• Journal of Korean Philosophical Society
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• v.131
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• pp.303-330
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• 2014

Les avis des philosophes sur la mort sont $diff{\acute{e}}rentes$ selon leurs visions du monde. Certains essaient de surmonter la peur sur la mort, en $n{\acute{e}}gligeant$ la mort, et certains essaient de vivre le vraie vie par la $m{\acute{e}}ditation$ de la mort. Chez Kierkegaard la notion de la mort se $pr{\acute{e}}sente$ comme key-world $tr{\grave{e}}s$ important, et cela signifie qu'il parle par la mort une vie $s{\acute{e}}rieuse$ et vraie. Pour Kierkegaard la mort signifie d'abord la mort de la vie mondaine ou la $n{\acute{e}}gation$ de soi, cela est en faveur de sa conception de la nature humaine $o{\grave{u}}$ l'homme est fondamentalement un ${\hat{e}}tre$ $probl{\grave{e}}matique$ et ${\grave{a}}$ la fois ceuli qui a un rapport avec $l^{\prime}{\acute{e}}ternel$. Le $d{\acute{e}}sespoir$ de l'homme sur la vie $pr{\acute{e}}sente$ peut devenir 'la maladie qui entraîne la mort' c'est-${\grave{a}}$-dire la mort spirituelle, mais il peut donner aussi une chemin par laquelle l'homme se dirige en tant qu'individu vers l'Absolu. Chez lui ${\hat{e}}tre$ $s{\acute{e}}rieux$ signifie devenir existentiellement par la $n{\acute{e}}gation$ de soi. Et l'absence de la $sinc{\acute{e}}rit{\acute{e}}$ signifie l'absence de soi en tnat $qu^{\prime}{\hat{e}}tre$ spirituel. Ainsi la $pens{\acute{e}}e$ $s{\acute{e}}rieuse$ sur la mort $n^{\prime}{\acute{e}}tant$ autre chose que de penser la mort comme la partie de $l^{\prime}{\hat{e}}tre$ $pr{\acute{e}}sent$, elle devient la source ${\acute{e}}nergique$ qui permet de vivre pleinement le $pr{\acute{e}}sent$ comme $r{\acute{e}}alit{\acute{e}}$ $li{\acute{e}}$ ${\acute{a}}$ $l^{\prime}{\acute{e}}ternit{\acute{e}}$. Sa $pens{\acute{e}}e$ $s{\acute{e}}rieuse$ sur la mort permet d'avoir une conviction religieuse par laquelle l'homme peut penser la mort corporelle comme aventure $li{\acute{e}}e$ ${\grave{a}}$ $l^{\prime}{\acute{e}}ternit{\acute{e}}$ et par laquelle l'homme peut penser aussi la vie $apr{\grave{e}}s$ la mort comme vraie vie que les justes avaient $d{\acute{e}}sir{\acute{e}}s$. Cette $pens{\acute{e}}e$ de Kierkegaard sur la mort signifie le sens $m{\acute{e}}taphysique$ sur la mort au sens $o{\grave{u}}$ elle est une $r{\acute{e}}alit{\acute{e}}$ $v{\acute{e}}cue$, et aussi la $pens{\acute{e}}e$ qui ${\acute{e}}claircit$ la sagesse des philosophes antiques ${\grave{a}}$ la perspective $chr{\acute{e}}tienne$ qui dit philosopher, c'est apprendre ${\grave{a}}$ mourir.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.54 no.4
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• pp.330-342
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• 2018

The Streptavidin and Biotin system has been studied most extensively as the high affinity non-covalent binding of Biotin to STR ($K_D=10^{-14}M$) and four Biotin binding sites in tetrameric Streptavidin makes this system useful for the production of multivalent antibody. For the application of this system, we cloned Streptavidin amplified from Streptomyces avidinii chromosome by PCR and fused to gene of hAY4 single-chain Fv antibody specific to death receptor 4 (DR4) which is a receptor for tumor necrosis factor ${\alpha}$ related apoptosis induced ligand. The hAY4 single-chain Fv antibody fused to Streptavidin expressed in Escherichia coli showed 43 kDa monomer in heated SDS-PAGE. However, this fusion protein shown in both non-heated SDS-PAGE and Size-exclusion chromatography exhibited 172 kDa as a tetramer suggesting that natural tetramerization of Streptavidin by non-covalent association induced hAY4 single-chain Fv tetramerization. This fusion protein retained a Biotin binding activity similar to natural Streptavidin as shown in Ouchterlony assay and ELISA. Death receptor 4 antigen binding activity of purified hAY4 single-chain Fv fused to Streptavidin was also confirmed by ELISA and Westernblot. In addition, surface plasmon resonance analysis showed 60-fold higher antigen binding affinity of the hAY4-STR than monomeric hAY4 ScFv due to tetramerization. In summary, hAY4 single-chain Fv fused to Streptavidin fusion protein was successfully expressed and purified as a soluble tetramer in E. coli and showed both Biotin and DR4 antigen binding activity suggesting possible production of bifunctional and tetrameric ScFv antibody.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.75-82
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• 2013

The simultaneous analysis and monitoring of aflatoxin $B_1$, $G_1$, $B_2$, $G_2$ and ochratoxin A in foods were carried out by HPLC with fluorescence detection. The samples were extracted with methanol/water mixture. The extract was centrifuged, diluted with phosphate buffer saline (PBS), filtered, and applied to an immunoaffinity column containing antibodies specific to both aflatoxins and ochratoxin A. After washing the column with PBS and water, the toxins were eluted from the column with methanol, and quantified by HPLC, with a run time of approximately 30 min. The recoveries for aflatoxin $B_1$, $G_1$, $B_2$, $G_2$ and ochratoxin A in foods were 78.4~101.5%, 73.3~102.1%, 81.7~106.7%, 67.0~104.6% and 78.7~120.8%, respectively. The limits of detection of aflatoxins and ochratoxin A ranged from 0.05 to $0.18{\mu}g/kg$. According to monitoring result with the established method, aflatoxin $B_1$ and ochratoxin A were found in 13 of 151 domestic commercial foods. The contamination levels were $0.32{\sim}1.80{\mu}g/kg$ for aflatoxin $B_1$ and $0.97{\mu}g/kg$ for ochratoxin A. Therefore, this study showed all commercial foods monitored were safe under the Korean standards for aflatoxins and ochratoxin A.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.435-447
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• 2011

This study was investigated to determine the contents of sulfur dioxide residues in medicinal herbs in Seoul Yang Nyoung Shi in 2010 (1,522 samples of 189 kinds). Samples were measured by modified Monier-Williams method. of the total samples, 618 samples (84 kinds) were domestic, and 904 samples (158 kinds) were imported. The content of sulfur dioxide in the domestics showed the range of 0.0 to 1,298.0 mg/kg (average 12.7 mg/kg), while those in imported samples were the range of 0.0 to 3,982.2 mg/kg (average 42.4 mg/kg). The average (mg/kg) amount of sulfur dioxide by parts in medicinal herbs was as follows; Tuber 122.3, Radix 69.3, Rhizoma 37.4, Cortex 33.3, Fructus 8.8, Ramulus 4.9, Semen 4.6, Folium 3.4, Flos 2.7, Perithecium 1.4. of the total samples (1,522), 52 samples (3.4%) were violated the KFDA regulatory guidance of sulfur dioxide. Among these 52 unsuitable samples, 16 samples (7 kinds) were domestic, and 36 samples (23 kinds) were imported. Approximately 88.1% of the total samples was less than 10 mg/kg of sulfur dioxide and 6.3% of the total samples showed more than 30 mg/kg of sulfur dioxide.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.14
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• pp.123-131
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• 1973

1. In order to evaluate the performance of the $F_2$ and $F_3$ generations of $F_1$ varietal crosses which in past trials yielded better than or as high as the recommended double-cross hybrids, eleven yellow and five white-endosperm $F_1$ varietal crosses, their $F_2$ and $F_3$ generations, and the parental open-pollinated varieties together with the standard double-cross hybrids were tested in performance trials in the 1963 wet and 1963-64 dry seasons. The former trials, however, failed due to a strong typhoon that damaged the crop. 2. Net hybrid vigor was highly manifested in grain yield in the $F_1$ varietal crosses, which on the average was 39.9 per cent of the mid-parent yields. Reduction in heterosis was 27.2 per cent in the $F_2$and 30.3 per cent in the $F_3$ generation, respectively. 3. A fairly high degree of reduction in yield occurred in the $F_2$ and $F_3$ generation. On the average, the $F_2$ generation decreased by 17.6 per cent and the $F_3$ by 20.7 per cent. The losses in two generations were exhibited in two levels; four crosses decreased by 10.9 per cent and twelve combinations by 22.0 per cent. The advanced generations of one yellow cross, Cuban Yellow Flint ${\times}$ Hawaiian Flinty Dent, and three white flint crosses, Bicol White Flint ${\times}$ Eto Blanco, College White Flint ${\times}$ Eto Blanco and Bicol White Flint ${\times}$ Nariono 330b, yielded as high as Philippine Hybrid No.1 and Philippine Hybrid No.4, respectively. 4. No significant differences in yield were obtained between the $F_2$ and $F_3$ populations, showing that genetic equilibrium was reached in $F_2$, as may be expected in view of the Hardy-Weinberg law on panmixis. 5. As in past trials, Hawaiian Flinty Dent, a variety, yielded as high as Philippine Hybrid No. 1.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.409-420
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• 2008

The highland area remained bare for the winter and spring seasons and this condition has resulted in soil erosion. In this areas, crop rotation by legume has not been commonly practiced. Thus, this study was carried out to evaluate the effects of the growth characteristics and nitrogen yield as a green manure crop according to sowing seasons of hairy vetch and woolly pod vetch. In this experiment, we was investigated the growth characteristics, winter tolerance, soil coverage and productivities of hairy vetch and woolly pod vetch. We cultivated two hairy vetch(Madison, H1) and two woolly pod vetch(Naomi, Haymaker) varieties in the highland area from 2006 to 2007. The result are summarized as follows; The plant height of hairy vetch increased with the progress of growth stage until flowering stage. The wintering rate of hairy vetch was $79{\sim}83%$ in highland area. But, the wintering rate of woolly pod vetch was $29.5{\sim}39.2%$. The 100% soil coverage of hairy vetch was reached between end of May and beginning of June under autumn sowing, and between end of June and beginning of July under spring sowing. The weeds density of hairy vetch field under autumn sowing was lower than that under spring sowing. Dry matter yield of hairy vetch was significantly higher than that of woolly pod vetch under autumn sowing. The dry matter yield of hairy vetch and woolly pod vetch were $5,255{\sim}5,405kg/ha$ and $3,520{\sim}3,640kg/ha$, respectively. But, hairy vetch in spring sowing was not significantly higher fresh matter yield than that of woolly pod vetch. The nitrogen content in hairy vetch and woolly pod vetch was $2.98{\sim}3.08$ and $2.74{\sim}3.21%$, respectively. There were no significant difference in nitrogen content of the hairy vetch and woolly pod vetch under the spring sowing. N-uptake of hairy vetch was significantly higher than that of woolly pod vetch in autumn sowing. The N uptake was $156{\sim}164\;kg/ha$ in hairy vetch and $96{\sim}101\;kg/ha$ in woolly pod vetch under autumn sowing. It was thought that hairy vetch was better than woolly pod vetch as a green manure crop in autumn sowing considering wintering rate and yield of dry matter in highland area. And woolly pod vetch could use as a green manure crop under spring sowing in highland area.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.42 no.5
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• pp.330-335
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• 2009

This study was conducted to reclassify Jangho series based on the second edition of Soil Taxonomy : A Basic System of Soil Classification for Making and Interpreting Soil Surveys. Morphological properties of typifying pedon of Jangho series were investigated and physico-chemical properties were analyzed according to Soil Survey Laboratory Methods Manual. The typifying pedon of Jangho series has very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) gravelly silt loam A horizon (0~14 cm), very dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) silty clay BAt horizon (14~31 cm), dark brown (7.5YR 3/4) silty clay Bt1 horizon (31~58 cm), brown (7.5YR 4/4) silty clay Bt2 horizon (58~90 cm), and brown (7.5YR 4/4) clay Bt3 (90~120 cm) horizon. That is developed on river terraces. The typifying pedon has an argillic horizon from a depth of 14 to more than 120 cm and a base saturation (sum of cations) of less than 35% at 125 cm below the upper boundary of the argillic horizon. That can be classified as Ultisol. The typifying pedon has 0.9 % or more organic carbon in the upper 15 cm of the argillic horizon, and can be classified as Humult, which is reported for the first time in Korea. That does not have fragipan, kandic horizon, sombric horizon, plinthite, etc. in the given depths, and keys out as Haplohumult. Also that meets the requirements of Typic Haplohumult. That has 35 % or more clay at the particle-size control section, and has mesic soil temperature regime. Jangho series can be classified as fine, mixed, mesic family of Typic Haplohumults, not as fine silty over clayey, mixed, mesic family of Mollic Hapludalfs.

• FLOWER RESEARCH JOURNAL
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.186-192
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• 2010

An infrared heating system, installed in a small venlo-type glasshouse ($280m^2$) in Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Korea, was used to investigate its heating effect with potted Phalaenopsis, Schefflera arboricola 'Hongkong', Ficus elastica 'Variegata', and Rosa hybrida 'Yellow King' as the test plants. Temperature changes in test plants with the system turned 'On' and 'Off' were measured by using an infrared camera and the consumption of electricity by this infrared heating system was measured and analyzed. In potted Phalaenopsis, when the set air temperature of the greenhouse was $18^{\circ}C$, temperature of leaves and the growing medium were $22.8{\sim}27^{\circ}C$ and $21.3{\sim}24.3^{\circ}C$, respectively. In such tall plants as Schefflera arboricola 'Hongkong' and Ficus elastica 'Variegata', the upper part showed the highest temperature of 24.0 and $26.9^{\circ}C$, respectively. From the results of temperature change measurements, the plant temperatures were near or above the set point temperatures with some fluctuations depending on the position or distance from the infrared heating system. When air temperature between night and dawn dropped sharply, plant temperatures were maintained close to the set temperature ($18^{\circ}C$). There was a significant difference between 'On' and 'Off' states of the infrared heating system in average temperatures of root zone and leaf: 21.8 and $17.8^{\circ}C$ with the system 'On' and 20.4 and $15.5^{\circ}C$ with the system 'Off', respectively, in a cut rose Rosa hybrida 'Yellow King'. The heating load was about $24,850{\sim}35,830kcal{\cdot}h^{-1}$, which comes to about 27,000~40,000 won in Korean currency when calculated in terms of the cost of heating by a hot water heating system heated by petroleum. The cost for heating by the infrared heating system was about 35% of that of a hot water heating system. With the infrared heating system, the air temperature during the night was maintained slightly lower than the set point air temperature, probably due to the lack of air tightness of the glasshouse. Therefore, glasshouses with an infrared heating system requires further investigation including the installation space of the heat-emitting units, temperature sensor positions, and convection.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.61 no.4
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• pp.330-338
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• 2006

Background: The main factors associated with weight loss in patients with COPD are not well known. Since chronic inflammation and oxidative stress play a major pathogenic role in COPD, these factors may be responsible for the patients' weight loss. Therefore, this study measured the body mass index (BMI) in COPD patients and evaluated the variables, such as systemic inflammatory marker, oxidative stress and lung function, that correlate with the BMI. Method: The stable COPD patients (M:F=49:4, mean age=$68.25{\pm}6.32$) were divided into the lower (<18.5), normal (18.5-25) and higher (>25) BMI group. The severity of the airway obstruction was evaluated by measuring the $FEV_1$. The serum IL-6 and TNF-$\alpha$ levels were measured to determine the degree of systemic inflammation, and the carbonyl protein and 8-iso-prostaglandin $F_2{\alpha}$ level was measured to determine the level of oxidative stress. Each value in the COPD patients and normal control was compared with the BMI. Results: 1) Serum 8-iso-prostaglandin $F_2{\alpha}$ in COPD patients was significantly higher ($456.08{\pm}574.12pg/ml$) than that in normal control ($264.74{\pm}143.15pg/ml$) (p<0.05). However, there were no significant differences in the serum IL-6, TNF-$\alpha$, carbonyl protein between the COPD patients and normal controls. 2). In the COPD patients, the $FEV_1$ of the lower BMI group was significantly lower ($0.93{\pm}0.25L$) than that of the normal BMI ($1.34{\pm}0.52L$) and higher BMI groups ($1.72{\pm}0.41L$) (p<0.05). The lower $FEV_1$ was significantly associated with a lower BMI in COPD patients (p=0.002, r=0.42). The BMI of very severe COPD patients was significantly lower ($19.8{\pm}2.57$) than that of the patients with moderate COPD ($22.6{\pm}3.14$) (p<0.05). 3). There were no significant differences in the serum IL-6, TNF-$\alpha$, carbonyl protein and 8-iso-prostaglandin $F_2{\alpha}$ according to the BMI in the COPD patients. Conclusion: The severity of the airway obstruction, not the systemic inflammatory markers and oxidative stress, might be associated with the BMI in stable COPD patients. Further study will be needed to determine the factors associated with the decrease in the BMI of COPD patients.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.321-330
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• 1999

Background : Early diagnosis and proper antibiotic treatment are very important in the management of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) because of its high mortality. Bronchoscopy with a protected specimen brush (PSB) has been considered the standard method to isolate the causative organisms of VAP. However, this method burdens consumer economically to purchase a PSB. Another useful method for the diagnosis of VAP is quantitative cultures of aspirated specimens through bronchoscopic bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), for which the infusion of more than 120 m1 of saline has been recommended for adequate sampling of a pulmonary segment. However, occasionally it leads to deterioration of the patient's condition. We studied the diagnostic efficacy of minibronchoalveolar lavage (miniBAL), which retrieves only 25 ml of BAL fluid, in the isolation of causative organisms of VAP. Methods: We included 38 consecutive patients (41 cases) suspected of having VAP on the basis of clinical evidence, who had received antibiotics before the bronchoscopy. The two diagnostic techniques of PSB and miniBAL, which were performed one after another at the same pulmonary segment, 'were compared prospectively. The cut-off values for quantitative cultures to define causative bacteria of VAP were more than $10^3$ colony-forming units (cfu)/ml for PSB and more than $10^4$ cfu/ml for BAL. Results: The amount of instilled normal saline required to retrieve 25 ml of BAL fluid was $93{\pm}32 ml$ (mean${\pm}$SD). The detection rate of causative agents was 46.3% (19/41) with PSB and 43.9% (18/41) with miniBAL. The concordance rate of PSB and miniBAL in the bacterial culture was 85.4% (35/41). Although arterial blood oxygen saturation dropped significantly (p<0.05) during ($92{\pm}10%$) and 10 min after ($95{\pm}3%$) miniBAL compared with the baseline ($97{\pm}3%$), all except 3 cases were within normal ranges. The significantly elevated heart rate during ($l25{\pm}24$/min, p<0.05) miniBAL compared with the baseline ($1l1{\pm}22$/min) recovered again in 10 min after ($111{\pm}26$/min) miniBAL. Transient hypotension was developed during the procedure in two cases. The procedure was stopped in one case due to atrial flutter. Conclusion: MiniBAL is a safe and effective technique to detect the causative organisms of VAP.