• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.1-14
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• 2014

Objectives: This study was designed to investigate the anti-tumor metastasis by anti-inflammatory and innate immunomodulating effects of extracts of Jipae-san on cancer cells. Methods: Antimetastatic experiments were conducted in vivo mouse model by using 4T1 mouse mammary carcinoma cells. Cell viability of Jipae-san was tested with 4T1 mouse mammary carcinoma cells, colon 26-M3.1 carcinoma cells and macrophage. In addition expression of $TNF-{\alpha}$ and NO induced by LPS was measured after treating with Jipae-san. To observe innate immunomodulating effects of Jipae-san on macrophage, we measured $TNF-{\alpha}$, IL-12, IL-6 and MCP-1, respectively. Cell cytotoxicity was tested with the macrophage stimulated with Jipae-san and we evaluated the activation of $TNF-{\alpha}$ and NO. And the effect of Jipae-san on metastasis was measured without NK-cell using GM1 serum. Results: Intravenous inoculation of Jipae-san significantly inhibited metastasis of 4T1 mouse mammary carcinoma cells. In an in vitro cytotoxicity analysis, cell growth are closer to 100% less than $1,000{\mu}g/ml$ concentration. The expression of $TNF-{\alpha}$ and NO induced by LPS after treating Jipae-san was down regulated in dose-dependent manner. Level of cytokines such as $TNF-{\alpha}$, IL-12, IL-6 and MCP-1 of Jipae-san group were up regulated in compared to the control group. The macrophage stimulated with Jipae-san significantly inhibits the cancer cell at ratio of 10:1, 20:1. The activation of NO was significantly up regualted in a group of 5:1, 10:1, 20:1. The depletion of NK-cells by anti-asialo GM1 serum partly abolished the inhibitory effect of Jipae-san on tumor metastasis. Conclusions: Jipae-san appears to have considerable activity on the anti-metastasis by inflammation control and activation of innate immune system.

• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.36.2-36.2
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• 2012

The aim of this study was to explore the role of galaxy mergers on the formation and evolution of galaxies in galaxy clusters. For this purpose, u', g', r' deep optical imaging and multi-object spectroscopic observation were done for four rich Abell clusters at z ${\lesssim}$ 0.1 (A119, A2670, A3330, and A389) with a MOSAIC 2 CCD and Hydra spectrograph mounted on a Blanco 4-m telescope at CTIO. With the deep images, we found that about 25% of the bright red-sequence galaxies exhibited post-merger signatures in a cluster environment. This fraction was much higher than what was expected from the results of the field environment (-35%, van Dokkum 2005) and significantly low on-going merger fractions (about one-fifth of the field) appeared in the clusters currently. Taking advantage of the most up-to-date semi-analytic model, the results indicate that most of the post-merger galaxies may have carried over their merger features from their previous halo environment. All the brightest cluster galaxies in our cluster samples revealed faint structures in their halos as well as multiple nuclei in their centers seen in the deep optical images. We suggest that the mass of the BCGs increased mainly though major mergers at recent epochs based on their post-merger signatures and the large gaps in the total magnitudes between the BCGs and the second-rank BCGs. A UV bright tidal tail and tidal dwarf galaxy (TDG) candidates around the post-merger galaxy, NGC 4922, were discovered in the outskirts of the Coma cluster using the GALEX UV data. We did two-component stellar population modeling for the TDG candidates and the results indicate that they are an early form of dwarf galaxies frequently found around massive early-type galaxies in clusters. In conclusion, we suggest that the mergers of galaxies are an important driving force behind galaxy formation and evolution in cluster environments even until recent epochs.

• Bulletin of the Society of Naval Architects of Korea
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 1976

Using the computer programs for calculation of natural vibrations of ship's hull developed by the authors et al., an investigation into influences of various parameters on the accuracy of calculation was done through example calculations of a 30,000 DWT petroleum products carrier M/S Sweet Brier built by Korea Shipbuilding and Engineering Corporation. The methodical principles employed for the computer program development are as follows; (a) the ship system is reduced to an equivalent discrete elements system conforming to Myklestad-Prohl model, (b) the problem formulation is of transfer matrix method, and (c) to obtain solutions an extended $G\ddot{u}mbel's$ initial value method is introduced. The scope of the investigation is influences of number of discrete elements, choice of significant system parameters such as rotary inertia, bending stiffness and shear stiffness, and simplification of distributions of added mass and stiffness as trapezoidal ones referred to those of midship section on the calculation accuracy. From the investigation the followings are found out; (1) To obtain good results for the modes up to the seven-noded thirty or more divisions of the hull is desirable. For fundamental mode fifteen divisions may give fairly good results. (2) The influence of rotary inertia is negligibly small at least for the modes up to the 5- or 6- noded. (3) In the case of assuming either bending modes or shear modes the calculation results in considerably higher frequencies as compared with those based on Timoshenko beam theory. However, the calculation base on the slender beam theory surprisingly gives frequencies within 10% error for fundamental modes. (4) It is proved that to simplify distributions of added mass and stiffness as trapezoidal ones referred to those of midship section is a promising approach for the prediction of natural frequencies at preliminary design stage; provided good accumulation of data from similar type ships, we may expect to obtain natural frequencies within 5% error.

• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.53.2-53.2
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• 2016

We present surface photometry results of the dwarf galaxies in the nearby NGC 2784 galaxy group. We newly detected about 30 dwarf galaxy candidates at about 30 square degree area around the nearby NGC 2784 galaxy (D~10 Mpc and MV=-20.5) applying a visual inspection technique on the wide-field optical images taken by the KMTNet Supernova Program (KSP). Surface brightnesses of the objects estimated from the stacked-images with total exposure time of about 6 hours reach approximately ${\mu}V$ ~28.5 mag/arcsec2 around $3{\sigma}$ above sky background. The central surface brightness and the total absolute magnitude for the faintest candidate dwarf galaxy among about 40 galaxies including the previously known ones is ${\mu}0$, V~26.1 mag/arcsec2 and MV~-9.5 mag, respectively. The effective radii of the candidates are larger than ~200 pc. The radial number density of the dwarf galaxy candidates from the center of NGC 2784 is decreasing. The mean color (<(B-V)0>~0.7) and $S{\acute{e}}rsic$ structure parameters of the dwarfs, assuming them to be located in the NGC 2784 group, are well consistent with those of the dwarf galaxies in other groups (e.g. M83 group and the Local Group (LG)). The faint-end slope of the cumulative luminosity function (CLF) of the galaxies in NGC 2784 group is about ${\alpha}=-1.2$, which is steeper than that of the LG galaxies, but is much flatter than that of the CLF expected by a ${\Lambda}CDM$ model.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.71-76
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• 2007

Foodborne illness caused by Noroviruses (NVs) is increasing rapidly in Korea. This study developed an effective detection protocol for NVs found in contaminated oysters and lettuce through an investigation using the major steps of virus particle separation, concentration and RT-PCR. As a surrogate model for NVs, the cultivable feline calicivirus (FCV) that belongs to the same Caliciviridae family was used. Instead of using a time-consuming ultracentrifugation method, efficient methods based on solvent extraction and PEG precipitation procedure were applied. Direct homogenization of a 25g sample of whole oyster and lettuce in 175mL PBS provided the simplicity that would be needed in the actual field of food product examination. The overnight PEG precipitation step at $4^{\circ}C$ was reduced to 3 h by placing the reaction tube in ice and by adjusting the PEG concentrations. The application of the use of chloroform and 0.2 ${\mu}m$ syringe filtration together showed a better detection efficiency than the use of chloroform alone in removing PCR inhibitors for both oyster and lettuce samples. Also, dilution of the extracted RNA solution before PCR provided increased sensitivity. The improved detection protocol developed in this study could be efficiently applied to detect FCV and most likely NVs from oysters and lettuce.

• Nutritional Sciences
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.65-69
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• 2004

A study was carried out to determine the effect of a very low-carbohydrate diet on weight gain, body composition, and serum levels of cholesterol, triacylglycerol, glucose, ketone bodies and insulin. Twenty rats (mean initial weight, 212 g) were divided into two groups and each group was assigned a conventional high-carbohydrate diet (control) or a very low-carbohydrate diet containing 59.8% ground pork rind snack and fed the diet for four weeks. Average daily body weight gain was not different between the two groups during the first two weeks, but was significantly lower in rats fed the very low-carbohydrate diet than in those in the control group during third (p<0.05) and fourth weeks (p<0.01). Feedintake as well as energy intake was lower in rats fed the very low-carbohydrate diet than in those in the control group. The very low-carbohydrate diet reduced (p<0.01) serum triacylglycerol (34$\pm$83 vs 82$\pm$8 mg/l00 mL) and insulin (3.90$\pm$0.53 vs 7.60$\pm$0.61 $\mu$IU/mL) levels, while increasing (p<0.01) ketone body level (368$\pm$25 vs 236$\pm$24 $\mu$mol/L), compared with the control. Serum glucose and total cholesterol levels were not different (p>0.05) between the two dietary treatments. Proximate analysis of carcasses showed that the very low-carbohydrate diet decreased (p<0.01) body fat (26.1$\pm$1.04 vs 30.5$\pm$0.86%), while increasing (p<0.01) body protein (63.1$\pm$0.94 vs 59.4$\pm$0.70%) contents. Results indicate that short-term feeding of a very low-carbohydrate diet is beneficial for alleviating risk factors known to involve cardiovascular diseases or artherosclerosis. However, more studies with model animals as well as humans are recommended to examine the long-term health benefits of low-carbohydrate diets.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.16 no.E
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• pp.19-27
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• 2000

Particle Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE) and Elemental Analysis Syztem (EAS) were applied to the investiga-tion of the Characteristics and sources of wintertime atmospheric aerosols in Seoul. Atmospheric aerosols were collected by both fine and coarse fractions using a two-stage filter pack sampler from Kon-Kuk university during the winter season of 1999. PIXE was applied to the analysis of the middle and heavy elements with atomic numbers greater than 14(Si) and EAS was applied to the measurement of the light elements such as H, C and N. The fact that 64.2% of mass of fine particles in Seoul consists of the light elements (N, C , and H) suggests that the measurement of light elements is extremely important. The average mass concentration is Seoul was 38.6$\mu\textrm{g}$m(sup)-3. Elements such as Ca, Fe, Mg, and Ti appeared to have very low Fine/Coarse ratios(0.1∼0.4), whereas che-mical components related to anthropogenic sources such as Br, V, Pb, and Zn were observed to accumulate in the fine fraction. In the Asian Dust Storm(ADS) event, the concentation of soil components increased dramatically. Reconstruction of the fine mass concentrations estimated by a newly revised simple model was fairly in good agreement with the measured ones. Source identification was attempted using the enrichment factor and Pearsons coefficient of correlation. The typical elements derived from each source could be classified by this method.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.49 no.3
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• pp.274-278
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• 2017

In this study, predictive mathematical models were developed to estimate the kinetics of Staphylococcus aureus growth in processed meat product galbitang. Processed meat product galbitang was inoculated with 0.1 mL of S. aureus culture and stored at 4, 10, 20, $37^{\circ}C$. The ${\mu}_{max}$ (maximum specific growth rate) and LPD (lag phase duration) values were calculated. The primary model was used to develop a response surface secondary model. The growth parameters were analyzed using the square root model as a function of storage temperature. The developed model was confirmed by calculating RMSE (Root Mean Square Error) values as statistic parameters. The LPD decreased, but ${\mu}_{max}$ increased with an increase in the storage temperature. At 4, 10, 20 and $37^{\circ}C$, $R^2$ was 0.99, 0.98, 0.99 and 0.99, respectively; RMSE was 0.39. The developed predictive growth model can be used to predict the risk of S. aureus contamination in processed meat product galbitang; hence, it has potential as an input model for the risk assessment.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.46 no.6
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• pp.659-670
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• 2017

Oxidative stress and inflammation are key factors responsible for progression of liver injury. A variety of functions of oyster hydrolysate (OH) are affected by their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. However, little is known regarding the effects of OH on a liver injury model. This study was performed to evaluate the effects of OH on acute liver injury induced by lipopolysaccharide/D-galactosamine (LPS/D-GalN) in mice. Experimental groups were divided into six groups as follows (each group, n=10): control (saline), LPS/D-GalN, LPS/D-GalN+OH (100 mg/kg), LPS/D-GalN+OH (200 mg/kg), LPS/D-GalN+OH (400 mg/kg), and LPS/D-GalN+silymarin (25 mg/kg, positive control). The experimental acute liver injury model was induced with LPS ($1{\mu}g/kg$) and D-GalN (400 mg/kg). We first analyzed antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities in OH. OH showed high DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities and reduced ROS generation in Chang cells in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, OH showed anti-inflammatory activities, such as inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 and 5-lipooxygenase. Treatment with OH down-regulated tumor necrosis factor $(TNF)-{\alpha}$, interleukin (IL)-6, and $IL-1{\alpha}$ expression levels in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. OH significantly reduced LPS/D-GalN-induced increases in the concentrations of alanine transaminase and aspartate aminotransferase in serum. In the LPS/D-GalN group, liver tissues exhibited apoptosis of hepatocytes with hemorrhages. These pathological alterations were ameliorated by OH treatment. Consistently, hepatic catalase activity was low in the LPS/D-GalN group compared to the control group, and catalase activity was significantly restored by OH treatment (P<0.05). Furthermore, OH markedly reduced the LPS/D-GalN-induced increase in $TNF-{\alpha}$, $IL-1{\beta}$, and IL-6 levels in liver tissue. Taken together, these results show that OH has hepatoprotective effects on LPS/D-GalN-induced acute liver injury via inhibition of oxidative stress and inflammation, suggesting that OH could be used as a health functional food and potential therapeutic agent for acute liver injury.

• Agribusiness and Information Management
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.17-26
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• 2016

India is largest producer of banana in the world producing 29.72 million tonnes from an area of 0.803 million ha with a productivity of 35.7 MT ha-1 and accounted for 15.48 and 27.01 per cent of the world's area and production respectively (www.nhb.gov.in). In India, Tamil Nadu leads other states both in terms of area and production followed by Maharashtra, Gujarat and Andhra Pradesh. In Rayalaseema region of Andhra Pradesh, Kurnool district had special reputation in the cultivation of banana in an area of 5765 hectares with an annual production of 2.01 lakh tonnes in the year 2012-13 and hence, it was purposively chosen for the study. On $23^{rd}$ November 2003, the Government of Andhra Pradesh has commenced a comprehensive project called 'Andhra Pradesh Micro Irrigation Project (APMIP)', first of its kind in the world so as to promote water use efficiency. APMIP is offering 100 per cent of subsidy in case of SC, ST and 90 per cent in case of other categories of farmers up to 5.0 acres of land. In case of acreage between 5-10 acres, 70 per cent subsidy and acreage above 10, 50 per cent of subsidy is given to the farmer beneficiaries. The sampling frame consists of Kurnool district, two mandals, four villages and 180 sample farmers comprising of 60 farmers each from Marginal (<1ha), Small (1-2ha) and Other (>2ha) categories. A well structured pre-tested schedule was employed to collect the requisite information pertaining to the performance of drip irrigation among the sample farmers and Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) model was employed to analyze the performance of drip irrigation in banana farms. The performance of drip irrigation was assessed based on the parameters like: Land Development Works (LDW), Fertigation costs (FC), Volume of water supplied (VWS), Annual maintenance costs of drip irrigation (AMC), Economic Status of the farmer (ES), Crop Productivity (CP) etc. The first four parameters are considered as inputs and last two as outputs for DEA modelling purposes. The findings revealed that, the number of farms operating at CRS are more in number in other farms (46.66%) followed by marginal (45%) and small farms (28.33%). Similarly, regarding the number of farmers operating at VRS, the other farms are again more in number with 61.66 per cent followed by marginal (53.33%) and small farms (35%). With reference to scale efficiency, marginal farms dominate the scenario with 57 per cent followed by others (55%) and small farms (50%). At pooled level, 26.11 per cent of the farms are being operated at CRS with an average technical efficiency score of 0.6138 i.e., 47 out of 180 farms. Nearly 40 per cent of the farmers at pooled level are being operated at VRS with an average technical efficiency score of 0.7241. As regards to scale efficiency, nearly 52 per cent of the farmers (94 out of 180 farmers) at pooled level, either performed at the optimum scale or were close to the optimum scale (farms having scale efficiency values equal to or more than 0.90). Majority of the farms (39.44%) are operating at IRS and only 29 per cent of the farmers are operating at DRS. This signifies that, more resources should be provided to these farms operating at IRS and the same should be decreased towards the farms operating at DRS. Nearly 32 per cent of the farms are operating at CRS indicating efficient utilization of resources. Log linear regression model was used to analyze the major determinants of input use efficiency in banana farms. The input variables considered under DEA model were again considered as influential factors for the CRS obtained for the three categories of farmers. Volume of water supplied ($X_1$) and fertigation cost ($X_2$) are the major determinants of banana farms across all the farmer categories and even at pooled level. In view of their positive influence on the CRS, it is essential to strengthen modern irrigation infrastructure like drip irrigation and offer more fertilizer subsidies to the farmer to enhance the crop production on cost-effective basis in Kurnool district of Andhra Pradesh, India. This study further suggests that, the present era of Information Technology will help the irrigation management in the context of generating new techniques, extension, adoption and information. It will also guide the farmers in irrigation scheduling and quantifying the irrigation water requirements in accordance with the water availability in a particular season. So, it is high time for the Government of India to pay adequate attention towards the applications of 'Information and Communication Technology (ICT) and its applications in irrigation water management' for facilitating the deployment of Decision Supports Systems (DSSs) at various levels of planning and management of water resources in the country.