• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.139-147
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• 2021

Livestock manure is used as an organic fertilizer to replace chemical fertilizers after sufficient fermentation in an aerobic bioreactor. On the other hand, liquid manure disposal problems occur repeatedly because soil spraying is restricted during the summer when the crops are growing. To use liquid fertilizer (LF) as an additional nutrient source for crops, it is necessary to reduce the amount of suspended solids (SS) in the liquid fertilizer and secure stability problems against pathogenic microorganisms. This study examined the effects of the simultaneous SS removal and E.coli sterilization in the LF using the microbubble (MB) generator (FeMgO catalyst insertion). The remaining SS were further removed using the integrated microbubble and microfilter system. During the floating process in the MB device, the SS were removed by 57.9%, and the coliform group was not detected (16,200→0 MPN/100 mL). By optimizing the HRT of the integrated system, the removal efficiency of the SS was improved by 92.9% under the 0.1h of HRT condition. After checking the properties of the treated LF, 64.5%, 70.1%, 54.9%, and 51.5% of the TCOD, SCOD, PO4-P, and TN, respectively, were removed. The treated effluent from such an integrated system has a lower SS content than that of the existing LF and does not contain coliforms; therefore, it can be used directly as an additional fertilizer.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.101-109
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• 2001

We created an environmental forest on the basis of ecological design around the incineration plant of Jindo Engineering and Construction Co., Ltd., which is located in Jeongwang-dong, Siheung-si, Kyunggi-do. To get ecological information of this site, physico-chemical properties of soil on salt marsh, which is located close to the syudy site and of forest soil transported from other sites for ecological restoration were analyzed. Texture of salt marsh and transported soils were loam and sandy loam, respectively. pH, organic matter, T-N, available P, and exchangeable K and Na contents of salt marsh and transported forest soils were 6.7 and 5.4, 4.1 and 0.4%, 1.0 and 0.3mg/g, 46.7 and 6.8ppm, 521 and 207ppm, and 3.8 and 0.5mg/g, respectively. Introduced plants were selected among the dominant species of forests and the species composing the potential natural vegetation around the present study site. Those plants were selected again by considering the tolerances to air pollution and to salt, and their availability. Selected trees were Pinus thunbergii, Sophora japonica, Celtis sinensis, Quercus aliena, Q. serrata, Q. dentata, and Q. acutissima. Selected sub-trees were Albizzia julibrissin, Koelreuteria poniculata, and Styrax japonica and shrubs were Rhododendron yedoense var. poukhanense, R. mucronulatum, Callicarpa japonica, Euonymus alatus, E. japonica, and R. schlippenbachii. On the other hand, introduction of herbs was not considered except for Liriope platyphylla, which was ornamentally planted in one site. Planting bed of mound type was adopted to provide the fine drainage system. Mound was designed to furnish litter, A, B, and C layers simuating the profile of forest soil. Slope of mound was mulched by rice straw of 2cm in thickness to prevent for sliding of litter and soil in cases of strong wind or heavy rain. Height of mound was designed to secure more than 1 m by combining A and B layers. Narrow zones, in which mound with stable slope degree cannot be prepared, was designed to equip the standard soil depth with the introduction of stone for supporting. On the other hand, plants with shallow root system were arranged in some zones, in which satisfactory soil depth cannot be ensured. Plants were arranged in the order of tree, sub-tree, and shrub from center to edge on the mound to make a mature forest of a dome shape in the future. Dispersion of plants was designed to be random pattern rather than clumped one. Problems on creation of the environmental forest by such ecological design were found to be management or inspection by non-specialized project operators and inspecting officers, and regulations for construction without ecological background. Alternative plans to solve such problems were suggested.

• 한국공간정보시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2001.11a
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• pp.143-160
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• 2001

최근 들어 무선인터넷 및 모바일 컴퓨팅 기술의 급속한 발전과 함께 향후 그 수요가 폭발적으로 증대될 것으로 예상되는 분야가 위치기반서비스(LBS, Location Based Service) 기술이다. 이동통시산업이 발달한 미국 및 유럽의 선진국에서는 지난 수년에 걸쳐 지속적으로 축적되어 온 정보기술을 통하여 현재 수많은 LBS 관련 기술개발이 활발히 진행되고 있다. 1999년 미국의 FCC(미연방통신위원회)는 무선 E119 규칙을 제정하였는데, 이 규칙은 LBS를 주목하게 한 결정적인 계기가 되었다. FCC는 미국내의 망 사업자들이 2001년 10월까지 이동전화 사용자가 응급 호출(911)을 하였을 때 67%는 100M 이내의 위치오차로, 95%는 300M 이내의 위치오차로 응급호출자의 위치정보를 제공해야 한다는 규정을 제정했다. 이때부터 각종 관련 회사들이 생겨나기 시작했으며, 사람들이 LBS에 관심을 가지기 시작하였다. 국내에서도 이동통신사업자 및 IMT-2000 사업자를 중심으로 LBS 도입을 적극 준비하고 있는 상황이다. 그러나 위치정보라는 것은 오래 전부터 사람들이 알고있던 사항이다. 이미 GPS라는 것을 이용하여 국방분야, 환경분야, 교통 및 물류 분야에서 많이 활용되고 있었기 때문이다. 그런데 왜 같은 위치정보를 활용하는 분야인데 LBS는 이토록 많은 관심을 불러일으키는가? 그것에 대한 답변은 바로 위치정보가 이동통신망과 연결되면서 대중적이고 일반적인 서비스가 가능해졌기 때문이다. 특히, LBS는 GIS가 정보통신 기술과 융합되면서 앞으로 추구해야 할 차세대 정보기술 분야라는 점에서 그 의미는 더 크다고 할 수 있다. 평균(平均) 0.322였다. 그리고 RaA를 모핵종(母核種)으로 가정(假定)했을 때 각핵종간(各核種間)의 방사평형비(放射平衡比)는 대개 $C_1>C_2>C_3$인 것으로 나타났다. 여기서 $C_1,\;C_2$ 및 $C_3$는 각각 RaA, RaB 및 RaC의 농도(濃度)를 나타낸다.0cm 깊이에서는 Pythium균(菌)과 Fusarium균(菌)을 제외(除外)하고 모두 14일간(日間)에 사멸(死滅)하였다. 6. 최고(最高)에 달(達)했다가 최저(最低)에 이르는 온도(溫度)의 반복적(反復的)인 파동(波動)이 있는 것에서 없는 것보다 단시간(短時間)에 사멸(死滅)하였다. 이상(以上)의 결과(結果)에서 볼 때 하기고온기(夏期高溫期)의 재배(栽培) 휴한기(休閑期)에 PVC film을 사용(使用)하여 하우스를 밀폐(密閉)하거나 턴널을 만들어서 태양열(太陽熱)을 이용(利用)한 토양소독(土壤消毒)의 가능성(可能性)이 충분(充分)히 있는 것으로 생각된다.종합적(綜合的)으로 볼 때, diazinon 과 decamethrin의 처리(處理)는 포장(圃場)에서 벼멸구의 산란력(産卵力)과 성충수명을 증대(增大)시키고, 식이활동(食餌活動)을 촉진(促進)함으로서 벼멸구의 resurgence를 유발(誘發)하고 아울러 수도체(水稻體)의 hopperbun을 가속화시킬 가능성(可能性)이 있음을 알 수 있었다.는 점차 약하여 졌으나 catalase, invertase는 그 활성도가 일단 숙성중기에 높아졌다가 낮아졌다.n 이 pH 4.2이고 temperature는 $60^{\circ}C$이었다. 그리고

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.752-758
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• 2013

Estrogen like activities were evaluated using ethanol and hot water extracts of herbal medicines by using an in vitro detection system. Bokryung (Poria cocos), Sanyak (root of Dioscorea batatas) and Mokdanpi (root skin of Paeonia suffruticosa) represented statistically significant estrogen-like activities (p<0.001), while Omija (fruit of Schizandra chinensis), Taeksa (root of Alisma canaliculatum A. BR.), Jihwang (root of Rhemannia glutinosa), and Sansuyu (fruit of Cornus officinalis) did not. Estrogen-like activities of Bokryung hot water extract (500 ${\mu}g/ml$) and ethanol extract (50 ${\mu}g/ml$) were almost same as that of a C M $17{\beta}$-estradiol. Furthermore, estrogen-like activities of ethanol extracts (500 ${\mu}g/ml$) of Bokryung and Mokdanpi were stronger than that of $10^{-7}$ M $17{\beta}$-estradiol. These results suggest that Bokryung, Sanyak and Mokdanpi show estrogen-like activities. Especially, Sanyak and Mokdanpi represented promotive effect on the proliferation of MC3T3-E1 osteoblastic cells. Bokryung, Sanyak and Mokdanpi also exhibited superior inhibitory effect on the viability of RAW 264.7 cells. In conclusion, these three herbal medicines might be interpreted as candidates for the further study or development of functional foods or medicine to prevent or avoid postmenopausal symptoms of women.

• Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.151-161
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• 2012

An intensive analysis of 148 timings of V700 Cyg was performed, including our new timings and 59 timings calculated from the super wide angle search for planets (SWASP) observations, and the dynamical evidence of the W UMa W subtype binary was examined. It was found that the orbital period of the system has varied over approximately $66^y$ in two complicated cyclical components superposed on a weak upward parabolic path. The orbital period secularly increased at a rate of $+8.7({\pm}3.4){\times}10^{-9}$ day/year, which is one order of magnitude lower than those obtained by previous investigators. The small secular period increase is interpreted as a combination of both angular momentum loss (due to magnetic braking) and mass-transfer from the less massive component to the more massive component. One cyclical component had a $20.^y3$ period with an amplitude of $0.^d0037$, and the other had a $62.^y8$ period with an amplitude of $0.^d0258$. The components had an approximate 1:3 relation between their periods and a 1:7 ratio between their amplitudes. Two plausible mechanisms (i.e., the light-time effects [LTEs] caused by the presence of additional bodies and the Applegate model) were considered as possible explanations for the cyclical components. Based on the LTE interpretation, the minimum masses of 0.29 $M_{\odot}$ for the shorter period and 0.50 $M_{\odot}$ for the longer one were calculated. The total light contributions were within 5%, which was in agreement with the 3% third-light obtained from the light curve synthesis performed by Yang & Dai (2009). The Applegate model parameters show that the root mean square luminosity variations (relative to the luminosities of the eclipsing components) are 3 times smaller than the nominal value (${\Delta}L/L_{p,s}{\approx}0.1$), indicating that the variations are hardly detectable from the light curves. Presently, the LTE interpretation (due to the third and fourth stars) is preferred as the possible cause of the two cycling period changes. A possible evolutionary implication for the V700 Cyg system is discussed.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.13 no.11
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• pp.5525-5528
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• 2012

Introduction: Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women. Improvements of early diagnosis modalities have led to longer survival rates. This study aimed to determine the 5, 10 and 15 year mortality rates of breast cancer patients compared to the normal female population. Materials and Methods: The follow up data of a cohort of 615 breast cancer patients referred to Iranian Breast Cancer Research Center (BCRC) from 1986 to 1996 was considered as reference breast cancer dataset. The dataset was divided into 5 year age groups and the 5, 10 and 15 year probability of death for each group was estimated. The annual mortality rate of Iranian women was obtained from the Death Registry system. Standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) of breast cancer patients were calculated using the ratio of the mortality rate in breast cancer patients over the general female population. Results: The mean age of breast cancer patients at diagnosis time was 45.9 (${\pm}10.5$) years ranging from 24-74. A total of 73, 32 and 2 deaths were recorded at 5, 10 and 15 years, respectively, after diagnosis. The SMRs for breast cancer patients at 5, 10 and 15 year intervals after diagnosis were 6.74 (95% CI, 5.5-8.2), 6.55 (95%CI, 5-8.1) and 1.26 (95%CI, 0.65-2.9), respectively. Conclusion: Results showed that the observed mortality rate of breast cancer patients after 15 years from diagnosis was very similar to expected rates in general female population. This finding would be useful for clinicians and health policy makers to adopt a beneficial strategy to improve breast cancer survival. Further follow-up time with larger sample size and a pooled analysis of survival rates of different centres may shed more light on mortality patterns of breast cancer.

• The Transactions of the Korean Institute of Power Electronics
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• v.4 no.5
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• pp.462-473
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• 1999

This paper addresses the current measurement issue of all digital field oriented control of ac motors. The p paper focuses on the effect of low-pass filter and also on the sampling of the fundamental component of the m motor current. The low-pass filter, which suppresses the switching noise of the motor current, introduces v variable phase delay according to the current ripple frequency. It is shown that the current sampling error c consists of the fundamental component and high frL'quency ripple components. In this paper, the dependency of t this current sampling e$\pi$or on the reference voltage vector is investigated analytically and a sampling technique i is proposed to minimize the error. The work is based on the three phase symmetry pulse width modulation l inverter driving an induction machine. With this technique, the bandwidth of current regulator can be extended t to the limit given by the switching frequency of the inverter and more precise torque regulation is possible.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.53 no.3
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• pp.147-153
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• 2010

$\beta$-glycyrrhetinic acid (GA), the active principle of licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra L.) has been reported to exhibit anti-inflammatory properties in different animal models. In this study, the effects of GA on the production of inflammatory mediators including tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-$\alpha$, interleukin (IL)-6, nitric oxide (NO), and prostaglandin E (pGE)-2 were examined in RAW 264.7 cells in vitro. Furthermore, to elucidate a possible mechanism for the inhibitory effect of GA on the production of TNF-$\alpha$, it was investigated whether the treatment of GA affects the I-${\kappa}B{\alpha}$ degradation and subsequent nuclear translocation of NF-${\kappa}B$. Various inflammatory responses were induced in the culture system by treating with a lipopolysaccharide (LPS). GA showed anti-inflammatory activities in dose-dependant manner with $IC_{50}$ of $5.4{\mu}M$ by inhibiting the production of TNF-$\alpha$ in RAW 264.7 cells. In addition, the treatment of GA blocked both I-${\kappa}B{\alpha}$ degradation and the nuclear translocation of NF-${\kappa}B$ from cytosol to nucleus. However, it did not affect the production of IL-6, NO, and PGE-2, implying the direct blocking of the production of TNF-$\alpha$ resulting from both the I-${\kappa}B{\alpha}$ degradation and the nuclear translocation of NF-${\kappa}B$. This finding might provide the underlying mechanism to explain the reported anti-inflammatory activities of GA in animal models.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 1999.07a
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• pp.79-79
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• 1999

The varous techniques for fabrication of si or metal tip as a field emission electron source have been reported due to great potential capabilities of flat panel display application. In this report, 240nm thermal oxide was initially grown at the p-type (100) (5-25 ohm-cm) 4 inch Si wafer and 310nm Si3N4 thin layer was deposited using low pressure chemical vapor deposition technique(LPCVD). The 2 micron size dot array was photolithographically patterned. The KOH anisotropic etching of the silicon substrate was utilized to provide V-groove formation. After formation of the V-groove shape, dry oxidation at 100$0^{\circ}C$ for 600 minutes was followed. In this procedure, the orientation dependent oxide growth was performed to have a etch-mask for dry etching. The thicknesses of the grown oxides on the (111) surface and on the (100) etch stop surface were found to be ~330nm and ~90nm, respectively. The reactive ion etching by 100 watt, 9 mtorr, 40 sccm Cl2 feed gas using inductively coupled plasma (ICP) system was performed in order to etch ~90nm SiO layer on the bottom of the etch stop and to etch the Si layer on the bottom. The 300 watt RF power was connected to the substrate in order to supply ~(-500)eV. The negative ion energy would enhance the directional anisotropic etching of the Cl2 RIE. After etching, remaining thickness of the oxide on the (111) was measured to be ~130nm by scanning electron microscopy.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.26 no.12
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• pp.1708-1716
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• 2013

The objective of the trial was to study the relationship between the methane ($CH_4$) production and the Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System (CNCPS) carbohydrate fractions of feeds for cattle and the suitability of CNCPS carbohydrate fractions as the dietary variables in modeling the $CH_4$ production in rumen fermentation. Forty-five rations for cattle with the concentrate/roughage ratios of 10:90, 20:80, 30:70, 40:60, and 50:50 were formulated as feed samples. The Menke and Steingass's gas test was used for the measurement of $CH_4$ production. The feed samples were incubated for 48 h and the $CH_4$ production was analyzed using gas chromatography. Statistical analysis indicated that the $CH_4$ production (mL) was closely correlated with the CNCPS carbohydrate fractions (g), i.e. CA (sugars); $CB_1$ (starch and pectin); $CB_2$ (available cell wall) in a multiple linear pattern: $CH_4=(89.16{\pm}14.93)$ $CA+(124.10{\pm}13.90)$ $CB_1+(30.58{\pm}11.72)$ $CB_2+(3.28{\pm}7.19)$, $R^2=0.81$, p<0.0001, n = 45. Validation of the model using 10 rations indicated that the $CH_4$ production of the rations for cattle could accurately be predicted based on the CNCPS carbohydrate fractions. The trial indicated that the CNCPS carbohydrate fractions CA, $CB_1$ and $CB_2$ were suitable dietary variables for predicting the $CH_4$ production in rumen fermentation in vitro.