• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.18 no.8
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• pp.1164-1170
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• 2005

This study was conducted to evaluate performance, breast (thigh) muscle yield, nutrient digestibility and serum biochemical parameters of broilers fed low-protein diets supplemented with various threonine to lysine ratios (Thr/Lys). Three hundred and twenty four day-old male Arbor Acres broilers were randomly allotted to six dietary treatments with six replicates per treatment and nine broilers per replicate. Six treatments included one control diet [formulated according to NRC (1994)], and five experimental diets (treatments 1-5). In treatments 1-5, the crude protein level was 2% lower than that of the NRC control diet. The Thr/Lys in treatments 1-5 was 0.65, 0.70, 0.75, 0.80 and 0.85 during the starter and grower phases and 0.70, 0.75, 0.80, 0.85 and 0.90 during the finisher phase with other nutrient levels kept consistent. The results showed that: (1) With increasing Thr/Lys, ADG of treatments 1, 3 and 4 were lower (p<0.05) than those of the NRC control diet during the starter phase; ADG of treatments 1-5 were lower (p<0.05) than those of the NRC control during the grower phase, and ADG of treatment 1 was lower (p<0.05) than that of the NRC control during the finisher phase. Average daily feed intake in treatments 1 and 4 were lower (p<0.05) than that of broilers on the NRC control diet during the grower phase. Feed/gain (F/G) of the NRC control diet was lowest (p<0.05) during the starter phase. F/G in treatments 2 and 5 were higher (p<0.05) than that of NRC during the grower phase. (2) Breast muscle proportion on d 21 increased linearly (p<0.05) in response to graded levels of Thr/Lys. (3) No differences were detected for dry matter, energy and crude protein digestibility among all seven treatments. (4) On d 21, serum triglyceride of broilers on dietary treatments 3 and 5 was higher (p<0.05) than that of broilers in control. The results indicate that the low-protein diets supplemented with an appropriate Thr/Lys could not support the same performance that was achieved by the broilers fed the NRC control diet.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.266-276
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• 1997

To investigate the effects of dietary protein and calcium levels on calcium and bone metabolism Sprague-Dawley male growing rats weighting approximately 91.4g were divided into four groups and fed one of the following four experimental diets-15% protein 0.2% calcium ; 15% protein 0.5% calcium ; 30% protein 0.2% calcium ; 30% protein 0.5% calcium-for five weeks. Calcium intake and excretion, apparent calcium absorption were measured and bone densities and mineral contents of femur and scapula were analyzed. Calcium excretion through feces and urine was significantly greater in animals receiving diets of higher calcium. Fecal calcium but not urinary calcium excretion was greater when the protein level was increased from 15% to 30%. Apparent calcium absorption rate was significantly higher with lower calcium intakes. Serum alkaline phosphatase activity was significantly higher in 0.2% calcium group than in 0.5% calcium group, while urinary hydroxyproline excretion was essentially same among all experimental groups. Weights and mineral contents or protein. Bone weights were greater, but calcium and ash contents of femur and scapula were lower in animals on the diet containing low calcium and high protein, which suggests that bone metabolism may be affected by the interaction between calcium and protein intake. These results indicate that during growth high protein intake might be beneficial to bone health if the diet is sufficient in calcium, however, if the diet fails to provide an optimum amount of calcium, such practice might be detrimental.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.237-244
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• 2015

Four ruminally cannulated Holstein steers (BW $401.0{\pm}2.22kg$) fed TMR containing low protein (CP 9.63 %) as a basal diet were used to investigate the effects of cornell net carbohydrates and protein system (CNCPS) fraction enriched protein feeds on rumen fermentation and blood metabolites. The steers used in a $4{\times}4$ Latin square design consumed TMR only (control), TMR with rapeseed meal (AB1), TMR with soybean meal (B2) and TMR with perilla meal (B3C), respectively. The protein feeds were substituted for 30 % crude protein of TMR intake. For measuring ruminal pH, ammonia-N and volatile fatty acids (VFA), ruminal digesta was sampled through ruminal cannula at 1 h-interval after the afternoon feeding. Blood was sampled via the jugular vein after the ruminal digesta sampling. Different CNCPS fraction-enriched proteins did not affect (p>0.05) ruminal pH except B3C being numerically low compared with the other groups. Ammonia-N and VFA were not significantly different among the experimental groups. Numerically low ammonia-N appeared in the steers fed rapeseed meal even though it contained high soluble N composition (A and B1 fractions). The discrepancy is unclear; however this may be related to low protein level in the diet and/or low DM intake. Blood metabolites were not significantly affected by the protein substitution except for blood urea nitrogen that was significantly (p<0.05) increased.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.52 no.2
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• pp.149-158
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• 2019

This study investigated the effects of replacing fish meal (FM) with a mixture of four protein sources (wheat gluten, soy protein concentrate, tankage meal, and poultry byproduct meal) in an extruded pellet (EP) diet for olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus. Five experimental diets were formulated with alternative proteins replacing 0%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50% of FM. Taurine and betaine were added as attractants in the diets. Triplicate groups of fish (initial body weight: $196{\pm}2g$) were fed the diets to apparent satiation. Over the course of a 6-month feeding trial, there were no significant differences between the groups in growth performance, feed utilization, survival, or villus height. The dry matter and protein digestibility of FM50 diet were significantly lower than those of the control diet at water temperatures below $18.5^{\circ}C$ in months 4 and 6. This is a highly significant first report on FM replacement in an EP diet given to olive flounder over a 6-month-long feeding period. It shows that the proper mixture of protein sources can replace up to 50% of FM in olive flounder EP diets with taurine and betaine supplementation. It also shows that 40% of FM could be safely replaced in EP diets during periods of low water temperature.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.218-227
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• 1998

This study was performed to investigate the effects of dietary protein and calcium levels on iron and zinc balance in eight healthy Korean young women. The 20-day metabolic study consisted of a 2-day adaptation period followed by three 6-day experimental periods. Three experimental diets were the low protein-low calcium(LProLCa ; protein 44g, Ca 422mg), the high protein-low calcium(HProLCa ; 'protein 85g, Ca 365mg) and the high protein-high calcium (HProHCa ; protein 84g, Ca 727mg). Apparent absorption and balance of iron and zinc were significantly higher when subjects were fed high protein-low calcium diet than low protein-low calcium diet. The elevation of dietary calcium significantly depressed the apparent absorption of iron and zinc. The levels of serum iron and zinc were likely to be increased with a high protein diet, but the differences were not significant. There was a strong correlation(r=O.99) between the iron intake and serum iron concentration. Serum zinc concentration was not correlated with hair zinc. Study results revealed that the levels of dietary protein and calcium influence iron and zinc balance in Koreans. This study suggests that dietary recommendations for trace minerals, such as iron and zinc, should be carefully examined. In addition, there is a need to evaluate the bioavailability of milk or beverage products enriched with calcium and iron.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.37-50
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• 1972

An analysis of the free amino acid contained in the plasma and erythrocytes of the six groups of Wistar Strain male adult rats(body weight 200-300g) having fasted for sixteen hours was made by means of the HITACHI Amino Acid Autoanalyzer and the result of which was corrected with RC-24 B TOMY Micro Hematocrit Centrifuge. There was a depression of the plasma and erythrocytes free amino acid level on the noprotein diet with ad libitum feeding. But on the 20% casein diet there was an elevation in the levels of free amino acid and consequently alanine, glysine, lysine, serine and arginine level in the erythrocytes and threonine glutamic acid and taurine level in the plasma increased on the high protein diet. There was more plasma and erythrocytes free amino acid level on the 5% casein-30% fat diet than on the 5% casein-no fat diet with pair-feeding. In comparison, on the low calorie diet more free amino acids were found in plasma than in erythrocytes, but on the higher calorie diet more free amino acids were found in the erythrocytes than in the plasma. On the 20% casein-30% fat diet with pair-feeding the erythrocytes free amino acids level increased but in plasma free amino acids level decreased. Such as an opposite result was given in plasma and erythrocytes free amino acids level. In the pair-fed four groups, erythrocytes per plasma generally increased in the rate of less than 10.0 as the calorie increased. The essential amino acid per non essential amino acid generally increased in the ratio as protein level and calorie increased, and that ratio range was from 0.2 to 0.7. And essential amino acid per non essential amino acid of plasma was higher than that of erythrocytes.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.211-223
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• 1986

In this experiment forty-eight Sprague Dawley male rats were chosen and used in order to measure the growth rates and to see the effects of lead acumulation in their organs resulting from variously controlled lead protein diet. Protein sources were casein and isolated soyprotein (ISP), and each source was divided into three groups : 7% low protein [LP], 20% standard protein (SP) and 40% high protein (HP) groups. The six experimental groups were given lead acetate(25 mg/kg B.W.) and six control groups were given sodium chloride by oral administration 6 times a week for weeks. The results from this experiment were summeraized as following ; 1) Food consumption, weight gain, organ weight and food efficiency ; Lead acetate administration with protein source had no effects on food consumption, weight gain and organ weight . By their different levels of protein, food consumption of LP group was less the that of SP and HP groups after 3 weeks, weight gain of LP group was less than that of SP and HO groups after 1 weeks. The organ weight in LP group was significantly lower than SP and HP groups except teeth and adrenal s. Effect of lead acetate administration on food efficiency have significantly lower in LP-ISP diet and HP -casein diet than other groups only first week. By their different levels LP group showed significantly lower than SP group until 3 weeks. 2) Hematopoietic effect ; The hematopoieteic effect was not influencec by lead acdtate administration and protein source. But the LP group showed a significantly lowe hematopoietic effect than the SP, HP, groups. 3) Accumulation of lead in the liver, kidney, teeth by protein source showed no significantly differences. Accumulation of lead in blood, heart of LP group, spleen of LP and HP groups. femur of SP and HP groups fed with casein diet groups were significantly higher than fed with ISP diet groups. By their different levels of group showed generally higher than SP and HP groups. But accumulation of lead in teeth of HP group was high also.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.211-223
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• 1986

In this experiment forty-eight Sprague Dawley male rats were chosen and used in order to measure the growth rates and to see the effects of lead acumulation in their organs resulting from variously controlled lead protein diet. Protein sources were casein and isolated soyprotein (ISP), and each source was divided into three groups : 7% low protein [LP], 20% standard protein (SP) and 40% high protein (HP) groups. The six experimental groups were given lead acetate(25 mg/kg B.W.) and six control groups were given sodium chloride by oral administration 6 times a week for weeks. The results from this experiment were summeraized as following ; 1) Food consumption, weight gain, organ weight and food efficiency ; Lead acetate administration with protein source had no effects on food consumption, weight gain and organ weight . By their different levels of protein, food consumption of LP group was less the that of SP and HP groups after 3 weeks, weight gain of LP group was less than that of SP and HO groups after 1 weeks. The organ weight in LP group was significantly lower than SP and HP groups except teeth and adrenal s. Effect of lead acetate administration on food efficiency have significantly lower in LP-ISP diet and HP -casein diet than other groups only first week. By their different levels LP group showed significantly lower than SP group until 3 weeks. 2) Hematopoietic effect ; The hematopoieteic effect was not influencec by lead acdtate administration and protein source. But the LP group showed a significantly lowe hematopoietic effect than the SP, HP, groups. 3) Accumulation of lead in the liver, kidney, teeth by protein source showed no significantly differences. Accumulation of lead in blood, heart of LP group, spleen of LP and HP groups. femur of SP and HP groups fed with casein diet groups were significantly higher than fed with ISP diet groups. By their different levels of group showed generally higher than SP and HP groups. But accumulation of lead in teeth of HP group was high also.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.661-673
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• 2015

This study examines the effects of a low-calorie raw juice diet on the level of serum ferritin in adults and analyzes nutrient intake from the diet. There were significant differences between juices; the highest calorie was provided by pear juice, highest crude protein, vitamin A, and vitamin B2 levels were from green Juice 1; and highest vitamin C and vitamin B1 levels were from fruit juices. The ratio of estimated energy requirements (EER) for the participants was 56.2% from the raw juice diet. The percentages of recommended intake (RI) from the raw juice diet of protein (57.9%), dietary fiber (19.1%), niacin (6.2%), calcium (0.1%), and magnesium (0.2%) were lower than 75%. However, those of RI of vitamin A, vitamin B1, vitamin B2, vitamin B6, and vitamin C were 1796.5%, 7481.7%, 1915.5%, 30858.7%, and 7500%, respectively, exceeding the tolerable upper intake level (UL) for vitamin A, vitamin B6, and vitamin C. There were significant decreases in weight, the body mass index (BMI), body fat mass, and skeletal muscle mass in males and females. After the diet program, serum iron and SOD (superoxide dismutase) showed significant decreases, whereas RBC, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and serum ferritin showed significant increases. There were negative correlations between serum ferritin and weight and between serum ferritin and skeletal muscle mass for all participants. There were negative correlations between serum ferritin and skeletal muscle mass for males and between serum ferritin and body fat mass for females. These results suggest that a raw juice diet can supplement a regular diet to prevent excess or deficient nutrient intake.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.263-272
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• 1983

Effects of dietary protein qualify, energy restriction, and subsequent rehabilitation were studied in the weanling rats. Rats were devided into the six experimental diet groups. Rats in AC (casein- containing diet ), AS (soyprotein-containing diet), and AG(gluten-containing diet) group consumed their diets ad libitum, and rats in PC, PS, PG groups were pair-fed in 60% of the of amounts eaten by corresponding rats in the AC, AS, AG groups, respectively. After 3 weeks of nutritional restriction, all rats were switched to the AC diet for 14 days. At the end of restriction period, body weight, weight gain, food intake, and FER were higher in casein- fed rats than other groups of rats. The differences were, however, disappeared with rehabilitation diet, except body weights which were not fully recovered until the end of experiment. The weights of liver, gastrocnemius muscle, kidney, small intestine, spleen, and lung were the highest in the casein group, and the lowest in gluten group at the end of restriction period. The recovery with rehabilitation diet were differ in different organs. The muscle and liver seemed to be the most affected organs by dietary protein quality and energy restriction. There were no differences in brain weights among the experimental groups during the restriction period, however, after 2 weeks of rehabilitation, rats in AC group showed lower brain weight compared to AC and AS groups, and the brain weight of PC group was lower than AC group. Protein contents in liver and muscle showed the same trends as their weights. Gluten-fed rats showed low serum protein concentration, but recovered fully with rehabilitation diet for 3 days.