• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.40
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• pp.95-107
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• 1998

The purpose of this research paper is to offer basic data for cloth design which is intended to apply appropriate shape and catacity to cloth. Followings are the analyzed result of investigation which was conducted to figure out the character of middle aged from 35 to 59 years old-women body especially in lower half of their body. 177 women took part in this investigation. 1. As a result of analyzed characters for middle aged women body shape, taking a side view of body, there are great variance in thickness coefficient which indicates the size of body. 2. According to a comparison result of early middle aged women body shape with late middle aged women body shape, the value in height items get shorter otherwise the value in thickness items get longer getting older. It means late middle aged women are relatively fat. 3. For the analysis of women body especially in lower half, 8 factors were used. They are as followings. Factor 1. Side thickness of lower half. Factor 2. Width of lower half. Factor 3. Height of lower half Factor 4. Droop of underbelly Factor 5. Salient rate of buttocks. Factor 6. Length of buttocks. Factor 7. Salient rate of underbelly. Factor 8. Droop of buttocks 4. Lower half shapes of middle aged women were divided into three groups and the character of each group are as followings. 〈Group 1〉65.0% of women who took part in this investigation have this type of body shape. They have long value in height items and thickness items. 〈Group 2〉16.4% of women who take part in this investigation were belonged to this group. The value in height items were not so different from group 1 but the thickness value are shorter than group 1. Women of group 2 have slime body shape. 〈Group 3〉18.6% of women were belonged to group 3. They show the shortest value in height items otherwise the longest value in thickness items. Therefore they are the smallest and the fattest group in this investigation.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.38 no.5
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• pp.769-782
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• 2014

This study considers the correlation between model pose and clothes in Patrick Demarchelier's fashion photos as well as expression characteristics. The conclusions of the study are as follows. The type of model pose in Patrick Demarchelier's fashion photos can be categorized into five types: maximized type of upper and lower body part, minimized type of upper and lower body part, maximized type of upper body and minimized type of lower body part, minimized type of upper body and maximized type of lower body part, basic type of upper and lower body part. In case of having examined the correlation between body movement and costume, the clothes in the model pose included in the maximization of the body were formed mainstream by silhouette, which was formed by decorative elements or full drapery. In the model poses included in the reduction of the body, the costume tended to expose many parts of the body to provide a simple or structural silhouette form. The costume was expressed in colorful form and poses assumed without body movements. The expression characteristics of the model poses in Patrick Demarchelier's fashion photos were sensuality, dynamicity, and simplicity. First, sensuality was expressed as feminine sensuality accompanying an erotic mood by naturally emphasizing a woman's breast or leg by reducing the body. Second, dynamicity provided a vividness to the image as if directly living and moving by highlighting the rhythmic aspect of the body. Simplicity aroused the effect of paying attention to clothes or other incidental elements rather than the image expressed by the body of a model by excluding body movement.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.8 no.6
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• pp.930-939
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• 2000

This study was done to provide the fundamental data for scientific and rational children's clothing sizing system by investigating their somatometric characteristics and classifying somatotypes. The subjects were 269 elementary schoolgirls aged from 7 to 8 years old living in Pusan and Kyungsangnam-do. Data from each girl comprises 28 anthropometic measurments and 4 photographic measurments, related to the lower half of body. To analyze somatotypes of the lower half of body, factor analysis, cluster analysis, discriminant analysis were performed for statistical analysis of the data. As to the analysis to draw somatometric factors by this age group, five factors which explain 76.85% of the whole variances were extracted. The first and second factors which explain more than 60% of the whole variances represent 'horizontal size'and 'vertical size', which characterize most aspects of the body shape of the subjects. On the basis of the cluster analysis, three different lower half of body types were categorized. Type Ⅰ has biggest horizontal size, average vertical size and most protruded belly. Type Ⅱ has average degree of horizontal size, quite big vertical size and most protruded hips. Type Ⅲ has smallest horizontal and vertical size. According to the analysis to discriminate somatotypes of the lower half of body of this age group, weight and waist circumference of discriminant function 1 and abdominal circumference of discriminant function 2 have coefficient values.

• Journal of the Korea Fashion and Costume Design Association
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.201-217
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• 2014

There is likely to be a fit problem when women aged in their 30s-40s purchase down-age clothing from brands that target women in their 20s. To identify the part of the lower body that causes the fit problem, the sizes and types of lower body of women in their 30s-40s were compared with those of women in their 20s. The data for this study was from the 2010 Size Korea survey of body measurements of 1675 female adults in their 20s-40s. To examine differences in the average sizes of the lower body between women in their 20s and 30s-40s, descriptive statistics and t-tests were conducted. Factor and cluster analysis were used to classify body types by age groups. On the whole, compared to women in their 30s-40s, women in their 20s were found to be higher for all height items and smaller for size, thickness and width items. The result of the Glycemic index analysis showed that the body type of women in their 20s was generally larger than that of women in their 30s-40s. In addition, women in their 20s had a large drop value compared to those in their 30s-40s, whereas flatness of body cross section was bigger in the group of women in their 30s-40s. Four factors related to the lower body type of female adults in their 20s-40s were identified in the factor analysis, and three categories of body type were identified by cluster analysis. A Type 1 individual had abdominal obesity and chubby lower limbs, Type 2 had short legs and slightly chubby lower limbs, and Type 3 had long legs and a skinny lower body. A significant number of women in their 30s-40s were included in the Type 1 group, which was the least common category for women in their 20s.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.155-166
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to provide the basic information about the elderly women's lower body type and anthropometric data by direct and indirect measurements, and to provide well fitting skirt patterns of each body types. Direct and indirect measurements were taken from 202 women, whose ages were between 60 and 79. Using statistical analysis, the lower body shapes of elderly women were classified into four following categories - \circled1 thin type, \circled2 typical type, \circled3 corpulence type and \circled4 corpulence but forward inclining type. Methods of modifying basic skirt patterns for each body types were suggested.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.143-157
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the visual effects and images according to changes in the silhouettes and length of miniskirt. The silhouettes of the miniskirt were classified into two different categories according to side line, H-line and A-line. We altered the length of the miniskirt in five categories with changes in 25cm, 27.5cm, 30cm, 32.5cm, and 35cm. For the visual evaluation, 10 stimuli were placed in mannequins, and were estimated by the experts in the fashion design. For the visual evaluation according to changes in the silhouettes and length of the miniskirt, we used 13 pairs of items to find the visual effects, and 23 pairs of adjectives to measure the visual images. The stimuli and adjectives were randomly given to the evaluators and were evaluated by the 7-Point Likert Type Scale. The data have analyzed by frequency, t-test, factor analysis, anova, scheffe's test and the MCA method. According to the factor analysis of the visual effects of the miniskirt, the result was classified into 3 factors: the thickness of the lower body, the length of the lower body, and the shape of the lower body. According to factor analysis of the visual image of the miniskirt, the result was classified into 4 factor: personality, attraction, elegance, and activity. The silhouettes of miniskirt had more positive visual effects and images in A-Line than in H-Line. Among the visual effects of miniskirts, the length affected the thickness and length of the lower body more than the silhouette did and, the silhouette had more effects on the shape of the lower body than the length did. And shorter the skirts, stronger the image of personality. However, 32.5cm and 35cm miniskirts are estimated to be more attractive than excessively short skirts. There are many differences in the image of personality and activity according to the changes in the length of miniskirts.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.148-162
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• 2011

The purpose of this study is to analyze lower body types of women and provide information of body improvement of Korean adult female clothing product to ready-made clothes companies. As for the method of this study, it was conducted to measure the parts of the lower body of adult women at the age from 19 to 24 years, to analyze their characteristics and to categorize body types. For study, it was measured 150 female women in Seoul. Data was analyzed by used SPSS/WIN 19.0 Program. The results of this study are as follows. The means of the subjects in their early 20s are 159.8cm in height, 67.0cm in waist circumference, 91.6cm in hip and 52.0kg in weight. As a result of comparison with the $5^{th}$ Korean's human body size on measurement data, 20 items out of 33 items showed significant difference. Factor analysis was executed for 66 body measure and calculation items to draw the body construction factors of the women's lower body in their early 20s and principal component analysis was performed by orthogonal varimax rotation to clarify the measurement of factors and to derive explanatory factors. As result of Cluster analysis, body types' characteristics divide into 3 types. Type1 has tall and fat body form, type2 has shortest and curvy body form and type3 has average height and the most skinny body form.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.308-317
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• 2019

This study provided data for classifying and characterizing the lower half of the body shape for obese adult men in their 30s and 40s. Data of 492 adult males who were obese with a WHO criteria of >25 BMI were used for analysis. The results of the study are as follows. Six factors extracted from the factorial analysis as independent factors for cluster analysis were classified into three types. Type 1 (65.4%) had the lowest height of the lower half of the body with short circumference and length. Type 2 (20.3%) had the lowest height of the lower half of the body with the largest thickness, width and circumference from the back to the hip, but short in length. Type 3 (14.2%) had the lowest height of the lower half of the body with medium height and waist-height; however, the curve from the waist to the hip was the largest with the largest waist circumference, hip circumference, and width and thickness of the lower half of the body. This study will help to design a slack pattern that utilizes body shape characteristics of men in their 30s and 40s. In a follow-up study, we analyze the slack pattern and educational pattern by the company and study the necessity for a slack pattern for obese males.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.35-48
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• 2004

In this study, by determining lower limb movements which cause significant changes in body surface lines, body parts with the greatest maximum expansion and contraction rate respectively were illustrated in descending order. Using unmarried female university students aged 18 - 24 as subjects, a total of 32 body surface categories (15 body surface lines and 17 body surface segment lines) were measured in one static and 9 movement poses. In particular, expansion and contraction levels and rates were measured and used in the analysis. The analysis first involved the calculation of the average measurement per body part in body surface line in static pose as well as of the average expansion and contraction levels and rates in 9 lower limb movements. Two-way MANOVA and multiple comparison analysis (Tukey) were conducted on movements and individual somatotypes regarding measurement per body part and expansion and contraction rates. Movements which cause measurements of body surface lines differed significantly in body surface line in static pose versus in movement were then identified. Among average expansion and contraction rates in such movements, maximum average expansion and contraction levels, maximum average expansion and contraction rate, and classes of expansion and contraction rate were determined per body part. The results of this study are as follows. First, 5 lower limb movements; F2, F5, F6, F7, F8, which caused significant changes in body surface lines were determined and illustrated in table 4. Second, the levels, rates, and classes of expansion and contraction rate per body part are illustrated in Tables 5 and 6. Body parts with the greatest maximum expansion rate were, in descending order: upper segment of center back leg line, upper segment of inner leg line, middle segment of center front leg line, posterior crotch length, anterior knee girth, anterior thigh girth, center back leg line, girth at crotch height, anterior midway thigh girth, hip girth, anterior crotch length, knee girth, waist girth, inner leg line, thigh girth, and crotch length. Those with the greatest maximum contraction rate were, in descending order: anterior crotch length, upper segment of center front leg line, lower segment of center back leg line, center front leg line, and posterior thigh girth. The maximum expansion rates and maximum contraction rates, which ranged from 2.05 to $35.95\%$ and from -0.20 to $-30.16\%$ respectively, were classified per body part into 4 ABCD classes. The body part with maximum expansion was the upper segment of the center back leg line at vertical body surface line, expanding by $35.95\%$ or 16.03cm in F5 flexion movement. In contrast, the body part with maximum contraction was the anterior crotch length at vertical body surface line, contracting by $-30.16\%$ or -10.54cm in F5 flexion movement. Both, however, were the body parts to expand or contract the most among all horizontal and vertical body surface lines.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.727-739
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• 1997

The purpose of this study was to classify and analyze the lower body of adult female and to provide it'stotal data for clothing construction. The subjects were 82 Korean adult females and their age range is from 19 to 24 years old. 42 variables (10 variables from the direct anthropometric data, 2 variables from the multiplication method and 30 variables from the indirect anthropometric data) in total were applies to analyze(means, standard deviations, factor analysis, cluster analysis) The result of factor analysis indicated that 10 factors were extract'cd through factor analysis and orthogonal rotation by the method of varimax and those factors comprise 82. 5 percent of total variance. The obesity of lower body was closely related to hip angle indicated the degree of drooping hip was extracted a independent factor, not influenced by other variance. And somatotype of lower body is classified by cluster analysis, using the FASTCLUS of SAS. To classify the lower body, two kinds of silhouette, front- back and side were applied to analize. The front- back silhouette was subdivided into five groups and the side silhouette four.