• 천문학회보
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• 제42권2호
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• pp.50.2-50.2
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• 2017

Spatial distribution of atmosphereless bodies in the solar system provides an important clue as to their origins, namely asteroids from Mainbelt or comets from outer solar system. It is, however, difficult to distinguish asteroids and dormant comets due to their similar appearances. In this study, we conducted a unique observation to differentiate asteroids and dormant comets in terms of 'polarimetry'. We observed (331471) 1984 QY1 (hereafter QY1) at large phase angles using the Multi-Spectral Imager (MSI) on the 1.6-m Pirka Telescope from UT 2016 May 25 to June 24. QY1 is a dormant comet candidate in terms of the dynamical properties (i.e. the Tisserand parameter with respect to Jupiter, TJ = 2.68). We analyzed the polarization degree of QY1 as a function of phase angle and found its maximum polarization degree, $Pmax=8.68{\pm}0.28%$ and $8.72{\pm}0.38%$, in RC-and V-band, respectively, around the phase angle of ${\alpha}=100^{\circ}$. In addition, we obtained the geometric albedo, $pV=0.16{\pm}0.02$ by means of an empirical slope-albedo law. The polarimetric properties and the albedo value we acquired are similar to those of S-type asteroids rather than cometary nuclei. In this presentation, we introduce our observation and findings. In addition, we further discuss a dynamical transportation process from Mainbelt to the current orbit.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제15권6호
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• pp.972-978
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• 2005

제주말의 혈통보존을 위한 기초자료를 마련할 목적으로 국내에서 사육중인 제주말 102두를 대상으로 적혈구항원형 및 혈액단백질형의 유전적 다형성을 조사한 결과는 다음과 같다. 적혈구항원형의 표현형 빈도는 $A^{af}$28두($27.45\%),\;C^{a}$ 101두 ($99.02\%),\;K^{-}$ 99두 ($97.06\%),\;U^{a}$ 64두 ($62.75\%),\;P^{b}$ 37두 ($36.27\%),\;Q^{c}$ 48두 ($47.06\%$)에서 높은 빈도를 나타냈으며, D시스템의 31개의 대립유전자 중 $D^{cgm/dghm}$ 14두($13.73\%),\;D^{adn/cgm}$ 10두($9.80\%),\;D^{ad/cgm}$ 9두($8.82\%),\;D^{dghm/dghm}$ 8두($7.84\%),\;D^{cgm/cgm}$ 8두($7.84\%$)에서 높은 빈도의 유전자형이 관찰되었다. 또한 null allele로 추정되는 $D^{ad/c(e)fgm}\;D^{adn/c(e)fgm}\;D^{c(d)fgm/dghm}$대립유전자가 4두에서 관찰되었다. 혈액단백질형은 $AL^{B}$ 49두($48.04\%),\;GC^{F}$ 101두($99.02\%),\;AlB^{K}$ 99두($97.06\%),\;ES^{FI}$ 37두($36.27\%),\;TF^{F2}$ 26두($25.49\%),\;HB^{B1}$ 46두($45.10\%$), and $PGD^{F}$ 88두($86.27\%$)로 높은 빈도를 보였으며, $HB^{A2B1}$ 4두($3.92\%),\;HB^{AB1}$ 2두($1.96\%),\;HB^{AB2}$ 1두($0.98\%),\;PGD^{D}$ 1두($0.98\%$가 특이하게 관찰되었다. 유전자 빈도는 $A^{af}$ (0.3726), $A^{C}$ (0.2647), $C^{-}$ (0.5050), $K^{-}$ (0.9853), $U^{-}$ (0.6863), $P^{b}$ (0.4657), $Q^{c}$ (0.5294), $D^{cgm}$ (0.3039), $HB^{B1}$(0.6863), $PGD^{F}$ (0.9265), $AL^{B}$ (0.6912), $ALB^{K}$ (0.9852), $GC^{F}$ (0.9950), $ES^{I}$ (0.5000) and $TF^{F2}$ (0.4950) 대립유전자가 가장 높은 빈도를 나타내었고 $D^{cgm(f)}$ (0.0196), $HB^{A}$ (0.0147), $HB^{A2}$ (0.0196), $ES^{G}$ (0.0441), $ES^{H}$ (0.0098), $TF^{E}$TF'(0.0246), $TF^{H2}$ (0.0049) and $PGD^{D}$ (0.0098)의 대립유전자가 제주말 에서 특이하게 관찰되었다. 결론적으로 혈액형에 의한 제주말의 유전적 다형은 $A^{af},\;A^{c},\;C^{-},\;K^{-},\;U^{-},\;P^{b},\;Q^{c},\;D^{cgm},\;D^{dghm},\;D^{adn},\;HB^{B1}$, $PGD^{F},\;AL^{B},\;A1B^{K},\;GC^{F},\;ES^{I},\;TF^{F2},\;AL^{B}$, 대립유전자의 빈도가 비교적 높은 것으로 관찰되었고 $A^{ab},\;A^{abf},\;D^{cgm(f)},\;(D^{cfg(k)m}$ 혹은$D^{c(e)fgm}),\;HB^{A},\;HB^{A2},\;ES^{H},\;TF^{E},\;TF^{H2},\;PGD^{D},\;AL^{B}$의 대립유전자가 제주말에서 특이하게 관찰되었다.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• 제39권1호
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• pp.28-31
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• 2015

전기기기나 엔진의 축은 여러 가지 원인으로 축기전력이 발생한다. 이런 축과 베어링이 윤활유로 절연되어 있어 콘덴서를 이루고 있고, 콘덴서와 같은 역할로 기전력을 축적하고 있다. 이 축 기전력은 선체에 비해 극히 일부를 제외하고 +전압을 갖고 있다. 이 +전압이 축의 전기 스파크를 일으켜 부식을 야기 시킬 수 있다. 이 부식을 막기 위해 선박에서는 샤프트 그라운드 시스템을 설치하여 운용하고 있다. 이 축기전력을 측정은 프로펠러 축의 전압과 메인엔진의 회전수를 동시에 측정하였다. 측정장치는 내셔널인스트루먼트사의 24비트 A/D컨버터를 사용하여 측정하였고, 프로그램은 Lab View를 사용하였다. 본 논문은 축에 발생되는 기전력을 분석하였고, 분석결과를 이용하여 모델링을 하였다. 결과로 축기전력은 메인엔진의 회전수에 따라 비례하다가 일정회전수를 넘어가면 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 후진보다는 전진이 축기전력이 높은 결과를 얻었다. 전체기전력에 비하면 지구자기의 기전력은 미미하였다.

• Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering:BBE
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.146-153
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• 2006

A passive microfluidic delivery system using hydrophobic valving and pneumatic control was devised for microfluidic handling on a chip. The microfluidic metering, cutting, transport, and merging of two liquids on the chip were correctly performed. The error range of the accuracy of microfluid metering was below 4% on a 20 nL scale, which showed that microfluid was easily manipulated with the desired volume on a chip. For a study of the feasibility of biochemical reactions on the chip, a single enzymatic reaction, such as ${\beta}-galactosidase$ reaction, was performed. The detection limit of the substrate, i.e. fluorescein $di-{\beta}-galactopyranoside$ (FDG) of the ${\beta}-galactosidase$ (6.7 fM), was about 76 pM. Additionally, multiple biochemical reactions such as in vitro protein synthesis of enhanced green fluorescence protein (EGFP) were successfully demonstrated at the nanoliter scale, which suggests that our microfluidic chip can be applied not only to miniaturization of various biochemical reactions, but also to development of the microfluidic biochemical reaction system requiring a precise nano-scale control.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.301-310
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• 2010

Bacillus subtilis strains produce a broad spectrum of bioactive peptides. The lipopeptide surfactin belongs to one well-known class, which includes amphiphilic membrane-active biosurfactants and peptide antibiotics. Both the srfA promoter and the ComP-ComA signal transduction system are an important part of the factor that results in the production of surfactin. Bs-M49, obtained by means of low-energy ion implantation in wild-type Bs-916, produced significantly lower levels of surfactin, and had no obvious effects against R. solani. Occasionally, we found strain Bs-M49 decreased spore formation and the development of competence. Blast comparison of the sequences from Bs-916 and M49 indicate that there is no difference in the srfA operon promoter PsrfA, but there are differences in the coding sequence of the comA gene. These differences result in three missense mutations within the M49 ComA protein. RT-PCR analyses results showed that the expression levels of selected genes involved in competence and sporulation in both the wild-type Bs-916 and mutant M49 strains were significantly different. When we integrated the comA ORF into the chromosome of M49 at the amyE locus, M49 restored hemolytic activity and antifungal activity. Then, HPLC analyses results also showed the comA-complemented strain had a similar ability to produce surf actin with wild-type strain Bs-916. These data suggested that the mutation of three key amino acids in ComA greatly affected the biological activity of Bacillus subtilis. ComA protein 3D structure prediction and motif search prediction indicated that ComA has two obvious motifs common to response regulator proteins, which are the N-terminal response regulator receiver motif and the C-terminal helix-turn-helix motif. The three residues in the ComA N-terminal portion may be involved in phosphorylation activation mechanism. These structural prediction results implicate that three mutated residues in the ComA protein may play an important role in the formation of a salt-bridge to the phosphoryl group keeping active conformation to subsequent regulation of the expression of downstream genes.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.54-64
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• 2006

목재 방부제인 chromated copper arsenate(CCA)는 박테리아, 곰팡이 및 곤충에 의한 공격으로부터 목재 제품을 보호할 목적으로 널리 사용되어 왔다. 그렇지만, CCA의 유해 성분인 크롬, 구리 및 비소가 사용 중에 목재로부터 환경으로 배출되어 인간 및 생태계에 영향을 줄 수 있기 때문에 많은 나라에서 사용을 금지하거나 제한된 용도로만 사용하도록 하고 있다. 이 연구는 두 개의 목재 시설물에 인접한 토양에서 크롬, 구리 및 비소의 분포를 알아보고자 실시하였다 연못 진입시설물에 대해서는 계단 바로 인접한 지점에서부터 0, 0.5 및 1m의 수평 거리에서 10개의 표토(0-2.5 cm) 시료를, 그리고 데크 바로 아래 지점에서는 9개의 표토 시료를 채취하였다. 방음벽에서는 시설물로부터 0, 1 및 2 m 거리에서 9개의 표토를 채취하였다. 각 구조물에 대해 배경농도를 측정하기 위한 토양시료도 채취하였다. 토양시료는 pH, 전기전도도, 유기물 함량, 입도 등의 물리화학적 성질에 대해 분석하였다. 시료는 microwave oven을 사용하여 추출한 후에 크롬, 구리 및 비소에 대해 분석하였다. 세 성분 모두 구조물과 인접한 지역에서 배경 지역에 비해 농도가 증가하여 사용 중에 목재로부터 용출되는 것을 알 수 있었다. 용출된 성분은 계단과 방음벽 시설물에서 모두 1m 이내의 거리까지 수평 이동하였다. 약 7개윌 된 데크 시설물에서 세 성분의 용출된 양은 서로 비슷하였으나 (배경 보정 농도: 크롬, 5.01 mg/kg; 구리 5.50 mg/kg; 비소 4.19 mg/kg), 방음벽 바로 아래(0 m)에서는 데크에 비해 더 높은 농도로 비소(49.7 mg/kg)>구리(44.7 mg/kg)>크롬(52.5 mg/kg)의 순서로 측정되었다. 이 때 배경농도는 비소, 구리 및 크롬에 대해 각각 9.88, 30.8 및 46.5 mg/kg이었다. 이 연구 결과를 통해 CCA 구성 성분은 방부목재로부터 환경 중으로 용출되는 것을 알 수 있었으며 그 성분들이 인간과 생태계에 미칠 악영향을 평가할 필요가 있음을 시사하였다.

• KSBB Journal
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.317-323
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• 2006

본 연구는 다가올 물 부족에 따른 하나의 대안으로서 중수도 시스템에 초점을 맞추어, 생활오수를 이용하여 혐기/무산소/호기조의 $A^2O$ 생물막 공법으로 구성된 상향류식 고정상 담체 반응기로 처리한 오수를 하향류식 은나노 모래여과 반응기에 다시 연속 통과시켜 이중 처리하여 얻은 처리수를 중수도에 활용이 가능하지에 대하여 연구하였다. 이중 공정 후 배출수의 pH는 $7.39{\sim}8.06$(평균 7.84) 범위이었고, $COD_{Mn}$은 $8{\sim}18mg/L$(평균 12.1 mg/L), $BOD_5$는 $2.1{\sim}10mg/L$(평균 4.9 mg/L)로 중수도 수질 기준에 적합하였다. SS는 $3{\sim}9mg/L$의 범위로 평균 농도가 4.95 mg/L를 나타내면서 SS 제거율이 94.8%로 대부분 법적 기준치 5 mg/L 이하로 처리되어 가능성을 보여 주었다. 대장균군 수의 평균 제거율이 99.1%이었으며, 배출수의 평균 대장균 군수는 65 MPN/100mL이 검출되었으나 중수도 수질 기준에는 불검출로 되어 있으므로 완벽한 제거를 위해서는 0.2 mg/L 이상의 결합잔류염소의 양을 고려한 염소 처리를 하여야 한다. SEM 사진으로부터 은모래 표면에서는 박테리아가 존재하지 않음을 알 수 있었다. 이 외에 중수도 수질 기준에 포함될 가능성이 있는 총질소 및 총인의 제거율은 각각 50.3%와 27.2%이었다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.187-194
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• 2022

Two α-ʟ-arabinofuranosidases (BfdABF1 and BfdABF3) and a β-ᴅ-xylosidase (BfdXYL2) genes were cloned from Bifidobacterium dentium ATCC 27679, and functionally expressed in E. coli BL21(DE3). BfdABF1 showed the highest activity in 50 mM sodium acetate buffer at pH 5.0 and 25℃. This exo-enzyme could hydrolyze p-nitrophenyl arabinofuranoside, arabino-oligosaccharides (AOS), arabinoxylo-oligosaccharides (AXOS) such as 3²-α-ʟ-arabinofuranosyl-xylobiose (A³X), and 2³-α-ʟ-arabinofuranosyl-xylotriose (A²XX), whereas hardly hydrolyzed polymeric substrates such as debranched arabinan and arabinoxylans. BfdABF1 is a typical exo-ABF with the higher specific activity on the oligomeric substrates than the polymers. It prefers to α-(1,2)-ʟ-arabinofuranosidic linkages compared to α-(1,3)-linkages. Especially, BfdABF1 could slowly hydrolyze 2³,3³-di-α-ʟ-arabinofuranosyl-xylotriose (A²⁺³XX). Meanwhile, BfdABF3 showed the highest activity in sodium acetate at pH 6.0 and 50℃, and it has the exclusively high activities on AXOS such as A³X and A²XX. BfdABF3 mainly catalyzes the removal of ʟ-arabinose side chains from various AXOS. BfdXYL2 exhibited the highest activity in sodium citrate at pH 5.0 and 55℃, and it specifically hydrolyzed p-nitrophenyl xylopyranoside and xylo-oligosaccharides (XOS). Also, BfdXYL2 could slowly hydrolyze AOS and AXOS such as A³X. Based on the detailed hydrolytic modes of action of three exo-hydrolases (BfdABF1, BfdABF3, and BfdXYL2) from Bf. dentium, their probable roles in the hemiceullose-utilization system of Bf. dentium are proposed in the present study. These intracellular exo-hydrolases can synergistically produce ʟ-arabinose and ᴅ-xylose from various AOS, XOS, and AXOS.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제29권6호
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• pp.650-657
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• 2021

Metformin is an anti-diabetic drug and has anticancer effects on various cancers. Several studies have suggested that metformin reduces cell proliferation and stimulates cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis. However, the definitive molecular mechanism of metformin in the pathophysiological signaling in endometrial tumorigenesis and metastasis is not clearly understood. In this study, we examined the effects of metformin on the cell viability and apoptosis of human cervical HeLa and endometrial HEC-1-A and KLE cancer cells. Metformin suppressed cell growth in a dose-dependent manner and dramatically evoked apoptosis in HeLa cervical cancer cells, while apoptotic cell death and growth inhibition were not observed in endometrial (HEC-1-A, KLE) cell lines. Accordingly, the p27 and p21 promoter activities were enhanced while Bcl-2 and IL-6 activities were significantly reduced by metformin treatment. Metformin diminished the phosphorylation of mTOR, p70S6K and 4E-BP1 by accelerating adenosine monophosphate-activated kinase (AMPK) in HeLa cancer cells, but it did not affect other cell lines. To determine why the anti-proliferative effects are observed only in HeLa cells, we examined the expression level of liver kinase B1 (LKB1) since metformin and LKB1 share the same signalling system, and we found that the LKB1 gene is not expressed only in HeLa cancer cells. Consistently, the overexpression of LKB1 in HeLa cancer cells prevented metformin-triggered apoptosis while LKB1 knockdown significantly increased apoptosis in HEC-1-A and KLE cancer cells. Taken together, these findings indicate an underlying biological/physiological molecular function specifically for metformin-triggered apoptosis dependent on the presence of the LKB1 gene in tumorigenesis.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제26권11호
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• pp.1592-1597
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• 2013

Type of dietary direct-fed microbials (DFMs) or poultry litter could directly influence the composition of gut microbiota. Gut microbiota plays an important role in shaping the developing immune system and maintaining the homeostasis of the mature immune system in mammal and chickens. The present study was carried out to investigate the interaction among litter, DFMs and immunity in broiler chickens exposed to a field-simulated environment. Immune status of broiler chickens was assessed by serum antibodies against Eimeria spp. and Clostridium spp. and intestinal cytokine mRNA expression. The current experimental design had a $3{\times}2$ factorial arrangement of treatments with three types of litter, i.e., fresh litter or used litter that was obtained from a farm with no disease outbreak (used litter) or a farm with history of a gangrenous dermatitis outbreak (GD litter), and two dietary treatments with or without DFMs. It was found that either DFM addition or type of litter significantly affected anticoccidial antibody levels of broiler chickens at d 42. In general, dietary DFMs increased the anticoccidial antibodies in the fresh-litter raised chickens, but lowered the levels in the GD-litter raised chickens. Serum antibodies against Clostridium perfringens ${\alpha}$-toxin were significantly (p<0.05) higher in chickens raised on GD litter compared with those raised on fresh litter. Cytokine mRNA expression was significantly (p<0.05) altered by either the type of litter or DFMs. Of interest, dietary DFMs lowered interferon-${\gamma}$, interleukin 1beta, and CXCLi2 cytokine mRNA expression in chickens raised on fresh litter but increased them in GD-litter raised chickens. In conclusion, dietary DFMs modulate various immune parameters of broiler chickens, but the DFM-mediated effects were dependent upon the type of litter on which chickens were raised.