• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.157-165
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• 1999

This study was conducted to identify the determinants of regional body fat distribution of obesity(upper body obesity and lower body obesity) for adolescents. The macronutrient consumption pattern utilized the most important variables to test for potential determinants. A total of 726 adolescents living in rural areas in Korea had been observed for four years from 1992 to 1996 about their diet, sexual maturation, serum components and physical growth. The study design was similar to that of a case control study. Logistic regression analysis were used as an analytical method to identify the determinants of upper body obesity and lower body obesity. Odd ratios were estimated from the regression to identify the determinants of upper body obesity and lower body obesity. Odd ratios were estimated from the regression to identify the risk factors. Fat consumption pattern was the most frequent one among the three macronutrient consumption pattern of carbohydrate, fat and protein. Prevalence of obesity for the subjects was 9.5%. Prevalence of upper body obesity was higher in malestudents than in female students. On the other had, prevalence of lower body obesity was higher in females. The results of the logicstic regression analysis showed that the risk factor for upper body obesity was sexual maturity rather than dietary factors. None of the factors included in the analysis for lower body obesity appear to be the risk factor. The result may suggest that to develop a determinant model for obesity of adolescents, the model should include a wider range of variables other than diet, sexual maturity and changes in blood serum.

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제33권8호
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• pp.1306-1314
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• 2009

This study investigates the progress of obesity in men from childhood to adulthood, by analyzing the measurement references from the 5th Size Korea. It also seeks to analyze the characteristics of obese figures through the comparison of body proportions to normal-weight people, to provide a basic reference for the development of new size categories and improved pattern grading. The age range is divided into three groups: children (2-7), teenagers (13-18), and adults (19-39). The results of research into the characteristics of body proportions of obese figures and the classification of different figure groups of obese people are as follows. The ratio between width and circumference for each part of the body was investigated according to body weight that was grouped into three different categories of low, normal, and obese body weights. The result demonstrated that in all the ranges of age, the obese groups had the lowest ratio between width and circumference in having a thick body shape. According to the results that compared the ratio of the circumference of each body part divided by the waist circumference, the obese group showed a low ratio that indicates that they have a bigger waist circumference than other parts of the body. Two factors are identified as contributing to obesity in analyzing the ratio of the circumference of body parts divided by waist circumference. Using the factor loadings of the upper and lower body obesity, a cluster analysis was carried out and three different categories of obesity were defined; lower body obesity, abdominal obesity, and upper body obesity. The obese groups of children and teenagers were mostly in body shape with lower obesity and abdominal obesity, whereas the adults group showed the obesity present in the upper body obesity that have fewer cases in lower body obesity.

• 복식문화연구
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• 제23권5호
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• pp.755-767
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• 2015

This study analyzed the body-type characteristics of 340 old-aged obese women that had been on the rise as a part of efforts to activate the silver clothing industry. The subjects were in the age range of 60-79 and met some obesity requirements, including a Rohrer Index of 1.6 or higher, a BMI of 25 or higher, and a WHR of 0.85 or higher. Old-aged obese women showed increased thickness of the torso with age, which suggests that they revealed the characteristics of regardless of gender. In other words, they became bigger in the waist and abdomen, shorter in height, slimmer in the lower body, and thicker in the torso. There are three types of obesity: Type 1 is lower-body obesity with a higher degree of obesity in the abdomen than the upper body. Type 2 is abdominal obesity with a higher degree of obesity in the upper body than in the lower body. Type 3 is whole-body obesity with balanced obesity of the whole body. As for changes to the types of obesity according to age, those who are in their sixties usually fall into the categories of upper-body and whole-body obesity, and those who are in their seventies are much more concentrated in the categories of abdominal obesity and upper-body obesity with a decreased percentage of whole-body obesity. It is apparent that the percentage of abdominal and upper-body obesity rises with age due to fat accumulation in the abdomen.

• 한국의류산업학회지
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• 제21권5호
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• pp.677-686
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• 2019

This study helps out-size consumers purchase ready-made clothes and improve fitness by classifying the lower bodies of abdomen-obese adult males in their 20s and older; in addition, it creates a size system based on each size interval of obesity type. The criteria for the 559 male subjects surveyed in this study were over $25kg/m^2$ of BMI, over 90 cm of waist, and over 0.85 waist hip ratio. The results are as follows. First, the higher the age group, the higher the degree of abdominal obesity in each age group. The degree of obesity then decreases somewhat as their age increases; however, the risk of abdominal obesity also increases. Second, 3 clusters were categorized by cluster analysis, into abdominal obesity, larger oval-type, trapezoid-type and small cylinder-type. Third, the size system establishment according to lower-body types resulted in basic body sizes and reference body sizes being different according to types even in commonly-appeared size names in the sections of respective types. The above research findings show it is necessary to understand obesity types according to waist and hip sizes that represent basic sizes and to design patterns in consideration of the characteristics of obese body shapes when lower-half body clothes are designed among obesity groups.

• 대한한방체열의학회지
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.43-48
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• 2003

Obesity is excess body weight, defined as a body mass index (BMI) over 30 kg/m2. or 20% over than relative body weight (RBW). We can consider the surface temperature of obesity patients is related with fat distribution and differs from that of non obesity people. The temperature is measured by using Digital Infrared Thermal Imaging(DITI). DITI was taken on 109 people without any specific disease. Among those subjects, obesity group is 77 and non obesity is 32. We measured the surface temperature by describing regular square on the upper arm, lower arm, palm, upper leg, lower leg, foot, upper abdomen and lower abdomen. The temperature of upper leg, upper abdomen and lower abdomen was low (p<0.001) and that of palm and foot was high (p<0.05) in obesity group. The temperature and the difference of lower arm to palm and lower leg to foot correlated with RBW. These results suggest the surface temperature in obesity group differ remarkably from that in non obesity group.

• 한국의류산업학회지
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• 제11권6호
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• pp.904-910
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• 2009

The aim of this study is to help out-size consumers purchase the ready-made clothes and improve clothing fitness by classifying the lower bodies of abdomen-obese adult males and by setting up some size system according to each size interval of obesity types. The including criteria for subjects in this study was over 25 kg/$m^2$ of the BMI, over 90 cm of waist, and over 0.85 of WHR, and a total of 538 adult males satisfying them were enrolled. Results are as follows; 1st, the higher the age bracket was, the more increase in each age bracket's lower-degree obesity rate there was along with the more decrease in moderate-degree, while the higher the age bracket was, the more increasing tendency toward each age bracket's abdominal obesity there was. 2nd, 3 clusters were categorized by cluster analysis, into abdominal obesity, high-degree-type, trapezoid-type and cylinder-type. And 3rd, as a consequence of size system establishment according to lower-body types, the basic body sizes and reference body sizes were different according to types even in commonly-appeared size names at sections of respective types. The research findings above suggests that it is necessary to figure out the obesity types according to waist and hip sizes representing basic sizes and to design the patterns in consideration of the characteristics of obese body shapes when lower-half body clothes are designed among obesity groups. And it may be used as a basic data to decide the desirable output of production according to respective body types.

• 한국의류산업학회지
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• 제25권5호
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• pp.615-625
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• 2023

This study aimed to analyze the characteristics of the lower-body shape of middle-aged males with abdominal obesity by type and consider dimensional distribution to present a suit-pants size. The criteria were having a waist circumference greater than 90 cm and a waist-to-hip ratio(WHR) greater than 0.90; a total of 566 middle-aged males were surveyed. The findings revealed that, first, compared to standard lower-body types, the average body size of abdomenobese middle-aged males was significantly larger, especially in the horizontal area than in the vertical ares. Second, through a cluster analysis, a total of three categories of abdominal obesity were defined: small oval, large cylinder, and trapezoid type. The coverage rates of each type were 93.8%, 75.9%, and 93.0%, respectively. Finally, the suit-pants size system established according to lower-body types indicated the basic body size and reference body size were different for each type and also for the KS K 0050 male adult's garments size system. According to the definition of abdominal obesity, the types of abdominal obesity and the dimensions of each area are different, even if they belong to the same obesity group, suggesting that it is necessary to develop a pattern based on the analysis of obesity types.

• 한방비만학회지
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.141-146
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• 2005

It is very important that the ratio of Soft Lean Mass and Body Fat Mass in body composition. Generally we make an effort not only weight reduction but body fat mass reduction, and finally percent body fat is reduced. And we make an effort to reduce of partial obesity. I have one case that improvement of imbalance on the upper and lower part of the body by Oriental Medicine. We have the result that the upper part of the body composition is increased and the lower part of the body composition is decreased.

• 패션비즈니스
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• 제17권6호
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• pp.141-157
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• 2013

In this study, we analyzed the figure type and lower-body size of Shanghai and Hong Kong adult women in their early twenties using the data obtained from 3D whole body scanners. We also provided concrete information related to women's lower bodies, in terms of crotch width, crotch length, inseam, outseam, slope of waist, etc., among women in Shanghai and Hong Kong. The result may be useful to the Chinese apparel industry when designing trouser pants for adult women. According to the results of the factor analysis for categorizing the body shape of the lower half, 5 factors were obtained: obesity of the lower half factor, height of the lower half factor, length from waist to the crotch factor, factor related to legs, and shape of the abdomen factor. After performing a cluster analysis according to the factor analysis, three clusters were set: Cluster 1 was represented as the lower half growth type, which has a high value in height of the lower half factor and grows in the abdomen part. Cluster 2 was represented as thin legs type, which has a low value in most part compared to the length of leg bones and factors about legs that have high value. Cluster 3 was represented as the obesity type having a high value in the obesity of the lower half factor. Overall, thin legs type achieved a high rate in Shanghai adult women and obesity type received a high rate in adult women living in Hong Kong.

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.618-629
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• 2008

The objectives of this study were to classify body types of 40s, 50s, 60s obese women according to body measurements and to investigate relationships between age and body types of obese women. Body measurement was made on 497 obese women in their 40s, 50s, 60s whose BMI (Body Mass Index) was 25.0 or more when directly measured in 'Size Korea 2004'. Data were analyzed through factor analysis, cluster analysis, Pearson's correlation coefficient, $X^2$-test, t-test, one-way analysis of variance, and Duncan's multiple range test. First. the obesity group with BMI being 25.0-30.0 was composed of 23.1% subjects in their 40s, 43.3% subjects in their 50s, and 50.0% subjects in their 60th, which demonstrates that the older subjects were, the higher the distribution was. Adding the high obesity group with BMI being more than 30.0 to the obesity group, women in their 60s were 56.7%, the most of obese bodies. Second, factor analysis of obese women's BMIs revealed that five factors were elicited, including upper-body circumference related factor, height related factor, lower-body circumference related factor, upper-body width related factor, and upper-body related factor. As a result of analyzing the clusters, three types of body shapes were classified including upper-lower obesity, upper obesity, and lower obesity. Third, obese women were thicker or wider than non-obese individuals in those factors including upper-body circumference, lower-body circumference, and body width, and longer in upper-body length, while non-obese individuals were higher or longer than obese individuals in height related factors.