• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
• /
• v.49 no.2
• /
• pp.167-172
• /
• 2006

Purpose : Palpable lymph nodes are common in the pediatric population, and most of them are either inflammatory or congenital. As the diagnostic evaluation, fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is known to be more convenient and economical than tissue biopsy. We evaluated the usefulness of FNAC in children and adolescents. Methods : Four hundred and thirteen FNAC samples(M : F=1 : 1.15) were retrospectively analyzed in patients who were brought to Inha University Hospital, from August 1999 to August 2004. Results : The most common age group was 16-20 years of age(N=148, 35.8 percent). The cervical area was the most frequently involved site(N=310, 75 percent). Non-specific lymphadenitis was the most common(N=227, 54.9 percent), followed by the benign neoplasm(N=59, 14.2 percent). Malignant tumors were 18 cases(4.3 percent), and congenital diseases were found in 10 cases(2.4 percent). In inflammatory lesions, tuberculous lymphadenitis(N=22, 5.3 percent) was the most common with a histologic sensitivity of 90.9 percent. The peripheral blood and serologic studies were non-specific. Fifty nine percent(N=244) of lymphadenitis improved without specific management. Antibiotics were prescribed in 15.2 percent of lymphadenitis and lymphadenectomy was performed in 12.6 percent. Conclusion : Most of the enlarged lymph nodes in children and adolescents were benign. These results show FNAC is a safe, rapid and reliable diagnostic procedure for the appropriate differential diagnosis of enlarged lymph nodes in children and adolescents.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
• /
• v.30 no.3
• /
• pp.496-504
• /
• 1997

This study was carried out to estimate toxic effects of phenol on survival and metabolism of the abalone juvenile, Haliotis discus hannai. The experiment was conducted by renewal bioassay procedure with different salinities at $20^{\circ}C$. The $LC_{50}$ of the juvenile exposed to phenol in the range of 0.5 and $100mg/\ell\;was\;34.3\~6.5mg/\ell\;at\;2.4\%_{\circ}\;and\;52.2\~9.3m/\ell\;at\;32\%_{\circ}$ salinity with exposure time from 24 hours to 96 hours. $LT_{50}$ was remarkablely reduced with increase of phenol conentration and decrease of salinity. Lethal toxicity or phenol was higher at low salinity than at high salinity. Therefore, salinity is likely to be one of factor to increase phenol toxicity. The oxygen consumption of the juvenile was reduced with increase of phenol concentration and with decrease of salinity. In spite of phenol toxicity, the oxygen consumption of the juvenile exposed to phenol of low concentration was high and similar as compared with that of control group. Survival rates of the abalone kept in phenol-free sea water after exposure to phenol concentration of 5, 10 and $20mg/\ell$ for 96 hours were reduced with decrease of salinity. Durations required to recover the normal metabolic rate of the juvenile, which was exposed to phenol concentration of 5, 10 and $20mg/\ell$ for 96 hours, were made longer with increasing phenol concentration. In the case of the juvenile exposed to sublethal concentration of phenol for 15 days, it were elongated as compared with that of the abalone exposed to phenol concentration caused acute toxicity. The result of this experiment indicated that relatively low concentration of phenol can impact on the abalone juvenile in marine ecosystem.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
• /
• v.37 no.4
• /
• pp.301-311
• /
• 2011

Introduction: This study examined the effect of the application of low intensity pulsed ultrasound on bone healing after an injection of adipose tissue-derived stem cells (ADSCs) during the implantation of a titanium implant in the tibia of diabetes-induced rats. Materials and Methods: Twelve Sprague-Dawely rats were used. After inducing diabetes, the ADSCs were injected into the hole for the implant. Customized screw type implants, 2.0 mm in diameter and 3.5 mm in length, were implanted in both the tibia of the diabetes-induced rats. After implantation, LIPUS was applied with parameters of 3 MHz, 40 mW/$cm^2$, and 10 minutes for 7 days to the left tibiae (experimental group) of the diabetesinduced rats. The right tibiae in each rat were used in the control group. At 1, 2 and 4 week rats were sacrificed, and the bone tissues of both tibia were harvested. The bone tissues of the three rats in each week were used for bone-to-implant contact (BIC) and bone area (BA) analyses and the bone tissues of one rat were used to make sagittal serial sections. Results: In histomorphometric analyses, the BIC in the experimental and control group were respectively, $39.00{\pm}18.17%$ and $42.87{\pm}9.27%$ at 1 week, $43.74{\pm}6.83%$ and $32.27{\pm}6.00%$ at 2 weeks, and $32.62{\pm}11.02%$ and $47.10{\pm}9.77%$ at 4 weeks. The BA in experimental and control group were respectively, $37.28{\pm}3.68%$ and $31.90{\pm}2.84%$ at 1 week, $20.62{\pm}2.47%$ and $15.64{\pm}2.69%$ at 2 weeks, and $11.37{\pm}4.54%$ and $17.69{\pm}8.77%$ at 4 weeks. In immunohistochemistry analyses, Osteoprotegerin expression was strong at 1 and 2 weeks in the experimental group than the control group. Receptor activator of nuclear factor kB ligand expression showed similar staining at each week in the experimental and control group. Conclusion: These results suggest that the application of low intensity pulsed ultrasound after an injection of adipose tissue-derived stem cells during the implantation of titanium implants in the tibia of diabetes-induced rats provided some positive effect on bone regeneration at the early stage after implantation. On the other hand, this method is unable to increase the level of osseointegration and bone regeneration of the implant in an uncontrolled diabetic patient.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.35 no.10
• /
• pp.1336-1342
• /
• 2006

This study was performed to investigate the effect of ethanol extract of Chaenomeles sinensis Koehne (CS) on alcohol-induced liver damage in rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing $135{\pm}10g$ were divided into 6 groups for 4 weeks; normal group (ND), alcohol (35%, 10 mL/kg/day) treated group (ET), CS ethanol extract 200 mg/kg/day treated group (ND-CSL), CS ethanol extract 400 mg/kg/day treated group (ND-CSH), CS ethanol extract 200 mg/kg/day and alcohol treated group (ET-CSL), and CS ethanol extract 400 mg/kg/day and alcohol treated group (ET-CSH). The body weight gain and food efficiency ratio were no differences between ND and ET. There were increases in the activities of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), asparate aminotransferase (AST), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in ET. On the other hand, the administration of CS decreased ALT, AST and ALP activities in serum. It was also observed that the hepatic activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and xanthine oxidase (XO) increased by alcohol treatment were also markedly decreased in the CS administered groups as compared with ET. The activities of hepatic SOD, catalase, GSH-Px and XO were riot significantly different among the normal diet groups. Contents of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) were increased by the administration of alcohol, on the other hand, the administration of CS reduced TBARS value in the liver. In addition, the content of glutathione (GSH) in the liver was decreased by alcohol administration, however, GSH increased after administering CS. In conclusion, the administration of alcohol develops the hyperoxidation of liver lipids through tile increase in enzymes activity related to the lipid peroxiation, however, it was decreased after administring CS. Thus, CS may have a possible protective effect on ethanol-induced hepatotoxicity in rat liver.

• Food Science and Preservation
• /
• v.20 no.4
• /
• pp.451-458
• /
• 2013

The purpose of this research is to distinguish the quantitative determination of phytochemicals in various agricultural products and to optimize an HPLC method for the determination of lycopene, lutein, ${\alpha}$-carotene, ${\beta}$-carotene, and cryptoxanthin. Among the different conditions studied, the most suitable ones for our samples were the extraction with hexane/acetone/ethanol (50:25:25, v/v/v), dissolution of the dry extract in tetrahydrofuran/acetonitrile/methanol (15:30:55, v/v/v), injection on a $C_{18}$ column with methanol/acetonitrile (90:10, v/v) + triethylamine $9{\mu}M$ as mobile phase, and ${\lambda}_{detection}$=475 nm. The mean percent recovery for the HPLC method were $120.7{\pm}4.1%$ (lycopene), $89.2{\pm}3.5%$ (lutein), $91.2{\pm}2.9%$ (${\alpha}$-carotene), $99.1{\pm}4.4%$ (${\beta}$-carotene), and $100.0{\pm}5.3%$ (cryptoxanthin). The contents of lutein in the agricultural products were spinach, kiwi, tomato, blueberry, melon, respectively. However, the lycopene contents were the highest in the Black tomato ($56.66{\pm}7.48mg/kg$) and Jangseong tomato ($50.28{\pm}5.42mg/kg$). The concentration of ${\beta}$-carotene in all of the agricultural products ranged from 0.07 mg/kg to 65.03 mg/kg. The quercetin content of the agricultural products increased in the order of blueberry (986.57~1,054.06 mg/100 g), kiwi (44.96~55.09 mg/100 g), hallabong (31.92~35.60 mg/100 g), and tomato (26.38~34.94 mg/100 g). The highest kaempferol content was found in the blueberry (47.79~76.15 mg/100 g) with results in all of the tested samples varying between 6.54~48.11 mg/100 g. The total polyphenol contents of the various agricultural products increased in the blueberry (213.60~229.96 mg/100 g), spinach (112.50~141.67 mg/100 g) and kiwi (46.49~70.44 mg/100 g). The total flavonoid content was the highest in both blueberry and spinach. Vitamin C content was detected in kiwi > hallabong > tomato > blueberry, respectively. The total anthocyanin contents (TAC) was detected in the Damyang blueberry and the imported blueberry.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
• /
• v.32 no.2
• /
• pp.111-119
• /
• 2014

This study was carried out to investigate the quality characteristics and antioxidant activity of a functional drink prepared by mixed fermentation of oak mushroom extract and whey. As the ratio of oak mushroom extract increased, the pH value of the whey fermentative solution decreased proportionally, and the titratable acidity increased significantly. The number of lactic acid bacteria after 24 hours of culture was at a level of $10^{11}CFU/mL$ in all whey fermentative solutions containing oak mushroom extracts. DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities after 24 hours of culture were higher in a fermentative solution containing oak mushroom extract than in the control. After 24 hours of culture, the nitric oxide production in whey fermentation solution by LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells was lower compared to that in whey fermentation solution with oak mushroom. Sensory evaluation revealed that, color, flavor, taste, and overall acceptability of the whey fermentation solution sample, which contained 1.0% oak mushroom extract, were much better than those of the other groups. Sensory evaluation of a whey drink containing oak mushroom flavor indicated that the whey drink containing 0.001% oak mushroom flavor was better than the other samples.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
• /
• v.18 no.1
• /
• pp.73-83
• /
• 1993

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of various acid treatments on dentin bonding. Freshly extracted human teeth were uprightly embedded in self curing acrylic resin, and their occlusal surfaces were grinded to expose flat dentin surfaces. The specimens were divided into 4 groups. Specimens of one group were not treated so as to be a control and those of the other three groups were threated with 10% polyacrylic acid, 10% phosphoric acid, and 10-3 solution(10% citric acid/3% ferric chloride) respectively. Primer, bonding resin and composite resin were applied over the treated dentin surfaces sequentially. All specimens were stored in $37^{\circ}C$ distilled water for 24 hours, then the tensile bond strength was measured and the treated dentin surfaces and fracured dentin surfaces were examined under a scanning electron microscope. The results were as follows: Bond strengths of acid-treated groups were higher than those of the untreated group. In the acid-treated groups, bond strength was found to be the highest in the 10-3 solution group followed by the 10% phosphoric acid group and the 10% polyacrylic acid group(P<0.01). On SEM examination of dentin surfaces, the untreated dentin surface showed a remaining smear layer and closed dentinal tubules. Dentin surfaces treated with 10 % polyacrylic acid showed a clean dentin surface without the smear layer, but showed remaining smear plugs in dentinal tubules. A dentin surface treated with 10% phosphoric acid or 10-3 solution showed open dentinal tubules without the smear layer or smear plugs. On SEM observation of the fractured dentin-resin interface, the untreated group showed that failure occurred in the smear layer. The group treated with 10% polyacrylic acid showed no resin tag remained in the dentinal tubules, but resin tags in the dentinal tubules were observed in the group treated with the 10% phosphoric acid or the 10-3 solution. On the failure mode examination, the higher the bond strength of the group, the higher the frequency of cohesive failure. The coefficient between bond strength and cohesive failure rate was 0.71.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
• /
• v.4 no.1
• /
• pp.78-85
• /
• 1996

The effects of growth regulators, sucrose and gelling agents were investigated to increase the efficiency of the callus growth and plant regenerarion in tissue culture of Angelica koreana Max. The fresh weight and dry weight of subcultured callus was highest in MS medium supplemented with 1 mg/l 2,4-D. Callus growth was excellent in 2% sucrose, but it was inhibited in propotion to sucrose content. Effect of gelling agents on callus growth was highest on 1.2% agar and 0.4% Gelrite medium, respectively. The browning of callus was protected on the media supplemented with 10 mg/l ABA and 5 or 10 mg/l $AgNO_3$. In the callus induction and growth from the peduncle of immature inflorescence, 2,4-D was more effective than NAA, and the frequency of callus induction was highest as 81.7% in 2 mg/l 2,4-D. Plant was not regenerated from the callus derived from young leaf. Somatic embryos were developed from the surface of callus drived from the peduncle of immature inflorescence in the medium containing 0.5 mg/l 2,4-D, 1 mg/l kinetin, 5 mg/l ABA and 5 mg/l $AgNO_3$. Plants were developed from the matured somatic embryos in the medium supplemented with 0.2 mg/l 2,4-D and 1 mg/l kinetin.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
• /
• v.4 no.1
• /
• pp.68-73
• /
• 1996

Stem length, main root length and main root diameter showed rapid increasement in two-years-old and three-years-old peony. And there after, the increasement was almost finished. Occurrence of disease was increasing every cultivated year, especially the development of leaf spot was most serious. In propagation by root dividing method, the radix yield (kg/10a) was increasing every cultivated year. However, the difference of radix yield at four and five-years-old peony were not significant. The radix yield of four-years-old peony was higher 26% than three-years-old one. As cultivated year goes by, content of paeoniflorin was increasing then the content was highest at four-years-old peony (4.06%). In 1995, the content, had no certain tendency, was highest at three-years-old peony (3.14%). At hot air drying, browing of peony radix was increasing every cultivated year. If we consider radix yield and color, three-years-old peony was proper object of harvesting.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
• /
• v.33 no.4
• /
• pp.719-734
• /
• 1993

The electrocardiographic(ECG) parameters on the standard limb leads in the normal Korean native cattle have been measured with a 3 channel Electrocardiograph built in a computed analysis. The study was conducted on the animals 98 heads of mean age of 17.7 months. Conduction parameters, waves, intervals and segments have been recorded. The recordings were analyzed as to shape and amplitude of the P and T waves and the components of the QRS complex. Heart rate was recorded by the Electrocardiogram which were a mean of $80.4{\pm}11.6beats/min$. And the younger had a higher heart rate than the older one. Average conduction times in the RP, the QRS complex and the QTc interval recorded $166.7{\pm}23.1msec.$, $79.7{\pm}8.8msec.$ and $395.5{\pm}30.4msec.$, in the P and T wave duration recorded $70.1{\pm}13.5msec.$ and $97.6{\pm}16.9msec.$, and in the PR and ST segment duration recorded $97.9{\pm}23.5msec.$ and $173.9{\pm}40.3msec.$, respectively. The wave forms in each lead observed various types. The amplitudes of wave type showed the highest frequency in each lead that were analyzed as follow : 1. In P wave, amplitudes of the positive type showed the frequency of 65.3%, 82.7% and 52.0% in leads I, II and III that were $103.1{\pm}47.8{\mu}V$, $115.2{\pm}37.3{\mu}V$ and $67.4{\pm}26.9{\mu}V$, and it showed the frequency of 54.1% and 85.7% in the leads aVL and aVF that were $63.7{\pm}23.0{\mu}V$, $88.0{\pm}83.6{\mu}V$, respectively. Average amplitude of the negative type showed the frequency of 78.6% in lead aVR which was $99.3{\pm}38.0{\mu}V$. 2. Average amplitude of the QRS complex were from $362.8{\pm}177.7{\mu}V$ to $532.8{\pm}253.9{\mu}V$(mean of $449.1{\pm}57.2{\mu}V$) that in all leads except lead I were manifested the Low-Voltage QRS complex(below 0.5mV). Average amplitudes of each wave type in the QRS complex aere $-50.2.4{\pm}258.2{\mu}V$ and $-428.6{\pm}195.1{\mu}V$ in the QS groups type that showed a frequency of 66.3%, 70.4% in the leads I and aVL, were $451.1{\pm}20.4.0{\mu}V$, $387.6{\pm}175.8{\mu}V$ and $299.3{\pm}146.5{\mu}V$ in the R groups type that showed a frequency of 48.0%, 53.1% and 34.7% in the leads III, aVR and aVF, and were $-307.5{\pm}180.3{\mu}V$, $201.4{\pm}77.2{\mu}V$ in the QR wave type which showed a frequency of 39.8% in lead II, respectively. 3. In T wave, amplitude of the positive type showed the frequency of 50.0%, 82.7%, 51.0% and 57.1% in leads II, III aVR and aVF which were $214.9{\pm}115.6{\mu}V$, $188.5{\pm}119.3{\mu}V$, $191.0{\pm}93.7{\mu}V$ and $165.7{\pm}91.9{\mu}V$, and the negative type showed a frequecny of 66.3% and 72.5% in leads I and aVL. that were $221.3{\pm}112.5{\mu}V$, $-173.6{\pm}86.7{\mu}V$, respectively. 4. Amplitude of ST segment in leads I, II and III were a mean of $-12.2{\pm}37.2{\mu}V$, $17.5{\pm}42.6{\mu}V$ and $28.3{\pm}40.4{\mu}V$, in leads aVR, aVL and aVF were $-3.9{\pm}32.5{\mu}V$, $-15.9{\pm}35.6{\mu}V$ and $26.2{\pm}37.5{\mu}V$, respectively.