• Journal of Life Science
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.174-180
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• 2016

Dicumarol is a coumarin derivative isolated from sweet clover (Melilotus alba), and has anti-coagulant activity with the inhibitory activity of NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase1 (NQO1). NQO1 catalyzes the two-electron reduction of quinones to hydroquinones. Dicumarol competes with NAD(P)H for binding to NQO1, resulting in the inhibition of NQO1 enzymatic activity. The expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) has been implicated in the invasion and metastasis of cancer cells. The expression of MMPs is regulated by cytokines and signal transduction pathways, including those activated by phorbol myristate acetate (PMA). However, the effects of dicumarol on metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 expression and activity are not investigated here. This study investigated whether dicumarol inhibits MMP-9 expression and activity in PMA-treated human renal carcinoma Caki cells. Dicumarol markedly inhibited the PMA-induced MMP-9 mRNA expression and MMP-9 activity. NF-κB and AP1 promoter activity, which is important in MMP-9 expression, also decreased in dicumarol-treated cells. Furthermore, dicumarol markedly suppressed the ability of PMA-mediated migration in Caki cells. When the relevance of NQO1 in the dicumarol-mediated inhibitory effect on PMA-induced MMP9 activity was elucidated, knock-down of NQO1 with siRNA was found to have no effect on PMA-induced MMP9 activity, suggesting that the stimulating effect of dicumarol on PMA-induced MMP9 activity is independent of NQO1 activity. Taken together, the present studies suggested that dicumarol may inhibit PMA-induced migration via down-regulation of MMP-9 expression and activity.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.53 no.2
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• pp.71-77
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• 2015

Much attention has been focused on the activity of the natural antioxidants present in fruits and vegetables, because potentially these components may reduce the level of oxidative stress. Especially, mulberry leaves containing many natural components are considerable resource for natural antioxidants. The antioxidant capacity of mulberry leaves was investigated with minilum L-100 device and ARAW-KIT (anti-radical ability of water-soluble substance), in comparison to the ascorbic acid. The antioxidant capacity of 16 varieties was 3303.4 nmol at opening stage of five leaves in spring. The highest stage of antioxidant capacity (3708.0 nmol) and yield rate was just before the coloration stage with anthocyanin in fruits, whereas the lowest stage was middle of June (2231.6 nmol) and about two months growing stage after summer pruning (2064.6 nmol). But after summer pruning, the antioxidant capacity of mulberry leaves increased gradually until just before fallen leaves stage. Even if samples were same variety, antioxidant effect of those showed different results according to collected regions. Also, antioxidant effect of mulberry leaves were higher than that of branches. The antioxidant capacity of yield-type mulberry leaves and fruits (Morus alba L., M. bombycis Koidz, and M. Lhou (Ser.) Koidz) collected from In-je, Won-ju and Yang-yang regions, Kang-won province, Korea, was investigated. The results indicated that total antioxidant capacity of yield-type mulberry leaves was 2711.2 nmol. In the antioxidant capacity analysis of Jeollabuk-Do genetic resources, autumn's mulberry leaves showed higher antioxidant capacity than that of spring's it. To investigate the effect of tea on antioxidative capacity, five kinds of tea(coffee mix, green tea added brown rice, mulberry leaf tea, Polygonatum odoratum tea and black tea added lemon) were selected and analyzed. Their's anti-oxidative capacity were 2,531.01 nmol, 1,867.42 nmol, 1,053.72 nmol, 292.71 nmol and 188.91 nmol, respectively. The antioxidative capacity of drinking water soaked with mulberry leaf showed 891.96 nmol.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.100 no.4
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• pp.715-721
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• 2011

This study was conducted to estimate aboveground biomass and nitrogen storage potential of tree species-eight clones of a poplar and hybrids, one clone of Salix alba L., dawn redwood (Metasequoia glyptostroboides Hu and W.C. Cheng), yellow poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera L.), Okamoto maple (Acer okamotoanum Nakai), and pin oak (Quercus palustris $M{\ddot{u}}nchh.$)- after treating with liquid pig manure. Stems showed the highest percentage of aboveground biomass, and followed by branches and leaves. Nitrogen content in aboveground biomass components was the highest in leaves, and followed by branches and stems. Average aboveground biomass production was higher in the clones and species treated with manure than those of not treated, 30 ton/ha and 16 ton/ha, respectively. In the manure-treated site, clone 'Dorskamp' of Populus deltoides${\times}$Populus nigra showed the highest aboveground biomass (48.3 ton/ha). Average nitrogen storage potential was superior in the clones and species treated with manure than those of not treated, 159 kg/ha and 90 kg/ha, respectively. Clone 'Dorskamp' also showed the greatest nitrogen storage potential (286.5 kg/ha) among tested tree species. Therefore, 'Dorskamp' is the most suitable clone for treating liquid pig manure, but additional studies are needed to determine any damages or tolerance from the treatment.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.77 no.4
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• pp.382-388
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• 1988

Improvement of productivity by forest tree breeding work in Korea was estimated for a few important tree species. Progenies of 17 plus trees of red pine (Pines densiflora) outgrew by 57 percentage compared with progenies of unselected trees at age 15. If best three families are selected among the 17, more than double in volume grow-th is expected. The hybrid Pinus rigida ${\times}$ P. taeda showed more than double volume growth compare to P. rigida at a southern plantation at age 15. However, the superiority of the hybrid decreased at northern plantations, mainly because of low coldhardiness of the hybrid. At a northern plantation, the hybrid grew less than the P. rigida on upper hill, while the hybrid grew much better than the P. rigida on flat area. Another hybrid Populus alba ${\times}$ P. glandulosa grew faster than both parents by two to two and half times according to planting sites at age 10. Introduction of Pinus rigida also showed increased volume growth. Volume increase by selection of best five provenances among 45 at age 12 was estimated as 53 percent compare to progenies of plus trees in Korea, Additional 19 percent of volume increase was expected by selection of the best families within the best provenances. Annual production of chestnuts reached about 70,000 M/T by planting resistant clones to chestnut gall wasp (Dryocosmus kuriphilus), which killed almost all susceptible trees. Although polyploid trees and mutants have been produced by colchicine treatments in over 10 tree species, none of them is economically important Remarkable improvement of productivity is expected by biotechnology in future through selection, hybridization, introduction of foreign genes at cell, cell organelle and gene level, and gene transformation. At present, mass propagation of superior planting materials by tissue culture will increase the productivity.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.117-127
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• 1982

Mulberry plants (Morus alba L.) were grown in pots with the following different nitrogen sources: ammonium sulphate, urea, ammonium nitrate, sodium nitrate + ammonium nitrate ($NO_3:NH_4$=2:1), and sodium nitrate. The effects of the nitrogen sources on mulberry yields, nitrogen recovery, distribution of ions and cation-anion balance (C-A) along leaf sequence and growth stage were investigated. The results were as follows: 1. Leaf yields and nitrogen recovery decreased with increasing $NO_3$-N application rates. 2. Relative cation contents in leaves in the early growth stages showed the following pattern : Na < Mg < Ca < K. However, the order of Ca and K reversed in the later stages. The order of anion contents chifted from $SO_4$ < $NO_3$ < Cl < $H_2PO_4$ in the early stages to $NO_3$ < Cl < $SO_4$ < $H_2PO_4$ in the later stages. 3. Contents of K, $H_2PO_4$, $SO_4$, $NO_3$, T-N and the sum of anion contents (${\sum}A$) were higher in upper leaves whereas Ca, Mg, Cl, the sum of cation contents (${\sum}C$) and (C-A) were higher in lower leaves. 4. When $NO_3$ in leaves decreased, Cl and K as counter-cations increased and consequently Ca decreased. 5. The (C-A) in leaves varied with leaf sequence and growth stage from 700 to 900 me/kg D.M.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.334-343
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• 2007

The water extracts and 80% ethanol extracts from mulberry leaves of 108 kinds were tested their antimicrobial activities against Helicobacter pylori and antioxidant effects. The ABTS [2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiaznoline-6-sulfornic acid)] radical decolorization, electron donating ability (EDA), thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) and antioxidant protection factor (PF) were determined for water extracts and 80% ethanol extracts from mulberry leaves. In the electron donating activity, the 13 kinds of water extracts showed high inhibition (>80%), whereas the 59 kinds of 80% ethanol extracts showed high inhibition. The inhibitory activities of water extracts from all kinds of mulberry leaves were higher than 90% in ABTS [2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiaznoline-6-sulfornic acid)] radical decolorization. The thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) and antioxidant protection factor (PF) of the 80% ethanol extracts were higher than that of water extracts. Antimicrobial activity against Helicobacter pylori showed high value in 80% ethanol extracts of 15 kinds mulberry leaves. The results implied that the mulberry leaves can be useful for natural antimicrobial medicine.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.811-821
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• 2020

Mycobacterium tuberculosis produces mycolic acids which are relevant for persistence, recalcitrance to antibiotics and defiance to host immunity. c-di-GMP is a second messenger involved in transition from planktonic cells to biofilms, whose levels are controlled by diguanylate cyclases (DGC) and phosphodiesterases (PDE). The transcriptional regulator dosR, is involved in response to low oxygen, a condition likely happening to a subset of cells within biofilms. Here, we found that in M. bovis BCG, expression of both BCG1416c and BCG1419c genes, which code for a DGC and a PDE, respectively, decreased in both stationary phase and during biofilm production. The kasA, kasB, and fas genes, which are involved in mycolic acid biosynthesis, were induced in biofilm cultures, as was dosR, therefore suggesting an inverse correlation in their expression compared with that of genes involved in c-di-GMP metabolism. The relative abundance within trehalose dimycolate (TDM) of α-mycolates decreased during biofilm maturation, with methoxy mycolates increasing over time, and keto species remaining practically stable. Moreover, addition of synthetic c-di-GMP to mid-log phase BCG cultures reduced methoxy mycolates, increased keto species and practically did not affect α-mycolates, showing a differential effect of c-di-GMP on keto- and methoxy-mycolic acid metabolism.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.52 no.2
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• pp.65-69
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• 2009

In this study, we tried to find the subject to inhibit H. pylori from Cheongmoknosang mulberry leaves extracts and to purify and identify them. Total phenolic compounds of hot water and 80% ethanol extracts are 17.6 and 16.1 mg/g. The activity of H. pylori inhibition at 80% ethanol extracts was determined as 15mm clear zone. The purification of inhibitory compounds were carried on $C_{18}$ column and MCI-gel CHP-20 column chromatography which were used a gradient procedure as increasing ethanol in $H_2O$. The chemical structure of purified inhibitory compounds on H. pylori were identified chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, and rosmarinic acid by FAB-MS, $^1H-NMR$, $^{13}C-NMR$ and IR spectrum.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.29-37
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• 2008

This study was evaluated the oxidative stability of the breast and leg meat from chicken fed extract of medicinal herb mix (Lonicera japonica Thunberg : Morus alba L. : Coptis chinensis = 48.5 : 48.5 : 3.0%) and antibiotics (Albac G150). Ross chickens were divided into three treatments: basal diet (control), basal diet with antibiotics (0.05%) and basal diet with extract of medicinal herb mix (0.3%). They were fed the experimental diets for 35 days and slaughtered. After that, the breast and leg meat samples were stored at $4^{\circ}C$ for 10 days. Total phenol content of breast meat in Ross chicken fed extract of medicinal herb mix was higher than that of antibiotics treatment and control during storage. DPPH radical scavenging activity was the highest in leg meat of Ross chicken fed extract of medicinal herb mix at 0 day. $ABTS^+$ reduction activity was higher in chicken meat fed extract of medicinal herb mix than antibiotics treatment and control. This results showed that the diet with extract of mixed medicinal herb was more effective in oxidative stability of chicken meat than basal diet and diet with antibiotics.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.16 no.9
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• pp.1309-1314
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• 2003

Growth performance, nutrient digestibility and changes in caecal fermentation pattern was studied on four groups of 8 grower rabbits (soviet chinchilla) each, fed on diets containing 17 to 18% CP and $10.4-11.00MJ\;DE\;kg^{-1}$ feed. The complete diets contained mulberry leaves along with other feed ingredients at 0 (LH), 15 (ML15), 30 (ML30) and 45% (ML45) levels. In LH diet ground lucerne hay was added at 15% of the diet as roughage source. The diets were uniform in other nutritional parameters except the higher amount of hemicellulose (18.7 and 16.5%) in LH and ML15 diets. The performance of grower rabbits was better (p<0.05) on LH and ML15 diets in terms of twelve weeks weight (kg), total gain (g), average daily gain (ADG) and feed efficiency (%). Different levels of mulberry leaves in the diet did not influence the dry matter intake. Digestibility of nutrients for DM, OM, CP, NDF and energy was uniform in all the diets but the digestibility of CF, ADF and cellulose was higher (p<0.01) on ML15, ML30 and ML 45 diets. The hemicellulose digestibility was significantly higher (p<0.01) on LH (44.52%) and ML15 (48.00%) compared to ML30 (33.54%) and ML 45 (39.17%) diets. The nitrogen retention (% of intake) was higher (p<0.05) in LH and ML15 diets than ML30 and ML45 diets. The caecum weight as percent of intestine weight consistently increased (p<0.05) with increasing content of mulberry leaves in diets. Total nitrogen and $NH_3$-N was higher on LH and ML15 diets. It is concluded that incorporation of mulberry leaves can replace Lucerne hay in complete rabbit feed (15% in diet). Even at higher level i.e. 30 and 45% of the diet mulberry leaves based complete feed gave promising results.