• Journal of the Korean Data and Information Science Society
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.179-189
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• 2016

The purpose of this study was to investigate the mediating effect of depression on the relationship between self-esteem and life satisfaction of children from low-income class. The subjects were 385 children from low-income class in two municipalities. As research methods, frequency, descriptive, correlation statistical analysis using SPSS 20.0 program was conducted. The hypothesized model was tested using structural equation model to identify that model fits best to the collected data. The analysis indicates that depression had direct and negative effects on the life satisfaction. Depression mediates partially the relationship between self-esteem and life satisfaction. This study provides theoretical and practical implications for increasing self-esteem had positive effects on decreasing depression and pressing for improvement of life satisfaction level of children from low-income class.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.1-17
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• 1997

The purpose of this study is to identify the level of children's consciousness and behavior for the environmental conservation, so that provides some fundamental information for the overcome of environmental crisis and reinforces a consumer education for the childrens at home. The subjects were randomly selected form the 4th, 5th, and 6th grade of elementary school students, in April, 1996, Seoul, Korea. The 1342 data obtained were analyzed by Mean, t-test, ANOVA, duncan's Multiple Rang Test, Pearson correlation, and Regression. The major findings were as follows: 1) The average level of children's consciousness for the environmental conservation was relatively low, which was 1.79. There were significantly differences on the children's consciousness for the environmental conservation, according to student's grade level, housing type, parent's education, household income, and the level of consumer socialization. 2) The average level of children's behavior for the environmental conservation was low, which was 2.36. There significant differences on children's behavior of environmental conservation, according to student's sex, grade level, housing type, parent's education and occupation, household income, and consumer socialization. 3) There were significant relationships between children's consciousness and behavior for the environmental conservation. 4) The most influential variable for children's consciousness and behavior of the environmental conservation was consumer socialization. As we see above, this study concludes that consumer environmental education should be reinforced for the children in the home, so that they involved in the environmental activities and have an early experience.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.679-692
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• 2008

The goal of this study is to analyze one-child households' financial structure. The data from 1022 more than two children households and 236 one-child households were taken from the Korean Labor and Income Panel Study(2004). This study compared demographic, socioeconomic and marital characteristics between one-child households and more than two children households. A chi-square test, t-test and multiple regression analysis were used. The major findings were as follows: One-child households were different from more than two children households in demographic socioeconomic characteristics and financial structure. In one-child households, the variable that significantly influenced on consumption expenditures was monthly income and the variables that significantly influenced on private education expenditures were householder's age, home-ownership, monthly income.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.123-131
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• 1999

The nutritional status of 125 preschool children(Female : 56, Male : 69) residing in low income area of Seoul was surveyed. The mean family size was 4.3 and the mean monthly income was 921,000 won which was below the poverty level. Average heights of boys aged 3, 4, 5 and 6 were 98.6cm, 106.1cm, 111.9cm and 116.0cm and those for girls were 99.4cm, 106.4cm, 110.9cm, and 116.0cm, respectively. There was no significant difference between the height of boys and girls. The proportion of children showing stunted growth(<90% of Korean standard of height) was 3.2%. The mean weight of boys for each age group(3, 4, 5, 6) were not significantly differient from that of girls. The proportion of children assessed as moderately underweight (<80-90% of Korean Standard of weight) was 10.4% and 3.2% of children was underweight(<80% of weight standard). The group of children aged 3 were taking adequate energy, whereas the mean energy intake of children aged 4.5 and 6 were within 77.3-78.6% of RDA. The proportion of energy derived from carbohydrate, fat and protein was 60.1%, 24.6% and 15.3%. The high proportion of energy derived from fat seems partly due to high energy intake from fat in the snack. The nutrients which did not meet 75% of the RDA were vitamin A and calcium for children aged 5, and iron for children aged 3 to 5. Carbohydrate intake was positively correlated with the height, weight and girth of chest(P<0.05-P<0.001). There was positive correlation between protein intake and weight, girth of chest and BMI, respectively(P<0.05). Iron intake showed positive relationship with height, weight and BMI(P<0.05).

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.17 no.12
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• pp.493-504
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• 2017

The purpose of this study is to investigate the differences between low-income and middle-income groups with respect to how family factors intervene with friendship factors to influence adolescent depression. In order to do this, we selected 1,552 adolescents (246 from low-income group and 1276 from middle-income group) from 1 panel of the 6th Korean Children & Youth Panel Survey and conducted multiple-group analysis for structural equation modeling. The results are as follows. Firstly, there were no direct effects of parenting style on adolescent depression for the low-income group, whereas effects were found to be significant for the middle-income group. Secondly, parenting style had a greater influence on friendship factors for the low-income group than the middle-income group. Thirdly, the influence of friendship factors on depression was much more negative for the middle-income group than the low-income group. Fourthly, it was found that parenting style had greater intervention effects on friendship factors influencing adolescent depression for the middle-income group as compared to the low-income group. However, intervention effects were not found for peer alienation.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.21-40
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• 1999

Path analysis was used to determine variables influencing the self-esteem of 222 4th, 5th, and 6th grade children in law-income families. The children and their mothers responded to questionnaires on self-esteem, child psychological traits, mother psychological characteristics, economic hardship, and child rearing practices. Mothers' warmth-acceptance child rearing behavior was facilitating of children's self-esteem. However, mothers' economic stress had an indirect impact via their depression on decrease in the warmth-acceptance variable. Permissive-nonintervention child rearing behavior decreased the level of children's self-esteem. However, mothers' depression and marital confilct(??) deriving from economic stress increased both rejection-restriction and permissive-nonintervention styles of child rearing. Mothers who experienced much stress due to economic hardship influnced(??) children's perception of their family's poverty and thereby lowered their children's self-esteem.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.4 no.6
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• pp.515-521
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to investigate the diet of children under the government-funded meal support program. The 143 children (67 boys and 76 girls) participated in this study among $4^{th}-6^{th}$ elementary school students receiving free lunches during the summer vacation of 2007 and living in Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Korea. The subjects consisted of four groups supported by Meal Box Delivery (n = 26), Institutional Foodservice (n = 53), Restaurant Foodservice (n = 27), or Food Delivery (n = 37). A three-day 24-hour dietary recall and a self-administered survey were conducted. In addition, the children's heights and weights were measured. The average energy intake of the children was 1,400 kcal per day, much lower than the Estimated Energy Requirements of the pertinent age groups. The results also showed inadequate intake of all examined nutrients; of particular concern was the extremely low intake of calcium. On average, the children consumed eight dishes and 25 food items per day. The children supported by Meal Box Delivery consumed more various dishes and food items than the other groups. The percentage of children preferring their current meal support method was the highest in those supported by Meal Box Delivery and the lowest in those supported by Food Delivery. We requested 15 children among the 143 children participating in the survey to draw the scene of their lunch time. The drawings of the children supported by Institutional Foodservice showed more positive scenes than the other groups, especially in terms of human aspects. In conclusion, the overall diet of children under the government-funded meal support program was nutritionally inadequate, although the magnitude of the problems tended to differ by the meal support method. The results could be utilized as basic data for policy and programs regarding the government-funded meal support program for children from low-income families.

• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.21 no.2 s.60
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• pp.36-46
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• 2006

The purpose if this study was to investigate mother' oral health management behavior to their children. Two hundreds sixty seven mothers with elementary school students were surveyed among the residents living of Iksan city, Korea. A questionnaire was constructed and administered to the samples. The research focused in the following items: the subjects' socio-demographic factors such as education level and employment and so on; their knowledge of plaque; the leading causes of caries, regular dental examinations; dental treatment; their interest in their children's dental health; the frequency of the subjects examining their children's teeth; non-cariogenic food preparation, etc. Being based in collected data, mothers' oral health management behavior to their children were analyzed according to maternal socio-demographic factor and result were following. There was a difference in the subjects knowledge of dental plaque in accordance with their employment or unemployment and family income. There was no difference in mother's oral health management behavior to their children according to parents' education level, the subjects' age and family income. Most of mother answered the main reason of dental caries was that their children did not toothbrush their teeth regularly and there was a difference in the understanding of the subjects in accordance with the education level of fathers and family income. The subjects had a low understanding of the effect of preventing caries with the help of fluoride. They didn't have enough understanding of water fluoridation. So it is necessary that active campaigns should be launched to enlighten people in relation to the ways of preventing dental caries with fluoride.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.1-23
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to develop the Cognitive Spectrum Program, a cognitive development program designed to increase children's IQ. The effect of this program was verified using a nonequivalent control group design. The subjects were 127 5-8 year old children. 56 children were assigned to the experimental group and 71 children to the control group. The experimental group participated in thirteen 90 min. long sessions. Quantitative analyses using SPSS WIN 18.0 and qualitative analyses were carried out. The results were as follows: First, this Cognitive Spectrum Program was shown to be effective in improving cognitive development. Second, the amount of improvement in cognitive development was found to be predictive of the amount of change in socioemotional development, demonstrating that attention deficits and overall problem behaviors were greatly reduced among the children whose IQ was improved by this program. This finding was also verified through qualitative analyses.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.38 no.7
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• pp.53-65
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• 2000

This study is for examining the differences of perceived stresses and family strengths between the parents according to socio-demographic backgrounds(age, educational level, income and the degree of disorder) of the parents having mentally retarded children. The results were as follows. First, in the overall perceived stress level, there was no difference between fathers and mothers, but when compared in stress areas, fathers experience more distresses in general interpersonal areas than mothers. Fathers also shows differences according to the degrees of their income and their perception about disorder compared with mothers showing differences according to the degree of income. Second, there were no differences in family strengths perceived by both fathers and mothers, but were significant differences according to the level of education and income. Another words, higher the education and income level, higher is their family strengths level. Third, there were positive correlations between the perceived stresses and family strengths, and significant differences in family strengths according to the stress level(higher/lower part of the group). In other words, when the perceived stress level is high, the level of perceived family strengths is low.