• 대한전자공학회논문지SD
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• 제43권11호
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• pp.48-57
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• 2006

본 설계에서는 최근 부상하고 있는 motor control, 3-phase power control, CMOS image sensor 등 각종 센서 응용을 위해 고해상도와 저전력, 소면적을 동시에 요구하는 12b 200KHz 0.52mA $0.47mm^2$ 알고리즈믹 ADC를 제안한다. 제안하는 ADC는 요구되는 고해상도와 처리 속도를 얻으면서 동시에 전력 소모 및 면적을 최적화하기 위해 파이프라인 구조의 하나의 단만을 반복적으로 사용하는 알고리즈믹 구조로 설계하였다. 입력단 SHA 회로에서는 고집적도 응용에 적합하도록 8개의 입력 채널을 갖도록 설계하였고, 입력단 증폭기에는 folded-cascode 구조를 사용하여 12비트 해상도에서 요구되는 높은 DC 전압 이득과 동시에 층L분한 위상 여유를 갖도록 하였다. 또한, MDAC 커패시터 열에는 소자 부정합에 의한 영향을 최소화하기 위해서 인접 신호에 덜 민감한 3차원 완전 대칭 구조의 레이아웃 기법을 적용하였으며, SHA와 MDAC 등 아날로그 회로에는 향상된 스위치 기반의 바이어스 전력 최소화 기법을 적용하여 저전력을 구현하였다. 기준 전류 및 전압 발생기는 칩 내부 및 외부의 잡음에 덜 민감하도록 온-칩으로 집적하였으며, 시스템 응용에 따라 선택적으로 다른 크기의 기준 전압을 외부에서 인가할 수 있도록 설계하였다. 또한, 다운 샘플링 클록 신호를 통해 200KS/s의 동작뿐만 아니라, 더 적은 전력을 소모하는 10KS/s의 동작이 가능하도록 설계하였다. 제안하는 시제품 ADC는 0.18um n-well 1P6M CMOS 공정으로 제작되었으며, 측정된 DNL과 INL은 각자 최대 0.76LSB, 2.47LSB 수준을 보인다. 또한 200KS/s 및 10KS/s의 동작 속도에서 SNDR 및 SFDR은 각각 최대 55dB, 70dB 수준을 보이며, 전력 소모는 1.8V 전원 전압에서 각각 0.94mW 및 0.63mW이며, 시제품 ADC의 칩 면적은 $0.47mm^2$ 이다.

• Journal of Power Electronics
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.408-417
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• 2011

The plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) are specialized hybrid electric vehicles that have the potential to obtain enough energy for average daily commuting from batteries. The PHEV battery would be recharged from the power grid at home or at work and would thus allow for a reduction in the overall fuel consumption. This paper proposes an integrated power electronics interface for PHEVs, which consists of a novel Eight-Switch Inverter (ESI) and an interleaved DC/DC converter, in order to reduce the cost, the mass and the size of the power electronics unit (PEU) with high performance at any operating mode. In the proposed configuration, a novel Eight-Switch Inverter (ESI) is able to function as a bidirectional single-phase AC/DC battery charger/ vehicle to grid (V2G) and to transfer electrical energy between the DC-link (connected to the battery) and the electric traction system as DC/AC inverter. In addition, a bidirectional-interleaved DC/DC converter with dual-loop controller is proposed for interfacing the ESI to a low-voltage battery pack in order to minimize the ripple of the battery current and to improve the efficiency of the DC system with lower inductor size. To validate the performance of the proposed configuration, the indirect field-oriented control (IFOC) based on particle swarm optimization (PSO) is proposed to optimize the efficiency of the AC drive system in PHEVs. The maximum efficiency of the motor is obtained by the evaluation of optimal rotor flux at any operating point, where the PSO is applied to evaluate the optimal flux. Moreover, an improved AC/DC controller based Proportional-Resonant Control (PRC) is proposed in order to reduce the THD of the input current in charger/V2G modes. The proposed configuration is analyzed and its performance is validated using simulated results obtained in MATLAB/ SIMULINK. Furthermore, it is experimentally validated with results obtained from the prototypes that have been developed and built in the laboratory based on TMS320F2808 DSP.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.101-117
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• 1999

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a degenerative neuromuscular disease of unknown etiology in which the upper and lower motor neurons are progressively destroyed. Recent evidences support the role of autoimmune mechanisms in the pathogenesis of ALS. This study investigated the effects of sera from ALS patients on neuromuscular transmission in phrenic nerve-hemidiaphragm preparations and on calcium currents of single isolated dorsal root ganglion (DRG) cells in mice. Mice were injected with either control sera from healthy adults or ALS sera from 18 patients with ALS of sporadic form, for three days. Miniature end plate potential (MEPP) and nerve-evoked end plate potential (EPP) were measured using intracellular recording technique and the quantal content was determined. Single isolated DRG cells were voltage-clamped with the whole-cell configuration and membrane currents were recorded. Sera from 14 of 18 ALS patients caused a significant increase in MEPP frequency in normal Ringer's solution $(4.62{\pm}0.14\;Hz)$ compared with the control $(2.18{\pm}0.15\;Hz).$ In a high $Mg^{2+}/low\;Ca^{2+}$ solution, sera from 13 of 18 ALS patients caused a significant increase in MEPP frequency, from $2.18{\pm}0.31$ Hz to $6.09{\pm}0.38$ Hz. Sera from 11 of 18 patients produced a significant increase of nerve-evoked EPP amplitude, from $0.92{\pm}0.05$ mV to $1.30{\pm}0.04$ mV, while the other seven ALS sera did not alter EPP amplitude. In the ALS group, EPP quantal content was also elevated by the sera of 14 patients (from $1.49{\pm}0.07$ to $2.35{\pm}0.07).$ MEPP frequency and amplitude in wobbler mouse were $4.03{\pm}0.53$ Hz and $1.37{\pm}0.18$ mV, respectively, which were significantly higher than those of wobbler controls (wobblers without the symptoms of wobbler). Sera from ALS patients significantly reduced HVA calcium currents of DRG cells to 42.7% at -10 mV. Furthermore, the inactivation curve shifted to more negative potentials with its half-inactivation potential changed by 6.98 mV. There were, however, significant changes neither in the reversal potential of $I_{Ca}$ nor in the I-V curve. From these results it was concluded that: 1) The serum factors of sporadic ALS patients increase neuromuscular transmission and can alter motor nerve terminal presynaptic function. This suggests that ALS serum factors may play an important role in the early stage of ALS, and 2) Calcium currents in DRG cells were reduced and rapidly inactivated by ALS sera, suggesting that in these cells, ALS serum factors may exert interaction with the calcium channel.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.116-122
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• 2007

Background: Lumbar zygapophysial joints are a common source of chronic lower back pain and radiofrequency thermocoagulation (RF) of the medial branches (MB) has been shown to be effective at providing substantial pain relief for chronic low back pain. Therefore, we carried out this study to determine the short term outcomes and prognostic factors of RF on the MB of patients with lumbar facet syndrome. Methods: We performed RF in fourteen patients who showed greater than 80% pain relief up to three times after a diagnostic MB block was conducted using 0.3 ml of 0.5% bupivacaine. Using 10 cm curved electrodes with 10-mm active tip, a 60 second, $80^{\circ}C$ lesion was made after electrical stimulation at 50 Hz for sensory and 2 Hz for motor nerve testing. The degree of pain relief was then assessed after 2 weeks, and again after 3 months using a visual analog scale (VAS) and a four point Likert scale. The outcome was regarded as 'success' if at least a 50% reduction in the VAS was observed. Possible prognostic factors between the two groups were also evaluated Results: The success rate was 71.4% (10/14) after three months of follow-up. However, there were transient complications, such as neuritis like syndrome, in 4 patients. In addition, short symptom duration and low minimal voltage (< 0.4 V) for sensory stimulation were shown to be the relevant prognostic factors for a successful outcome. Conclusions: RF may be an alternative to repeated MB block or intraarticular injection for palliation of lumbar facet syndrome. For better outcomes, early diagnosis and strict patient selection should be coupled with efforts to avoid anatomically incorrect RF.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제17권11호
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• pp.755-760
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• 2016

근래에는 신재생에너지를 이용한 독립적인 발전기의 수요가 증가하고 있는 추세이며 그 중에서 소형 풍력발전기의 개발 또한 활발하게 이루어지고 있다. 이러한 소형 풍력발전기는 목적에 따라 단순화 및 소형화가 가능하도록 영구자석이 주로 쓰인다. 하지만 영구자석 동기기는 구조적인 원인으로 인하여 코깅토크를 수반하고 이는 소음과 진동의 원인이 된다. 코깅토크는 영구자석이나 코어의 형상에 의해 변하며 적절한 설계기법으로 코깅토크를 저감시킬 수 있다. 본 논문에서는 영구자석의 형상변화를 통해 소형 풍력발전기에 많이 사용되는 표면부착형 영구자석 동기전동기의 코깅토크를 저감시키는 설계기법을 제시하였다. 코깅토크를 줄일 수 있는 영구자석의 형상을 구하는 데에는 확률론적 최적화기법의 일종인 진화론적 최적화기법을 사용했다. 최적화 기법을 적용할 때에 설계변수로는 영구자석의 폭을 조절하는 각도와, 영구자석의 외경을 조절하는 반지름을 설정하였다. 제시된 설계기법을 사용해서 극/슬롯의 조합이 8극/18슬롯이고 출력이 300W급인 풍력발전기를 설계하고 코깅토크와 출력전압 등의 특성을 계산했다. 계산결과에 의하면 초기모델에 비해 최적화모델에서 코깅토크와 토크리플 모두가 감소해서, 본 연구에서 제시한 설계기법이 코깅토크를 줄이는 데에 효과가 있음을 확인하였다.