• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.155-167
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• 2005

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to investigate the anti-inflammatory effect of Cobrotoxin on binding affinity of cobrotoxin with P50, $IKK{\alpa}$ and $IKK{\beta}$, activities of NF-${\kappa}B$, Cell viability of astrocyte, expressions of protein molecules of NF-${\kappa}B$ such as P50, P-$1{kappa}B$, $1{\kappa}B$ and iflammation related genes such as Cox-2, iNOS, cPLA2 in the SNP or LPS induced Inflammatory pathway of Rats' astrocytes. Methods : In this study, The expression of cytosolic phospholipase A2, Nitric oxcide, Cyclooxygenase-2 and inducible nitrogen oxide synthase was determined by western blotting with corresponding antibodies, and the generation of NF-${\kappa}B$ was assayed by EMSA method in astrocytes of rats. The Cell viability of astrocytes was determined by MTT assay, and Binding affinity of Cobrotoxin with P50, $IKK{\alpha}$ and $IKK{\beta}$ was assayed by Surface plasmon resonance analysis, and NF-${\kappa}B$ dependent luciferase activity was determined by luciferase analysis, and Uptake of cobrotoxin in astrocytes was identified by Confocal laser scanning microscope Results : 1. Compared with control, LPS-induced NF-${\kappa}B$ DNA binding activity was decreased significantly by 0.1, $0.5{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ of Cobrotoxin in Astrocyte. 2. Compared with control, LPS-induced NF-kB dependent luciferase expression was decreased significantly by 0.1, 0.5 and $1{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ of Cobrotoxin in Astrocyte. 3. Compared with control, SNP induced P50, $I{\kappa}B$ expressions in astrocyte were decreased significantly by 0.1, 0.5 and $1{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ of Cobrotoxin and P-$1{\kappa}B$ expression was decreased significantly by 0.5 and $1{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ of Cobrotoxin. 4. Compared with control, LPS induced P50, $1{\kappa}B$ expressions in astrocyte were decreased significantly by 0.5 and $1{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ of Cobrotoxin. 5. Compared with control, SNP induced Cox-2, iNOS, CPLA2 expressions in astrocyte were decreased significantly by $1{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ of Cobrotoxin. 6. Compared with control, LPS induced Cox-2, cPLA2 expressions in astrocyte were decreased significantly by 0.1, 0.5, $1{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ of Cobrotoxin and iNOS expression was decreased significantly by 0.5, $1{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ of Cobrotoxin. 7. Compared with $0.5{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ of Cobrotoxin, SNP-induced NF-${\kappa}B$ DNA bindins activity in astrocyte was increased significantly by Cobrotoxin $0.5{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ with DTT 1mM and Cobrotoxin $0.5{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ with DTT 5mM. 8. Compared with $0.5{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ of Cobrotoxin, LPS-induced NF-${\kappa}B$ DNA binding activity in astrocyte was increased significantly by Cobrotoxin $0.5{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ with DTT 1mM, Cobrotoxin $0.5{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ with DTT 5mM, Cobrotoxin $0.5{\mu}g/m{\ell}$with GSH 1mM and Cobrotoxin $0.5{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ with GSH 5mM 9. Compared with $0.1{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ of cobrotoxin, SNP induced P50 expressions in astrocyte were increased significantly by Cobrotoxin $0.5{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ with DTT 1mM, Cobrotoxin $0.5{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ with DTT 5mM Cobrotoxin $0.5{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ with GSH 1mM and Cobrotoxin $0.5{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ with GSH 5mM. 10. The uptake of the labeled cobrotoxin into the cells was shown under a confocal laser scanning microscope. cobrotoxin was uptaken into the membrane and nucleus of astrocytes. Conclusions : In summary, the present results demonstrate that cobrotoxin directly binds to sulfhydryl group of p50 and IKKS resulting In the reduction of translocation of p50 and IkB release, thereby inhibits activation of NF-${\kappa}B$, and suggest that pico to nanomolar range of cobrotoxin could inhibit the expression of genes in the NF-${\kappa}B$ signal pathway.

• Journal of KIISE:Computer Systems and Theory
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• v.29 no.12
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• pp.665-679
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• 2002

The fault diameter of a graph G is the maximum of lengths of the shortest paths between all two vertices when there are $\chi$(G) - 1 or less faulty vertices, where $\chi$(G) is connectivity of G. In this paper, we analyze the fault diameter of recursive circulant $G(2^m,2^k)$ with $k{\geq}3$. Let $ dia_{m.k}$ denote the diameter of $G(2^m,2^k)$. We show that if $2{\leq}m,2{\leq}k, the fault diameter of $G(2{\leq}m,2{\leq}k)$ is equal to $2^m-2$, and if m=k+1, it is equal to $2^k-1$. It is also shown that for m>k+1, the fault diameter is equal to di a_$m{\neq}1$(mod 2k); otherwise, it is less than or equal to$dia_{m.k+2}$.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.516-524
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• 1997

Background : Cancer invasion and metastasis require the dissolution of the extracellular matrix in which several proteolytic enzymes are involved. One of these enzymes is the urokinase-type plasminogen activator(u-PA), and plasminogen activator inhibitors(PAI-1, PAI-2) also have a possible role in cancer invasion and metastasis by protection of cancer itself from proteolysis by u-PA. It has been reported that the levels of u-PA and plasminogen activator inhibitors in various cancer tissues are significantly higher than those in normal tissues and have significant correlations with tumor size and lymph node involvement. Here, we measured the concentration of plasma u-PA and PAI-1 antigens in the patients with lung cancer and compared the concentration of them with histologic types and staging parameters. Methods : We measured the concentration of plasma u-PA and PAI-1 antigens using commercial ELISA kit in 37 lung cancer patients, 21 benign lung disease patients and 24 age-matched healthy controls, and we compared the concentration of them with histologic types and staging parameters in lung cancer patients. Results : The concentration of u-PA was $1.0{\pm}0.3ng/mL$ in controls, $1.0{\pm}0.3ng/mL$ in benign lung disease patients and $0.9{\pm}0.3ng/mL$ in lung cancer patients. The concentration of PAI-1 was $14.2{\pm}6.7ng/mL$ in controls, $14.9{\pm}6.3ng/mL$ in benign lung disease patients, and $22.1{\pm}9.8ng/mL$ in lung cancer patients. The concentration of PAI-1 in lung cancer patients was higher than those of benign lung disease patients and controls. The concentration of u-PA was $0.7{\pm}0.4ng/mL$ in squamous cell carcinoma, $0.8{\pm}0.3ng/mL$ in adenocarcinoma, 0.9ng/mL in large cell carcinoma, and $1.1{\pm}0.7ng/mL$ in small cell carcinoma. The concentration of PAI-1 was $22.3{\pm}7.2ng/mL$ in squamous cell carcinoma, $22.6{\pm}9.9ng/mL$ in adenocarcinoma, 42 ng/mL in large cell carcinoma, and $16.0{\pm}14.2ng/mL$ in small cell carcinoma. The concentration of u-PA was 0.74ng/mL in stage I, $1.2{\pm}0.6ng/mL$ in stage II, $0.7{\pm}0.4ng/mL$ in stage IIIA, $0.7{\pm}0.4ng/mL$ in stage IIIB, and $0.7{\pm}0.3ng/mL$ in stage IV. The concentration of PAI-1 was 21.8ng/mL in stage I, $22.7{\pm}8.7ng/mL$ in stage II, $18.4{\pm}4.9ng/mL$ in stage IIIA, $25.3{\pm}9.0ng/mL$ in stage IIIB, and $21.5{\pm}10.8ng/mL$ in stage IV. When we divided T stage into T1-3 and T4, the concentration of u-PA was $0.8{\pm}0.4ng/mL$ in T1-3 and $0.7{\pm}0.4ng/mL$ in T4, and the concentration of PAI-1 was $17.9{\pm}5.6ng/mL$ in T1-3 and $26.1{\pm}9.1ng/mL$ in T4. The concentration of PAI-1 in T4 was significantly higher than that in T1-3. The concentration of u-PA was $0.8{\pm}0.4ng/mL$ in M0 and $0.7{\pm}0.3ng/mL$ in M1, and the concentration of PAI-1 was $23.6{\pm}8.3ng/mL$ in M0 and $21.5{\pm}10.8ng/mL$ in M1. Conclusions : The plasma levels of PAI-1 in lung cancer were higher than benign lung disease and controls, and the plasma levels of PAI-1 in T4 were significantly higher than T1-3. These findings suggest involvement of PAI-1 with local invasion of lung cancer, but it should be confirmed by the data on comparison with pathological staging and tissue level in lung cancer.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.169-183
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• 2005

Objective : The purpose of this study was to investigate the anti-caner effect of cobrotoxin on the prostatic cancer cell line (PC-3).The goal of study is to ascertain whether cobrotoxin inhibits tile cell growth and cell cycle of PC-3, or the expression of relative genes and whether the regression of PC-3 cell growth is due to cell death or the expression of gene related to apoptosis. Methods : After the treatment of Pc-3 cells with cobrotoxin, we performed 형광현미경, MTT assay, Western blotting, Flow cytometry, PAGE electrophoresis and Surface plasmon resonance analysis to identify the cell viability, cell death, apoptosis, the changes of cell cycle and the related protein, Adk, MAP kinase. Results : 1. Compared with normal cell, the inhibition of cell growth reduced in proportion with the dose of cobrotoxin(0-16nM) in PC-3. 2. Cell viabilities of 0.1, 1, 4nM cobrotoxin treatment were decreased and those of 8, 16nM were decreased significantly. 3. S phase of cell cycle was decreased at the group of 1, 2, 4, 8, 16nM cobrotoxin, but M phase was increased at 0.1, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16nM cobrotoxin. 4. Cox-2 expression after cobrotoxin was peaked at 12hours and was decreased significantly after 6, 12, 24 hours. 5. The expression of Cdk4 was decreased dose-dependently at 1, 2, 4, 8nM cobrotoxin and was decreased siginificantly at 4, 8nM Cyclin D1 was decreased at 1, 2, 4, 8nM and Cycline E was not changed. Cycline B was decreased at 1, 2, 4, 8nM dose-dependently and was decreased siginificanlty at 2, 4, 8nM. 6. The expression of Akt was decreased at 1, 2, 4, 8nM dose-dependently and was decreased significantly at 2, 4, 8nM. 7. ERK was increased at 1, 2nM and decreased at 4, 8nM, p-ERK was increased at 1, 2, 4 nM, but decreased at 8nM. JNK and p-JNK were increased at 1, 4, 8 nM. p38 was increased at 2nM p-p38 was increased at lnM but decreased significantly at 2, 4, 8nM. 8. The nucli of normal cells were stained round and homogenous in DAPI staining, but those of PC-3 were stained condense and splitted. Apoptosis was increased dose-dependently at 2, 4, 8, 16nM and increased significantly at 2, 4, 8, 16nM. 9. Bax wasn`t changed at 1, 2, 4, 8nM and Bcl-2 was decreased significantly at 1, 2, 4, 8nM. Caspase 3 and 9 weren`t changed at 1, 2, 4nM but were decreased significantly at 8nM. Conclusions : These results indicate that cobrotoxin inhibits the growth of prostate Cancer cells, has anti-cancer effects by inducing apoptosis.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.267-274
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• 2016

This study was conducted to examine the physicochemical properties and antioxidant activities of medicinal fruit extracts (Corni fructus, Schizandra chinensis, Rubus coreanus Miquel and Lycii folium) with different extraction mixing ratios (MS, an equal ratio of the medicinal fruit = 1.25:1.25:1.25:1.25; M1, 2:1:1:1; M2, 1:2:1:1; M3, 1:1:2:1 and M4, 1:1:1:2) from medicinal fruit. pH, sugar content and acidity of the extracts were 3.22~3.52, $3.20{\sim}4.20^{\circ}Brix$ and 3.60~5.85%, respectively. The extraction yield of M2 (42.33%) was higher than those of MS (36.03%), M1 (40.40%), M3 (32.53%) and M4 (35.90%). The total polyphenol and flavonoid contents of M3 were 14.54 g/100 g and 5.65 g/100 g, respectively. The DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities of M3 at $1,000{\mu}g/mL$ were 86.09% and 90.49%, respectively. The ferric-reducing antioxidant power and the reducing power of M3 at $250{\sim}1,000{\mu}g/mL$ were $0.36{\sim}0.86{\mu}M$ and 0.21~0.96, respectively. The antioxidant activities of M3 were significantly higher than those of the other extracts. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that medicinal fruit extracts had potential as a functional material.

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.79-89
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• 1996

The purpose of this study was to examine the dead time effects and derive the correction factor. Using the thyroid probe and lucite cylindrical phantom, $^{99m}Tc$ 10.50mCi and $^{123}I$ 2.08mCi were counted with medical spectrometer at intervals of 2 hours for 43hrs and 79 hours. respectively. $^{123}I$ 2.06mCi was counted at intervals of 6 hours for 910 hours. To measure the starting point of dead time effect, the radioactivity was measured with dose calibrator in each time. The dead time effects started at about 0.80mCi at all distances for $^{99m}Tc$, and about 1.00mCi for $^{123}I$. The radioactivity corresponding to 20％ counts loss is 1.29(center), 1.28(2cm), 1.31(4cm), 1.13(6cm)mCi for $^{99m}Tc$ and 1.39mCi for $^{123}I$. The correction factors for 2mCi of radioactivity as an example were 1.52(center), 1.52(2cm), 1.50(4cm), 1.58(6cm) for $^{99m}Tc$ and 1.58 for $^{123}I$.

• Korean Journal of Mathematics
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.119-125
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• 1997

We show that there exists an isomorphism between the basic construction $(M_f)_1$ for $N_f{\subset}M_f$ and the reduction $(M_1)_f$ of the basic construction $M_1$ for $N{\subset}M$, where $f$ is a nontrivial projection in N. For a nontrivial projection $f{\in}N^{\prime}{\cap}M$ we give the basic construction $(M_f)_1$ for $N_f{\subset}M_f$ and compare it with $(M_1)_f$.

• Journal of the Microelectronics and Packaging Society
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.7-18
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• 1998

In the flip chip interconnection on organic substrates using eutectic Pb/Sn solder bumps highly reliable Under Bump Metallurgy (UBM) is required to maintain adhesion and solder wettability. Various UBM systems such as 1$\mu$m Al/0.2$\mu$m Pd/1$\mu$m Cu, laid under eutectic Pb/Sn solder were investigated with regard to their interfacial reactions and adhesion proper-ties. The effects of numbers of solder reflow and aging time on the growth of intermetallic compounds (IMCs) and on the solder ball shear strength were investigated. Good ball shear strength was obtained with 1$\mu$m Al/0.2$\mu$m Ti/5$\mu$m Cu and 1$\mu$m Al/0.2$\mu$m ni/1$\mu$m Cu even after 4 solder reflows or 7 day aging at 15$0^{\circ}C$. In contrast 1$\mu$m Al/0.2$\mu$m Ti/1$\mu$m Cu and 1$\mu$mAl/0.2$\mu$m Pd/1$\mu$m 쳐 show poor ball shear strength. The decrease of the shear strength was mainly due to the direct contact between solder and nonwettable metal such as Ti and Al resulting in a delamination. In this case thin 1$\mu$m Cu and 0.2$\mu$m Pd diffusion barrier layer were completely consumed by Cu-Sn and pd-Sn reaction.

• Journal of applied mathematics & informatics
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• v.25 no.1_2
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• pp.541-550
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• 2007

This paper presents characterizations of the power distribution with the parameter $\beta=1$ by the independence of the lower record values. We prove $X\;{\in}\;POW({\alpha},\;1)$ for ${\alpha}\;>\;0$, if and only if $\frac{X_{L(n)}}{X_{L(m)}}$ and $X_{L(m)}$ for $1\;{\leq}\;m\;<\;n$ are independent. And we prove that $X\;{\in}\;POW({\alpha},\;1)$ for ${\alpha}\;>\;0$, if and only if $\frac{X_{L(m)}-X_{L(m+1)}}{X_{L(m)}}$ and $X_{L(m)$ for $m\;{\geq}\;1$ are independent or $\frac{X_{L(m)}-X_{L(m+1)}}{X_{L(m+1)}}$ and $X_{L(m)}$ for $m\;{\geq}\;1$ are independent.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.522-529
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• 2019

M1/M2 polarization of immune cells including microglia has been well characterized. It mediates detrimental or beneficial roles in neuroinflammatory disorders including cerebral ischemia. We have previously found that sphingosine 1-phospate receptor subtype 1 ($S1P_1$) in post-ischemic brain following transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) can trigger microglial activation, leading to brain damage. Although the link between $S1P_1$ and microglial activation as a pathogenesis in cerebral ischemia had been clearly demonstrated, whether the pathogenic role of $S1P_1$ is associated with its regulation of M1/M2 polarization remains unclear. Thus, this study aimed to determine whether $S1P_1$ was associated with regulation of M1/M2 polarization in post-ischemic brain. Suppressing $S1P_1$ activity with its functional antagonist, AUY954 (5 mg/kg, p.o.), attenuated mRNA upregulation of M1 polarization markers in post-ischemic brain at 1 day and 3 days after tMCAO challenge. Similarly, suppressing $S1P_1$ activity with AUY954 administration inhibited M1-polarizatioin-relevant $NF-{\kappa}B$ activation in post-ischemic brain. Particularly, $NF-{\kappa}B$ activation was observed in activated microglia of post-ischemic brain and markedly attenuated by AUY954, indicating that M1 polarization through $S1P_1$ in post-ischemic brain mainly occurred in activated microglia. Suppressing $S1P_1$ activity with AUY954 also increased mRNA expression levels of M2 polarization markers in post-ischemic brain, further indicating that $S1P_1$ could also influence M2 polarization in post-ischemic brain. Finally, suppressing $S1P_1$ activity decreased phosphorylation of M1-relevant ERK1/2, p38, and JNK MAPKs, but increased phosphorylation of M2-relevant Akt, all of which were downstream pathways following $S1P_1$ activation. Overall, these results revealed $S1P_1$-regulated M1/M2 polarization toward brain damage as a pathogenesis of cerebral ischemia.