• The Korean Journal of Soil Zoology
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.39-46
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• 2000

The distribution and some properties of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were investigated in the midgut of the earthworm, Eisenia andrei. The ALP activity appeared to be highly polarized toward the luminal side of epithelium, with minor ALP activity in chloragogue tissue. The epithelial and chloragogeneous tissues contained approximately 85 and 15% of total intestinal ALP activity, respectively. The optimal temperature was approximately 37$^{circ}C$ and isoelectricpoint was estimated to be 4. The treatment of neuraminidase and PtdIns-PLC failed to change the migration rate of ALPs. Also, these ALPs appeared to have a wide range of substrate specificity. The relationship between the properties and physiological significances of the midgut ALPs in Eisenia andrei was discussed.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.759-765
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• 2016

Background: Breast cancer is the most frequent cancer of women in Pakistan with the majority presenting with stage III or IV lesionsat initial diagnosis. Patient and health system related factors are well known determinants of delay in presentation and diagnosis. Additionally, breast cancer being a heterogeneous disease, the various molecular subtypes featuring different aggressiveness also need to be considered. The present study evaluated the association of stage at initial diagnosis of breast cancer with these two factors in local women at a tertiary level health care facility in Lahore, Pakistan. Materials and Methods: Patient and tumor features were recorded separately during diagnostic workup in Breast Clinics at INMOL and at Services Hospital, Lahore. Data were entered in MS Excel and analyzed by descriptive statistics and Chi-Square test. Results: Among the 261 patients, 64% were staged as late breast cancer (LBC), the mean age was 46.8 with standard deviation of 13 years. Some 92% had invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC), 61% had luminal types (LT) of non-aggressive tumor while 39% had the non-luminal types (NLT) of of HER2-enriched or basal aggressive tumors. While 70% of patients presented within one year of symptomatic disease (early report group "ERG"), 30% reported after a mean delay of 4 years with a standard deviation of 3.75 years. The stage distribution among ERG patients was not statistically different from those reporting late (P=0.123). Statistically larger proportion of patients with NLT presented as LBC as compared to the LT (P =0.034). Among the ERG, statistically different stage distribution of disease was observed for the NLT versus LT (P=0.047). Among those presenting late, this difference was insignificant (P=0.416). Conclusions: Breast cancer is a distinct disease in Pakistan with a high frequency of aggressive molecular types affecting younger women, with the majority presenting as LBC. Association of NLT with higher stage at diagnosis is statistically significant whereas time delay in diagnosis is not. Further research is required to define the risk profile and features in local patients. The burden of LBC can be reduced by promoting breast health awareness and by establishing easily accessible dedicated breast care set ups in the hospitals.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.9
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• pp.4241-4246
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• 2016

Background: Dysregulation of miRNA expression may be used as a biomarker for specific tumours because it may contribute to development of cancer. Circulating miRNA profiles have been highlighted for their potential as predictive markers in heterogeneous diseases such as breast cancer. In the literature, there is evidence that miR-195 levels are differentially expressed pre- and post-operative periods in breast cancer patients. At the same time, miRNA expression levels may vary because of ethnic origins. This study aimed to determine expression levels and potential roles of miR-195 in Turkish breast cancer patients. Materials and Methods: The expression patterns of miR-195 were initially examined in breast cancer tissues (luminal A and B type) (n=96). Subsequently, blood samples were prospectively collected from preoperative and postoperative Turkish breast cancer patients and disease free controls. Total RNA was isolated, and the expression level of miR-195 was quantified by real-time PCR. Results: We found that miR-195 level was altered in Turkish breast cancer patients, with down-regulation evident in breast cancer tissues compared to normal adjacent specimens. Furthermore, circulating levels of miR-195 was significantly decreased in post-operative blood samples compared with pre-operative levels (p=0.01 and <0.05). However, miR-195 was significantly increased in pre-operative blood samples of the luminal B type (p=0.04 and <0.05). Conclusions: This study represents the first report of a miR-195 expression profile in Turkish breast cancer patients. Our data suggests that miR-195 levels might be a clinically useful biomarker in the earliest stage of Turkish breast cancer patients.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.463-468
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• 2002

The unicystic ameloblastoma deserves separate consideration on the basis of its clinical, radiologic, and pathologic features and its response to treatment. It refers to those cystic lesions that show clinical, radiographic, or gross features of a jaw cyst, but on histologic examination show a typical ameloblastomatous epithelium lining part of the cyst cavity. The lesion is most commonly found on the mandible posterior area, and often asymptomatic, although large lesions may cause a painless swelling of the jaws. The lesion typically appears as a circumscribed radiolucency that surrounds the crown of an unerupted molar. These are usually considered to be a dentigerous, residual cyst on the relationship of the lesion to teeth in the area. Three histopathologic variants of unicystic ameloblastoma may be seen. 1) Luminal type, 2) Intraluminal type, 3) Mural type. In this case, these tumor was treated as cysts by enucleation with iliac bone graft, and the diagnosis of ameloblastoma is made after microscopic examination of the presumed cyst.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Near Infrared Spectroscopy Conference
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• 2001.06a
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• pp.1273-1273
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• 2001

The efficiency of the luminal fermentation process influences overall efficiency of luminal production, animal health and reproduction. Ruminant production systems have a significant impact on the global environment, as well. Animal wastes contribute to pollution of the environment as ammonia volatilized to the air and nitrate leached to ground water. Microbial protein synthesis in the rumen satisfies a large proportion of the protein requirements of animals. Quantifying the microbial synthesis is possible by using markers for lumen bacteria and protozoa such as nucleic acids, purine bases, some specific amino acids, or by isotopic $^{15}N,^{32}P,\;and\;^{35}S$ labelled feeds. All those methods require cannulated animals, they are time-consuming and some methods are very expensive as well. Many attempts have been made to find an alternative method for indirect measurement of microbial synthesis in intact animals. The present investigations aimed to assess possibilities of NIRS for prediction of purine nitrogen excretion and ruminal microbial nitrogen synthesis by NIR spectra of urine. Urine samples were collected from 12 growing sheep,6 of them male, and 6- female. The sheep were included in feeding experiment. The ration consisted of sorghum silage and protein supplements -70:30 on dry matter basis. The protein supplements were chosen to differ in protein degradability. The urine samples were collected daily in a vessel containing $60m{\ell}$ 10% sulphuric acid to reduce pH below 3 and diluted with tap water to 4 liters. Samples were stored in plastic bottles and frozen at $-20^{\circ}C$ until chemical and NIRS analysis. The urine samples were analyzed for purine derivates - allantoin, uric acid, xantine and hypoxantine content. Microbial nitrogen synthesis in the lumen was calculated according to Chen and Gomes, 1995. Transmittance urine spectra with sample thickness 1mm were obtained by NIR System 6500 spectrophotometer in the spectral range 1100-2500nm. The calibration was performed using ISI software and PLS regression, respectively. The following statistical results of NIRS calibration for prediction of purine derivatives and microbial protein synthesis were obtained.(Table Omitted). The result of estimation of purine nitrogen excretion and microbial protein synthesis by NIR spectra of urine showed accuracy, adequate for rapid evaluation of microbial protein synthesis for a large number of animals and different diets. The results indicate that the advantages of the NIRS technology can be extended into animal physiological studies. The fast and low cost NIRS analyses could be used with no significant loss of accuracy when microbial protein synthesis in the lumen and the microbial protein flow in the duodenum are to be assessed by NIRS.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.91-96
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• 2014

Evidence suggests that dietary indole, particularly rich in cruciferous vegetables, may reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases. Endosulfan is a residual organochlorine pesticide, which is detected in fruits, vegetables, and crops. In this study, we investigated the effect of luminal indole on endosulfan transport in the small intestine in mesenteric lymph duct-cannulated rats. The duodenum was also cannulated and a fasting phosphate buffered saline-glucose solution was infused overnight at 3 mL/hr. After recovery, a lipid emulsion containing [2,3-$^{14}C$] endosulfan ($^{14}C$-endosulfan) was infused into the duodenum for 8 hours. The tested rats were infused with the same lipid emulsion, but with indole. Samples from the lymph-fistula were collected hourly, and the luminal contents and mucosa were collected at the end of the infusion. The lymph flow in the mesenteric lymph did not differ between the two groups. However, the intestinal absorption of both endosulfan and cholesterol were significantly decreased by indole. The amount of radioactive endosulfan, which remained in the mucosa, was greater in the indole-infused rats due to the decreased transport of endosulfan into the lymph. This study indicates that the indole decreases the intestinal transport of endosulfan into the mesenteric lymph.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.230-239
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• 1994

In Order to evaluate determinants of successful percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA), PTCA was performed for 172 coronary arterial lesions in 120 patients (89 male, 31 female) at Yeungnam university hospital from Sep. 1992 to Aug. 1993. The corinary artery luminal diameter at the site of the original stenosis was eveluated from end-diastolic frames of identical projections of the preangioplasty and immediate post angioplasty. The coronary luminal and balloon diameters were measured with using of computer measuring system. Overall success rate of 172 attempted lesions was 87.2%. Success rate of female patients was 93.5% and higher than those of male patients. According to the clinical diagnosis, success rate in stable angina was 93.7% and higher than those of post myocardial infarction angina, unstable angina and acute myocardial infarcrion. Success rate of American Heart Association type C lesion was 65.5% and lower those of type A (95.7%), type B (89.5%). There was signfifcantly difference in preangioplasty luminal stenosis, elastic recoil and length of lesion between successful PTCA group and failed PTCA group. Success rate of lesion location at a bend > $45^{\circ}$ and presence of intracoronary thrombus were lower than than those of other angiographic findings. In coclusion, primary angioplasty success was affected by specific angiographic factors. Stenosis severity, thrombus, lesion location at a bend > $45^{\circ}$, elastic recoil, and length of lesion were the principle of determinants of coronary angioplasty success rate.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.283-299
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• 1992

Since successive operations under the acupuncture analgesia have been reported In China 1971, veterinary acupuncture was brought to the attention over the world and then its research and clinical use have markedly developed. Veterinary acupuncture and moxibustion was originated in China and Korea, but the research activities on them were not very significantly advanced. In this study, status of veterinarians on veterinary acupuncture and moxibustion, acupunctures which has been practiced by civil acupuncturist, therapeutic effects of acupuncture for the animal diseases in the field, and effects of electric acupuncture on the lumen motility in ruminants, etc. were Investigated. One-fifty of veterinarians of private clinics in Korea was interested in acupuncture and moxibustion in veterinary medicine. A lot of veterinarians required the scientific, systemic technique and knowledge or acupuncture. Civil acupuncturists who have been practiced acupuncture and moxibustion were 20 persons, and most of them were very old. They used chiefly three edged needles which were made by themselves and utilized old traditional technique in which the acupoints were stimulated and bled. Treatment with acupuncture for the digestive, muscular locomotive and febrile diseases was very effective. Until nowadays, the research on veterinary acupuncture in Korea has not much progressed. However, the Korean Societh of Veterinary Acupuncture and Moxibustion was organized in 1990. Valuable development for acupuncture through the society are expected. Electroacupuncture regional analgesia on the combinations of Yao-Pang 1, 2 and 4 acupoints was very effective for abdominal operations in cattle. But a lot of experiences and studies on the acupuncture anesthesia were required for clinical use in the future. Therapeutic effects of about 80% were obtained from electroacupuncture on the combinations of Tian Ping-Bai Hui-Shi Zhang, and Guan Yuan Yu acupoints in cattle with luminal atony and tympany In the field. Electroacupuncture on the combination of Tian Ping-Bai Hui-Qi Men, and Tian Ping-Bai Bui-Wei Gen for the treatment of downer cow was not so effective. The effects of stimulation and bleeding from acupoint by three edged needle was excellent for febrile diseases. The luminal contractile movement was accentuated by electroacupuncture on Tian Ping-Bai Hui-Shi Zhang combination and Guan Yuan Yu acupoint. It was concluded that veterinary acupuncture and moxibustion should be utilized for veterinary practice, and the advanced scientific research and clinical experiences must be followed.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.33 no.7
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• pp.1077-1086
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• 2020

Objective: We examined the localization and expression of H⁺ pumping vacuolar ATPase (V-ATPase) and cytokeratin 5 (KRT5) in the epididymis of pigs, expressed in clear and basal cells, respectively, during postnatal development. Methods: Epididymides were obtained from pigs at 1, 7, 21, 60, 120, and 180 days of age; we observed the localization and expression patterns of V-ATPase and KRT5 in the different regions of these organs, namely, the caput, corpus, and cauda. The differentiation of epididymal epithelial cells was determined by immunofluorescence labeling using cell-type-specific markers and observed using confocal microscopy. Results: At postnatal day 5 (PND5), the localization of clear cells commenced migration from the cauda toward the caput. Although at PND120, goblet-shaped clear cells were detected along the entire length of the epididymis, those labeled for V-ATPase had disappeared from the corpus to cauda and were maintained only in the caput epididymis in adult pigs. In contrast, whereas basal cells labeled for KRT5 were only present in the vas deferens at birth, they were detected in all regions of the epididymis at PND60. These cells were localized at the base of the epithelium; however, no basal cells characterized by luminally extending cell projections were observed in any of the adult epididymides examined. Conclusion: The differentiation of clear and basal cells progressively initiates in a retrograde manner from the cauda to the caput epididymis. The cell-type-specific distribution and localization of the epithelial cells play important roles in establishing a unique luminal environment for sperm maturation and storage in the pig epididymis.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.67-77
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• 1994

The purpose of this study was to investigate the irradiatiion effects on the capillary and endothelial cell in the submandibular gland. Sprague-Dawley strain male rats were singly irradiated to their neck region with the dose of 5Gy by 6MV X-irradiation and sacrificed on the 6 hours, 12 hours, 1, 3, 7, and 14days after irradiation. The authors observed the histological changes of the capillary at H & E and PAS staining under a light microscope, and also observed the ultrastructural changes of the endothelial cell using a transmission electron microscope. The obtaining results were as follows: 1. In the light microscopic examination, the capillary density was slightly increased on the 1day after irradiation, and increased until the 7 days after irradiatiion. After then, capillary density was apparently decreased. 2. The reaction to PAS staining at acinar cells was decreased on the 6 hours after irradiation, and recovered on the 7days after irradiation. But reaction was decreased on the 14days after irradiation agan, after then, gradually recovered with days. 3. In the transmission electron microscopic examination, mild proliferation of cytoplasmic process of the endothelial cell and reduction in luminal size were observed just after irradiation. After then, nuclear degeneration, marked proliferation of cytoplasmic process, thickened basal lamina, and numerous cytoplasmic vesicles were observed on the 1day after irradiation. These changes were recovered to normal on the 14days after 5Gy group, but not with 10Gy irradiation group. And destruction of endothelial cell and loss of basal lamina were not observed in both groups. 4. From the above results, reduction in luminal size, proliferation of cytoplasmic process and thickening of basal lamina were observed as the irradiation effects on the capillary and endothelial cell of the submandibular gland. And also, these changes may induce increase in capillary number and endothelial permeability by means of increase of cytoplasmic vesicle formation. The changes appeared earlier and more prominent in 10Gy irradiated group than in 5Gy irradiated group.