• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.822-834
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• 1985

Reexpansion of the lung is the most desirable method of filling the pleural space whether it`s contents may be, and closed thoracotomy connected to a water-seal drainage remains the basic therapeutic modality in the treatment of the problems of the pleural space. We usually used rubber mushroom tubes, size No. from 16 to 34 Fr., and performed closed thoracotomy after preliminary thoracentesis to determine the exact depending position. Author reviewed 576 cases of closed thoracotomy which were performed in the Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Pusan National University Hospital, since Jan., 1980 to June, 1984. The results were as follows: 1. The age distribution was 10 days to 76 years old and mean age of the patients was 36.6 year, and the most prevalent age group was twenties, and sex predisposition was male dominant, 86.9%. 2. The most common etiologic disease group was pneumothorax and the most common etiologic disease was traumatic hemothorax. 3. Sites of tubing were predominantly at posterior axillary line, 7th intercostal space and midclavicular line, 2nd intercostal space even though frequent presence of free pleural space. The two sides, right and left difference of occurrence rate was more frequent at right side, 51.2%. 4. Usually the durations of tubing was less than 10 days, 52.6%, and the number of tubes used to the same patient concomitantly was one, 73.9%, and the time of tubing to the same patient was 1st, 83.6%. 5. The common symptom and sign were dyspnea, 50.0%, chest pain, 30.7%, cough, 10.7%, fever, 6.5%. Especially, fever and cough was the most common symptom and sign in pyogenic empyema, 59.3%. 6. The common etiologic lesions of pneumothorax were blebs and bullae, 73.3%, and of pyogenic empyema was pneumonia, 69.0%. 7. The complication rate of closed thoracotomy was 26.0%. Among these complications, infection was 44.7%, and intercostal neuralgia was 25.3%. 8. 70.9% of all patients recovered with only closed thoracotomy and the rest of patient needed additional some necessary managements such as open thoracotomy [Blebectomy, Resection, Pleurodesis, Decortication, Bleeding control], open drainage, thoracoplasty and so on to have successful results.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.48 no.12
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• pp.1385-1388
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• 2005

Paragonimiasis is the infestation of lung flukes of the trematode genus Paragonimus. This disease is common in Asia, and the southern part of Korea has been known as one of the endemic areas of Paragonimiasis westermanii in Korea. Human infection is associated with specific dietary habits, such as eating freshwater crawfish or crabs. In a 6 1/2-year-old boy with pleural effusion and eosinophilia, paragonimiasis was diagnosed by skin test, serologic exam, and histologic identification of the parasites in a skin lesion. The same diagnosis was entertained in his elder sister with silent pleural effusion. We describe herewith these rare cases of paragonimiasis in two siblings who had a history of eating cooked freshwater crabs.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.3-10
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• 2016

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Oligonol, mainly found in lychee fruit, is an antioxidant polyphenolic compound which has been shown to have anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer properties. The detailed mechanisms by which oligonol may act as an anti-aging molecule have not been determined. MATERIALS/METHODS: In this study, we evaluated the ability of oligonol to modulate sirtuin (SIRT) expression in human lung epithelial (A549) cells. Oligonol was added to A549 cells and reactive oxygen species production, mitochondrial superoxide formation, and p21 protein levels were measured. Signaling pathways activated upon oligonol treatment were also determined by western blotting. Furthermore, the anti-aging effect of oligonol was evaluated ex vivo in mouse splenocytes and in vivo in Caenorhabditis elegans. RESULTS: Oligonol specifically induced the expression of SIRT1, whose activity is linked to gene expression, metabolic control, and healthy aging. In response to influenza virus infection of A549 cells, oligonol treatment significantly up-regulated SIRT1 expression and down-regulated viral hemagglutinin expression. Oligonol treatment also resulted in the activation of autophagy pathways and the phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Furthermore, oligonol-treated spleen lymphocytes from old mice showed increased cell proliferation, and mRNA levels of SIRT1 in the lungs of old mice were significantly lower than those in the lungs of young mice. Additionally, in vivo lethality assay revealed that oligonol extended the lifespan of C. elegans infected with lethal Vibrio cholerae. CONCLUSIONS: These data demonstrated that oligonol may act as an anti-aging molecule by modulating SIRT1/autophagy/AMPK pathways.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.117-121
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• 2014

Transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) is a widely accepted nonsurgical modality used for the treatment of multinodular hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The careful selection of the candidate is important due to the risk of developing various side effects. Fever, nausea, abdominal pain, and liver enzyme elevation are commonly known side effects of TACE. Hepatic failure, ischemic cholecystitis, and cerebral embolism are also reported, although their incidence might be low. Pulmonary complication after TACE is rare, and the reported cases of lipiodol pneumonitis are even rarer. A 53-year-old man was treated with TACE for ruptured HCC associated with hepatitis B virus infection. On day 19 after the procedure, the patient complained of dyspnea and dry cough. Chest computed tomography showed diffuse ground glass opacities in the whole-lung fields, suggesting lipiodol-induced pneumonitis. After 2 weeks of conservative management, the clinical symptoms and radiologic abnormalities improved. Reported herein is the aforementioned case of lipiodol-induced pnemonitis after TACE, with literature review.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.344-349
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• 2021

Background: Cancer patients have been disproportionally affected by the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, with high rates of severe outcomes and mortality. Fever is the most common symptom in COVID-19 patients. During the COVID-19 pandemic, physicians may have difficulty in determining the cause of fever (COVID-19, another infection, or cancer fever) in cancer patients. Furthermore, there are no specific guidelines for managing cancer patients with fever during the COVID-19 pandemic. Thus, this study evaluated the clinical characteristics and outcomes of cancer patients with fever during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: This study retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 328 cancer patients with COVID-19 symptoms (fever) admitted to five hospitals in Daegu, Korea from January to October 2020. We obtained data on demographics, clinical manifestations, laboratory test results, chest computed tomography images, cancer history, cancer treatment, and outcomes of all enrolled patients from electronic medical records. Results: The most common COVID-19-like symptoms were fever (n=256, 78%). Among 256 patients with fever, only three (1.2%) were diagnosed with COVID-19. Most patients (253, 98.8%) with fever were not diagnosed with COVID-19. The most common solid malignancies were lung cancer (65, 19.8%) and hepatobiliary cancer (61, 18.6%). Twenty patients with fever experienced a delay in receiving cancer treatment. Eighteen patients discontinued active cancer treatment because of fever. Major events during the treatment delay period included death (2.7%), cancer progression (1.5%), and major organ dysfunction (2.7%). Conclusion: Considering that only 0.9% of patients tested for COVID-19 were positive, screening for COVID-19 in cancer patients with fever should be based on the physician's clinical decision, and patients might not be routinely tested.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.44 no.9
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• pp.688-695
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• 2021

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has become a global health concern. Various SARS-CoV-2 vaccines have been developed and are being used for vaccination worldwide. However, no therapeutic agents against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have been developed so far; therefore, new therapeutic agents are urgently needed. In the present study, we evaluated several hepatitis C virus direct-acting antivirals as potential candidates for drug repurposing against COVID-19. Theses include asunaprevir (a protease inhibitor), daclatasvir (an NS5A inhibitor), and sofosbuvir (an RNA polymerase inhibitor). We found that asunaprevir, but not sofosbuvir and daclatasvir, markedly inhibited SARS-CoV-2-induced cytopathic effects in Vero E6 cells. Both RNA and protein levels of SARS-CoV-2 were significantly decreased by treatment with asunaprevir. Moreover, asunaprevir profoundly decreased virion release from SARS-CoV-2-infected cells. A pseudoparticle entry assay revealed that asunaprevir blocked SARS-CoV-2 infection at the binding step of the viral life cycle. Furthermore, asunaprevir inhibited SARS-CoV-2 propagation in human lung Calu-3 cells. Collectively, we found that asunaprevir displays broad-spectrum antiviral activity and therefore might be worth developing as a new drug repurposing candidate for COVID-19.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.218-225
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• 2019

Background: Streptococcus pneumoniae, more than 90 serotypes of which exist, is recognized as an etiologic agent of pneumonia, meningitis, and sepsis associated with significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. Immunization with a pneumococcal pep27 mutant (${{\Delta}}pep27$) has been shown to confer comprehensive, long-term protection against even nontypeable strains. However, ${{\Delta}}pep27$ is effective as a vaccine only after at least three rounds of immunization. Therefore, treatments capable of enhancing the efficiency of ${{\Delta}}pep27$ immunization should be identified without delay. Panax ginseng Mayer has already been shown to have pharmacological and antioxidant effects. Here, the ability of Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) to enhance the efficacy of ${{\Delta}}pep27$ immunization was investigated. Methods: Mice were treated with KRG and immunized with ${{\Delta}}pep27$ before infection with the pathogenic S. pneumoniae strain D39. Total reactive oxygen species production was measured using lung homogenates, and inducible nitric oxide (NO) synthase and antiapoptotic protein expression was determined by immunoblotting. The phagocytic activity of peritoneal macrophages was also tested after KRG treatment. Results: Compared with the other treatments, KRG significantly increased survival rate after lethal challenge and resulted in faster bacterial clearance via increased phagocytosis. Moreover, KRG enhanced ${{\Delta}}pep27$ vaccine efficacy by inhibiting reactive oxygen species production, reducing extracellular signal-regulated kinase apoptosis signaling and inflammation. Conclusion: Taken together, our results suggest that KRG reduces the time required for immunization with the ${{\Delta}}pep27$ vaccine by enhancing its efficacy.

• Journal of Veterinary Science
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.49.1-49.13
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• 2022

Background: Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (MHP) are economically significant pathogens in the pig industry. The use of combined vaccines against PCV2 and MHP is one of the most effective ways of protecting pigs from both diseases, and it has become a part of general management. Objectives: This study evaluated the efficacy of two new bivalent vaccines of PCV2 and MHP (Myco-X and Myco-XD) in SPF pigs. Myco-X and Myco-XD are a combined vaccine of MHP with PCV2b and PCV2d, respectively. Methods: Sixteen pigs were divided into four groups: Myco-X-vaccinated challenged, Myco-XD-vaccinated challenged, unvaccinated challenged, and unvaccinated unchallenged. Two milliliters of Myco-X were administered intramuscularly, and 0.5 mL of Myco-XD was injected intradermally at 3 wk of age. The pigs were challenged with virulent PCV2d via the intramuscular and intranasal route 4 wk post-vaccination. Results: All vaccinated pigs showed effective reduction of the clinical signs, the PCV2d load in the blood and nasal swab samples, as well as lung and lymphoid tissue lesions in the challenge test. Compared to unvaccinated challenged animals, the vaccinated challenged animals showed significantly higher (p < 0.05) levels of anti-PCV2 IgG, PCV2d-specific interferon-γ (IFN-γ), and anti-MHP IgG. Conclusions: Based on clinical, microbiological, serological, and pathological assessments, this study confirmed that both combined vaccines could protect pigs against PCV2 infection caused by PCV2d. On the other hand, further research on the efficacy evaluation of these new vaccines against the MHP challenge and PCV2d/MHP co-challenge is needed.

• Journal of Veterinary Science
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.52.1-52.7
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• 2022

This paper reports a presumptive severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in a cat. A cat with respiratory disease living with three individuals with coronavirus disease 2019 showed bilateral ground-glass opacities in the lung on X-ray and computed tomography. The clinical swabs were negative for SARS-CoV-2 RNA, but the serum was positive for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. Interstitial pneumonia and prominent type 2 pneumocyte hyperplasia were noted on histopathology. Respiratory tissues were negative for SARS-CoV-2 RNA or antigen, but the cat was positive for feline parvovirus DNA. In conclusion, the respiratory disease and associated pathology in this cat could have been due to exposure to SARS-CoV-2.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.435-442
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• 2023

The purpose of this study is to analyze the effects of simulation education using standardized patients on respiratory infectious disease knowledge and clinical performance of nursing students. A single-group before-and-after design for the nursing of infectious respiratory patients using standardized patients from March 2 to June 15, 2020, targeting 112 senior nursing students. Respiratory infectious disease education program 'knowledge of lung infectious diseases', 'hand washing', 'wearing a mask', 'encouraging patients and caregivers to wear masks', 'intravenous injection', '3-way injection', 'surgical aseptic technique', 'disinfecting medical devices' , 'contaminated linen management', 'infected person management manual', etc., and 10 educational tasks were performed, and consisted of lectures, technical training, simulation using standardized patients, and debriefing. After simulation education using standardized patients, students' knowledge and clinical performance skills on respiratory infectious diseases showed significant improvement, and it was expected that it could be used for various infection control practices.