initial Fe(III) with two kinds of sands such as Joomoonjin and quartz sand. An optimum condition for the preparation MCS was determined from the coating efficiency as well as the oxidation efficiency of As(III). Coating efficiency of Mn was strongly dependent on the coating temperature but quite similar over the investigated coating time, showing an increased coating efficiency at higher coating temperature. In contrast to coating efficiency, the oxidation efficiency of As(III) by MCS was severely reduced as increase of coaling temperature. By considering these results, an optimum coating temperature and time for the preparation of MCS was selected as $150^{\circ}C$ and 1-hr, respectively. Coating efficiency increased as the dosage of initial Mn(II) increased, while As(III) oxidation was maximum at 0.8 Mn(II) mol/kg sand. The solution pH was identified as an important parameter affecting stability of MCS, and dissolution of Mn from MCS increased as pH decreased. Oxidation rate of As(III) increased as the dosage of MCS increased as well as solution pH decreased.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.15 no.9
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• pp.566-576
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• 2005

This paper describes an ab Initio study on interface energies, misfit strain energies, and electron structures at coherent interfaces Fe(bcc structure)/MCs(NaCl structure M=Ti, Zr, Hf). The interface energies at relaxed interfaces Fe/TiC, Fe/ZrC and Fe/HfC were 0.263, 0.153 and $0.271 J/m^2$, respectively. It was understood that the dependence of interface energy on the type of carbide was closely related to changes of the binding energies between Fe, M and C atoms before and after formation of the interfaces Fe/MCs with the help of the DLP/NNBB (Discrete Lattice Plane/ Nearest Neighbour Broken Bond) model and data of the electron structures. The misfit strain energies in Fe/TiC, Fe/ZrC and Fe/HfC systems were 0.390, 1.692 and 1.408 eV per 16 atoms(Fe: 8 atoms and MC; 8 atoms). More misfit energy was generated as difference of lattice parameters between the bulk Fe and the bulk MCs increased.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.394-398
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• 1998

An optimum synthetic condition was studied for the MCS used as a silicone monomer. The contact mixture was made from the four component catalyst system($CuCl/ZnCl_2/Sn/Cd$) and silicon particles. The contact mass was used for a series of experiments with methyl chloride, which were designed and done to explore the optimum condition for MCS synthesis by an experimental design method. The optimum temperature and MeCl flow rate, which were obtained using 50g contact mass at 60rpm and 1 atm, were in the range of $300-305^{\circ}C$ and of 70-80ccm. Also a continuous run was performed to confirm the conditions. The results showed that the average reaction rate and selectivity were 170(g-MCS/hr.kg-Si) and 0.05 respectively at 67% conversion of MeCl and 92% silicon utilization rate. Also the parameters of overall reaction rate equation and a total pressure were estimated on the basis of the results of the continuous run.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.40-50
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• 2019

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of density, temperature, size, and grain direction on measurement of moisture contents (MC) of wood materials non-destructively. The MC of different sizes of solid wood, glulam, and CLT from larch (larix kaempferi, $560kg/m^3$) and pine (pinus koraiensis, $430kg/m^3$) were measured using the dielectric type and resistance type meters. The specimens were conditioned in the environmental chamber to be equilibrium moisture content (EMC) of 12 % and 19 %. When density setting in dielectric type meter was increased from $400kg/m^3$ to $600kg/m^3$, the MCs of specimen (S-L-100-E) were decreased from 13.4 % to 11.3 %. However, when wood group (WG) setting in resistance type meter was changed from WG1 to WG4, the measured MCs were increased from 9.2 % to 12.3 %. When temperature setting in resistance type meters was changed from 0 to $35^{\circ}C$, the MC was decreased from 17.0 % to 13.0 %. The MCs measured by dielectric type meter for larger specimens (S-L-100-E_11.3 %, G-L-240-E_11.7 % and C-L-120-E_12.8 %) were higher than those of small size specimens (S-L-30-E_8.7 %, G-L-150-E_10.3 %, and C-L-90-E_9.7 %). The MCs measured by resistance type meter for larger specimens (G-L-240-E_11.6 % and C-L-120-E_13.3 %) were also higher than those of small size specimens (G-L-150-E_10.4 %, and C-L-90-E_11.8 %). The resistance type meter was not affected by the grain direction but the dielectric type meter were affected by the grain direction. The MC measured by resistance type meter for G-L-120-E perpendicular to grain direction was 11.5 % and the measured MC parallel to grain direction was 11.3 %. The MC measured by dielectric type meter parallel to grain direction (12.1 %) was higher than that measured perpendicular to grain direction (10.7 %).

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.61 no.6
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• pp.359-365
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• 2019

This study was conducted to evaluate effects of dietary multi-carbohydrases (MCS) in a lactating sow diet on productive performance and immune responses of sows and their piglets. A total of 12 sows (218.37 ± 5.5 kg BW; 2 parity) were randomly assigned to 2 dietary treatments: a diet based on corn-soybean meal (CON) and CON with 0.01% MCS. The MCS contained xylanase (2,700 units/g), β-glucanase (700 units/g), and cellulase (800 units/g). Sows were fed the dietary treatments for 28 days (weaning) after farrowing. Blood samples were collected from sows on d 0, 3, and 7 after farrowing and randomly selected 2 nursing piglets in each sow on d 3, 7, and 14 after birth. Measurements were productive performance of sows, frequency of diarrhea of piglets, and immune responses of sows and their piglets. Sows fed MCS had lower (p < 0.05) their body weight change than those fed CON. Piglets from sows fed MCS had higher (p < 0.05) average weight gain and body weight at weaning day and lower (p < 0.10) frequency of diarrhea than those from sows fed CON. Sows fed MCS had lower number of white blood cells (WBC) on d 3 (p < 0.05) and TGF-β1 on d 7 (p < 0.10) during lactation than those fed CON. Similarly, piglets from sows fed MCS had also lower (p < 0.05) number of WBC on d 3 and d 7 and TGF-β1 and C-reactive protein on d 7 during lactation than those from sows fed CON. In addition, piglets from sows fed MCS had higher (p < 0.10) immunoglobulin G and M on d 7 during lactation those from sows fed CON. In conclusion, addition of dietary MCS in the lactating sow diet based on corn and soybean meal improved productive performance of sows and their litters and modulated their immune responses.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.120-126
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• 2014

An accurate analysis of nutrient balance in different cropping systems is necessary for improving soil fertilities, causing higher crop yields and quality. This study was carried out to investigate the nutrient balance, changes in soil properties, and their effects on crop yield in long-term field cultivation under mono- and rotation-cropping systems (MCS and RCS, respectively). The analytical results of the soil properties showed that the application of mineral fertilizers alone in the MCS leads the reduction of soil CEC, exchangeable Ca, and microbial biomass C and N. Compared with the MCS of soybean, the RCS of soybean and barley significantly improved the soil properties, which increased crop yield. It might be due to the barley residue added to the RCS soil. Mean nutrient balances for 4 years were -55.9 kg N, +34.7 kg $P_2O_5$, and -0.3 kg $K_2O$ $ha^{-1}$ for the MCS and +19.7 kg N, +107.4 kg $P_2O_5$, and -48.6 kg $K_2O$ $ha^{-1}$ for the RCS, respectively. These nutrient imbalances mean that conventional fertilizer recommendations were inadequate for maintaining soil nutrient balance. From these results, we can conclude that the crop rotation may change comprehensive physical, chemical, and biological soil properties. These changes could affect the nutrient balance and then the crop yield.