• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.279-291
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• 2013

Objective: The aim of this study was to compare old standard EN 954-1 and new standard EN ISO 13849-1 through case study and provide necessity of adaptation of EN ISO 13849-1 in Korea. Background: International and EU harmonized standard EN ISO 13849 "safety of machinery - Safety-related parts of control system" is classified into Part 1: General principles for design and Part 2: Validation. EN ISO 13849-1 standard was introduced in Official Journal of the European Union on September 8, 2009 as harmonized standard, and old standard EN 954-1 was withdrawn on December 31, 2011. So, EU decided to use of EN ISO 13849-1 standard forcibly from January 1, 2012 for safety of machinery. New machines need to be CE marked if they are to be placed on the market in the European Economic Area(EEA), Switzerland or Turkey, and Korean machine builder should apply EN ISO 3849-1 standard for safety of machinery accordingly. However, current Korean Safety Certification system(KCs mark) for dangerous machinery is not referred to EN ISO 13849-1 standard as safety standard. There is a need of research for adaptation of EN ISO 13849-1 standard in Korea as safety standards for new design of safety-related control system which use mostly electronic components. Method: Five case studies of representative designs for safety-related control system in accordance with EN 954-1were selected according to safety category from B to 4. And these five representative designs were tried to change new design in accordance with EN ISO 13849-1 standard. The results of comparison were analyzed in aspect of economy and technical complexity. Results: The results showed that EN ISO 13849-1 provided quantitative method of application and it enabled designers to create safety-related control systems that require fewer components and less wiring, with many of the components being to a lower specification and, therefore, less costly. Conclusion: EN ISO 13849-1 standard is good for electronic safety-related control systems compare to EN 954-1. By considering the importance of application of EN ISO 13849-1 and benefits, the application of EN ISO 13849-1 as safety standard for safety of machinery is urgent in Korea. Application: The results of comparing EN 954-1 and EN ISO 13849-1 standard might help to determine the adaptation of EN ISO 13849-1 standard for safety of industrial machinery in Korea.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2006.06a
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• pp.154-154
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• 2006

Samsung Electro Mechanics ink jet has developed ultra high resolution alignment system. The alignment system has been developed for repeatable printing of conductive ink. The resolution of alignment system is 0.5um and the velocity of printing working plate is 1.5m/s. So far repeated printing results included sintering process have over 30um of drop mislocation data. In order to improve line thickness and conductivity of metal line, we need to develop the higher mechanical accurate align system. On the demand, this developed align system has under $1{\sim}2{\mu}m$ mispositioning performance and can measure of mechanical accuracy of inkjet printer, as well as the straightness of jetted drop from inkjet head. There is no kinds limit of substrate and ink to use SEM alignment system. By using this alignment system, we progress two experiment of reiterate printing drop and making conductive line on the glass and photo paper. Optical microscope and 3D profiler has been used for measurement of printed ink.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.115-122
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• 2010

In this study, we analyzed ridge-runnel structure and ripple marks by using Envisat ASAR, JERS-1 SAR images and in-situ data in Mongsanpo intertidal flat located in Taean-Gun, Korea. A group of light-and-dark lines parallel to the shoreline, alternating 3-5 times, were observed in the intertidal flat in Envisat ASAR images. The patterns are related to ridge-runnel structure in the intertidal flat exposed to air. Well-drained runnels, typically with ripple marks, showed strong backscattering while runnels submerged by surface water or ridges, typically smooth with no ripple, have weak backscattering coefficients in Envisat ASAR images. In JERS-1 SAR images, however, the backscattering was very low on the entire intertidal flat and no ridge-runnel structure could be observed. The wavelengths of ripple marks measured from in-situ observations have ranges from 4 to 10 cm that satisfies the Bragg scattering condition of the 1st-order in Envisat ASAR images operating in C-band, but not in JERS-1 SAR that used L-band. Through this study using SAR images, we could successfully analyze the sedimentary conditions of intertidal flats with ridge-runnel and ripple marks which are not easily observed by optical sensors. It is expected that the results of this study with SAR images will contribute to the sedimentary research over intertidal flats.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.122-125
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• 2004

Factor analysis is estimated using housewives's intention data in Seoul province. Rice consumers considered safety, high nutritive value, shape and cultivation region as important factors in buying rice. The factors of food safety are brand and quality certification mark. The differences of two housewife groups on safety factor are caused by residence type, employment existence and residence region. The marketing strategies for rice containing food safety target housewives living in apartment, Gang Nam region. Also selling extension for target consumers housewives should be employed.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.22-27
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• 2021

This paper is a purpose to study the failure examples for LPG vehicle. The first example, the researcher certified the incongruity phenomenon decreased engine power by ignition fire leakage because of spark plug threaded part damage assembling in cylinder head. The second example, the timing mark that accurately adjusting the camshaft and crankshaft position were twisted about 0.5 block each other. Finally, the researcher seeked the disharmony phenomenon as it couldn't set ignition timing. The third example, the researcher knew the failure phenomenon by interrupted the closing period for intake valve moving with air flow in the number 3 port of cylinder head as the foreign substance in cylinder head didn't remove. Therefore, the manager of a car has to thorough going inspect and the manufacture of a car must remove the cause of failure with quality assurance.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.258-273
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• 2019

Bilbao, Spain, made a mark as a example of the regional revitalization by culture and tourism. Korean Government have a perspective that culture and tourism could be an alternative to the regional crisis of manufacturing in 2018. The main purpose of this study is to analyze the locational specificity and the revival strategies for the regional development of Bilbao in a structural context. This could provide implications to the regional crisis of Korea. The main results are summarized as follows. Firstly, the local government of Bilbao has taken an active role, using not only its political and financial autonomy but also its locational advantage as an important nodal region of transnational trade networks in Europe. Secondly, Bilbao was able to sustain its regional revitalization initiatives for a long period by facilitating public-private partnership system. Finally, despite the effectiveness of the mega project and place marketing, low job security and the polarization of the service sector have emerged as a problem at the same time. Still, the deindustrialization of Bilbao could be possible due to the various services including knowledge-based services and financial services as well as culture and tourism.

• (The)Study of the Eastern Classic
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• no.56
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• pp.75-115
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• 2014

The text reviewed in this paper "Dongbangsaek is the Secret (Dongbangsaegi bigyeorira)" is in the collection of the Yulgok Memorial Library of Dankook University. With 13 leaves ($35.7{\times}22.3cm$) bound with thread, the booklet has been transcribed by hand. Although there is no record on the place, person and year of transcription, it is estimated to have been transcribed in the 20th century based on the use of the period, a punctuation mark. In addition, the complete absence of dialect vocabulary also shows that it was transcribed in the capital area-Seoul or Gyeonggi Province. It is assumed that the text is part of a Buddhist scripture chanted by an exorcist during a shamanistic ritual. As a booklet containing secret methods to divine what is auspicious and what is ominous in daily life, it must have been transcribed by an exorcist to use it for her ritual.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.1-14
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• 2021

This study examined the techniques of creating gardens overseas using native plants from the Korean peninsula, focusing on the case of 'Das Dritte Land', an art garden created in Berlin, Germany. While Korean garden artists are recognized worldwide and are planning to globalize Korean gardens, the purpose of this study is to share information so that Korean gardeners can expand their activities and rediscover the utilization and value of plants native to the Korean peninsula. The work began as part of a project to mark the 30th anniversary of the collapse of the Berlin Wall. To realize the landscape of Korea with the motif of Inwang Jesaekdo, the geographical shape of the Baekdu-Daegan trail was reproduced with black stone, and the naturalization of Korean peninsula species was utilized in the creation of a garden Berlin. It is a surreal bio-top utopia that blooms with the bio-groups of the Korean peninsula. This study examined the process of plant survey analysis, transportation and stabilization, planting planning, composition and monitoring, and targeting the self-growth of the Korean peninsula, which is a symbol of harmony between the South and the North. The planting of Korea's native plants in overseas gardens symbolizes the uniting of the ecosystems on the Korean peninsula. The process of the Korean peninsula's young plants taking root, flowering, and spreading along Germany's previously divided border metaphorically conveys the desire for the unification of the Korean peninsula. In addition, various art programs in the garden space suggest a foundation for cultural dialogue and communication between the two Koreas. Moreover, creating gardens overseas implies that the cooperation of plant research institutes plays an important role in the transfer of plants and the maintenance of life, while the advancement of Korean gardens overseas plays an essential role in the spread of garden culture in our country.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.55 no.2
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• pp.118-125
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• 2022

Background: A time course analysis was undertaken to evaluate how perioperative process-of-care and outcome measures evolved after implementation of an enhanced recovery after thoracic surgery (ERATS) program. Methods: Outcome and process-of-care measures were compared between patients undergoing major elective thoracic surgery during a 9-month pre-ERATS implementation period to those at 1-3, 4-6, and 7-9 months post-ERATS implementation. Outcome measures included length of stay, the 30-day readmission rate, 30-day emergency department visits, and minor and major adverse events. Process measures included first time to activity, out-of-bed, ambulation, fluid diet, diet as tolerated, as well as removal of the first and last chest tube, epidural, patient-controlled analgesia, and Foley and intravenous catheters. Results: In total, 704 patients (352 pre-ERATS, 352 post-ERATS) were included. Mobilization-related process measures, including time to first activity (16.5 vs. 6.8 hours, p<0.001), out-of-bed (17.6 vs. 8.9 hours, p<0.001), and ambulation (32.4 vs. 25.4 hours, p=0.04) saw statistically significant improvements by 1-3 months post-ERATS implementation compared to pre-ERATS. Time to Foley removal improved by 4-6 months post-ERATS (19.5 vs. 18.2 hours, p=0.003). Outcome measures, including the 30-day readmission rate and emergency department visits, steadily decreased post-ERATS. By 7-9 months post-ERATS, both minor (18.2% vs. 7.9%, p=0.009) and major (13.6% vs. 4.4%, p=0.007) adverse events demonstrated statistically significant improvements. Length of stay trended towards improvement from 6.2 days pre-ERATS to 4.8 days by 7-9 months post-ERATS (p=0.06). Conclusion: The adoption of ERATS led to improvements in multiple process-of-care measures, which may collectively and gradually achieve optimization of clinical outcomes.

• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.1-10
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• 2022

The Korean polysemic ending '-(eu)lgeol' can has two different meanings, 'guess' and 'regret'. These are expressed by different boundary-tone types: a rising tone for guess, a falling one for regret. Therefore the sentence-final boundary-tone type is the most salient prosodic feature. However, besides tone type, the pitch difference between the final and penultimate syllables of '-(eu)lgeol' can also affect semantic discrimination. To investigate this aspect, we conducted a perception test using two sentences that were morphologically and syntactically identical. These two sentences were spoken using different boundary-tone types by a Korean native speaker. From these two sentences, the experimental stimuli were generated by artificially raising or lowering the pitch of the boundary syllable by 1Qt while fixing the pitch of the penultimate syllable and boundary-tone type. Thirty Korean native speakers participated in three levels of perceptual test, in which they were asked to mark whether the experimental sentences they listened to were perceived as guess or regret. The results revealed that regardless of boundary-tone types, the larger the pitch difference between the final and penultimate syllable in the positive direction, the more likely it is perceived as guess, and the smaller the pitch difference in the negative direction, the more likely it is perceived as regret.