• ETRI Journal
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• v.40 no.6
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• pp.693-698
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• 2018

This paper presents a true-time delay (TTD) using a commercial $0.13-{\mu}m$ CMOS process for wideband phased-array antennas without the beam squint. The proposed TTD consists of four wideband distributed gain amplifiers (WDGAs), a 7-bit TTD circuit, and a 6-bit digital step attenuator (DSA) circuit. The T-type attenuator with a low-pass filter and the WDGAs are implemented for a low insertion loss error between the reference and time-delay states, and has a flat gain performance. The overall gain and return losses are >7 dB and >10 dB, respectively, at 2 GHz-18 GHz. The maximum time delay of 198 ps with a 1.56-ps step and the maximum attenuation of 31.5 dB with a 0.5-dB step are achieved at 2 GHz-18 GHz. The RMS time-delay and amplitude errors are <3 ps and <1 dB, respectively, at 2 GHz-18 GHz. An output P1 dB of <-0.5 dBm is achieved at 2 GHz-18 GHz. The chip size is $3.3{\times}1.6mm^2$, including pads, and the DC power consumption is 370 mW for a 3.3-V supply voltage.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.96-106
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• 2024

This study aimed to provide the basis of treatment effects by analyzing randomized control trials (RCTs) on the use of thread embedding acupuncture (TEA) for low back pain that were published between February 2018 and July 2023. In total, 2,865 articles were retrieved from international and Korean databases. Nine of these articles were selected and evaluated based on the following categories: (1) year of publication, (2) type of disease, (3) sample size, (4) treatment interventions, (5) treatment frequency and duration, (6) insertion point and depth of thread embedding, (7) types and sizes of threads and needles, (8) evaluation indexes, (9) treatment outcomes, and (10) side effects. The risk of bias in RCTs was also assessed. This study also emphasizes the importance of further research on TEA for clinical treatment and the use of objective approaches. Furthermore, detailed method descriptions and results are important in determining the efficacy of TEA.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.20 no.7
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• pp.1237-1242
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• 2016

In this paper, the low pass filter with harmonics suppression and rejection using parallel coupled-line and radial type open stub is presented. And the resultant characteristic of the proposed low pass filter is that the harmonics are suppressed and rejected in wide bandwidth due to the parallel coupled-line structure. The open stub of a low pass filter is constructed in radial type which can be used to adjust the size of filter. The size of the proposed low pass filter is $6.98{\times}7.60mm2$ and the cut off frequency is 2.45 GHz. And the filter is economical in unit cost and can be constructed easily and has the merit of mass product because the filter is composed of distributed element. Also, the widely rejected harmonics is 128 % in the bandwidth and the insertion and return losses of the low pass filter are 1.07 dB and 19.5 dB, respectively.

• ALGAE
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.127-141
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• 2018

Low efficiency in microalgal biomass production was largely attributed to the low density of algal cell cultures. Though mutations that reduced the level of chlorophyll or pigment content increased efficiency of photon usage and thus the cell-culture density under high-illumination growth conditions (e.g., >$500{\mu}mol\;photon\;m^{-2}\;s^{-1}$), it was unclear whether algae could increase cell-culture density under low-illumination conditions (e.g., ${\sim}50{\mu}mol\;photon\;m^{-2}\;s^{-1}$). To address this question, we performed forward genetic screening in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. A pool of >1,000 insertional mutants was constructed and subjected to continuous subcultures in shaking flasks under low-illumination conditions. Complexity of restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) pattern in cultures indicated the degree of heterogeneity of mutant populations. We showed that the levels of RFLP complexity decreased when cycles of subculture increased, suggesting that cultures were gradually populated by high cell-culture density (HCD) strains. Analysis of the 3 isolated HCD mutants after 30 cycles of subcultures confirmed that their maximal biomass production was 50-100% higher than that of wild type under low-illumination. Furthermore, levels of chlorophyll content in HCD mutant strains were similar to that of wild type. Inverse polymerase chain reaction analysis identified the locus of insertion in two of three HCD strains. Molecular and transcriptomic analyses suggested that two HCD mutants were a result of the gain-of-function phenotype, both linking to the abnormality of mitochondrial functions. Taken together, our results demonstrate that HCD strains can be obtained through continuous subcultures under low illumination conditions.

• The Journal of the Institute of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.7-13
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• 2014

In this paper, a novel waveguide low pass filter for satellite communication is proposed. The proposed low pass filter is designed to obtain wideband characteristics without the interference of higher order modes, sufficient attenuation in the stop-band and small sized lightweight characteristics by evanescent-mode ridge structure. To improve return loss and rejection loss, rectangular ring is inserting around the ridges in the waveguide. Input and output ports of the low pass filter is designed by using the impedance step structure for the impedance matching of the filter. The proposed waveguide low pass filter is fabricated and then measured as return loss over 19.5 dB, insertion loss less than 1.41 dB at the pass-band of 7.25 ~ 8.4 GHz and rejection loss over 67.2 dB at the stop-band of 12.25 ~ 14.5 GHz.

• Journal of IKEEE
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.225-233
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• 2008

This paper presents a compact, low insertion loss, sharp rejection and wide band microstrip band pass filter that is composed rectangular loop resonator and step-impedance-open-stub(SIOS) for wireless data communication. The SIOS can be reduce length about 30% more than general 0.25${\lambda}$ stub. And stubs can have the advantage of tuning impedance magnitude. In order to demonstrate agrement of this paper prove, the optimized wide band pass filters are realized and experimented. A transmission line model used to calculate the frequency response of the new filters shows good agreement with measurements. The filter with perturbation stubs has four poles at rejection band, the poles are excited 3.610GHz, 4.265GHz at low frequency band, 8.494GHz, 9.056GHz at high frequency band. And the filter has 3dB fractional bandwidth of 57%(3.695GHz), an insertion loss of better than 0.37dB from 4.549GHz to 8.244GHz, and two rejection of greater than 30dB within 237MHz(4.312GHz${\sim}$ 4.549GHz) at low frequency band, 234MHz(8.244GHz-8.491GHz) at high frequency band.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.200-207
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• 2009

This paper presents a compact, low insertion loss, sharp rejection and wide band microstrip band pass filter that is composed rectangular loop resonator and Step-Impedance-Open-Stub(SIOS). The SIOS can be reduce length about 30 % more than general 0.25 $\lambda$ open stub. And the stub can the advantage of tuning impedance magnitude. In order to demonstrate agrement of this paper prove, the optimized wide band pass filters are realized and experimented. A transmission line model used to calculate the frequency response of the new filters shows good agreement with measurements. The filter has 3 dB fractional bandwidth of 51.75 %(3.206 GHz), an insertion loss of better than 0.44 dB from 4.587 GHz to 7.793 GHz, and two rejection of greater than 30 dB within 221 MHz($4.326{\sim}4.587\;GHz$) at low frequency band, 181 MHz($7.739{\sim}7.954\;GHz$) at high frequency band. Maximum rejection characteristics of the filter are -61.8 dB at low frequency and -76.3 dB at high frequency.

• The Journal of the Korea institute of electronic communication sciences
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• v.5 no.6
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• pp.581-587
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• 2010

In this study, we investigated the effect of the simplification for low frequency region in Head-Related Transfer Function(HRTF) on the sound localization. For this purpose, HRTF was measured and analyzed. The result in the standard deviation of HRTF showed that the directional dependence of low frequency was smaller than that of high frequency region, which means the possibility of simplification in the low frequency region. Simplification was performed by flattening of the low frequency amplitude characteristics with the insertion of the high-pass filter, whose cutoff frequency is given by boundary frequency. Auditory experiments were performed to evaluate the simplified HRTF. The result showed that direction perception was not influenced by the simplification of the frequency characteristics of HRTF for the error of sound localization. The rate of confusion for the front and back was not affected by the simplification of the frequency characteristics within 1kHz of HRTF. Finally, we made it clear that the sound localization was not affected by the simplification of frequency characteristics of HRTF within 1kHz. The result is expected to be utilized to reduce the size of speech information with no deterioration of the directional characteristics of the speech signal.

• Journal of KIISE:Computer Systems and Theory
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.76-89
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• 2010

The performance of Distributed Heterogeneous Computing System depends on the algorithm which schedules input DAG graph. Among various scheduling algorithms, list scheduling algorithm provides superior performance with low complexity. List scheduling consists of task prioritizing phase and processor allocation phase, but most studies only focus on task prioritizing phase. In this paper, we propose LIP policy which has the same complexity with traditional allocation policies but has superior performance. The performance of LIP has been observed by applying them to task prioritizing phase of traditional list scheduling algorithms, HCPT, HEFT, GCA, and PETS. The results show that LIP has better performance than insertion-based policy and non-insertion-based policy, which are traditional processor allocation policies.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science
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• v.11 no.7
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• pp.1218-1224
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• 2000

A half-height waveguide power combiner is designed and analyzed for Ka-band satellite application. The branch line directional coupler is utilized as a power combiner to achieve high port-to-port isolation and low insertion loss. The half height waveguide is adopted to reduce the volume and mass of a power combiner. In this paper a half height waveguide power combiner is designed and analyzed by FDTD and its performance is compared with that of a full-height waveguide power combiner. The designed half-height combiner having optimum order is manufactured and tested. The measurement shows that the designed half-height power combiner satisfies all the performance requirements (insertion loss less than 0.3 dB, reflection loss more than 20dB, port to port isolation more than 20 dB, and port to port phase difference within 5$^{\circ}$) in the satellite communication frequency band of 20.255 GHz to 21.255 GHz.