• 한국안전학회지
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• 제36권3호
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• pp.1-6
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• 2021

Hydrogen is considered a cleaner energy source than fossil fuels. As a result, the use of hydrogen in daily life and economic industries is expected to increase. However, the use of hydrogen energy is currently limited because of safety issues. The rate of combustion of the hydrogen mixture is about seven times higher than that of hydrocarbon fuels. The hydrogen mixture is highly flammable and has a low minimum ignition energy. Therefore, it presents considerable risks for fire and explosions in all areas of hydrogen manufacturing, transportation, storage, and use. In this study, the auto-ignition characteristics of hydrogen were investigated numerically for diluted hydrogen mixtures. Auto-ignition temperature, a critical property predicting the fire and explosion risk in hydrogen combustion, was determined in well-stirred reactors. When N₂ and CO₂ were used to dilute the hydrogen/air mixture, the ignition delay time increased with increasing dilution ratios in both cases. The CO₂-diluted mixtures exhibited a longer ignition delay than the N₂-diluted mixtures. We also confirmed that lower initial ignition temperatures increased the ignition delay times at 950 K and above. Overall, the auto-ignition characteristics, such as the concentrations of participating species and ignition delay times, were primarily affected by the initial temperature of the mixture.

• 국제학술발표논문집
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• The 4th International Conference on Construction Engineering and Project Management Organized by the University of New South Wales
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• pp.614-620
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• 2011

Delays in completing construction projects have significant financial and social impact to all parties involved in the construction process and in particular in developing countries. This is very evident in most construction projects in Libya and in both public and private sectors. The research study was initiated by Libyan Government and the main aim of the project is to develop a new strategy in reducing the impact of delay factors. In order to achieve this, a number of objectives have been set-to conduct a comprehensive literature survey, to conduct a comparative study of the delay factors in project completion in both Libya and UK using semi structured questionnaire and finally, to identify and analyse the causes of delay and ranked them using frequency of occurrence and severity. The critical causes of delay for construction projects were quite different between Libya and UK. For the former, the most critical causes of delay in Libyan construction industry were low skills of manpower, changes in the scope of the project, slowness in giving instruction and poor qualification of consultant, while for the latter they were financial problems, bad weather conditions on the job site and change in the scope of project. Statistical experiments including Paired Samples T-Test, was run to test the significance of the survey data in both countries Libya and UK. The statistical results confirmed the collected data from the survey were significant.

• 대한기계학회논문집B
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.371-377
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• 2011

1.9L 커먼레일 직접분사 디젤 엔진을 이용하여 1500rpm 2.6bar BMEP 에서 다량의 EGR(약 41%)과 연료분사 제어를 통한 저온디젤연소 영역에서 연료의 특성이 연소와 배기가스에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 사용한 연료는 세탄가 55 에 대하여 방향족 성분(20%, 45%, vol. %)과 T90 온도($270^{\circ}C$, $340^{\circ}C$)의 조합으로 네 개이다. 주어진 실험 조건에서 모든 연료에 대하여 착화지연 기간이 증가함에 따라 PM 은 단조적으로 저감되었다. 동일한 착화지연 기간에 대하여 T90 온도가 높은 연료들의 PM 발생이 높았다. NOx 는 동일한 MFB50% 위치에서 모든 연료가 동등 수준이었다. THC, CO 발생은 연료 조성에 관계없이 동일한 착화지연 기간에 대하여 동등 수준이었다. 또한 착화지연 기간 증가에 따라 THC, CO 배출이 증가하였는데 이는 과혼합 증가가 주 원인으로 판단된다.

• 한국통신학회논문지
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• 제26권12C호
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• pp.255-260
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• 2001

본 논문에서는 새로운 locking 알고리즘을 사용하여 저전력의 특정을 가지면서 locking 속도가 빠른 Register Controlled DLL(Delay-Locked Loop)을 설계하였다. Locking 속도의 향상을 위해 제안한 알고리즘은 coarse와 fine controller를 각각 동작시키는 것으로, phase detector에서 출력되는 up/down 신호를 먼저 coarse controller에 인가하여 외부 클럭과 내부 클럭의 큰 위상차를 줄이고, coarse controller를 고정시킨 상태에서 up/down 신호를 fine controller에 인가하여 미세 지연 시간을 조정하도록 하는 것이다. 또한 제안한 DLL은 dual controller를 사용하지만 locking 동작시 한 개의 controller만 동작하므로 소비 전력을 줄일 수 있었으며 lock indicator를 사용하여 좋은 지터 특성을 보였다. 제안한 DLL은 0.6 $\mu\textrm{m}$ CMOS 공정 파라메타를 이용하여 설계하였고, SPICE 모의실험결과 50 MHz에서 200MHz가지 동작하였다. 200MHz 동작시 소비되는 전류는 15mA이며 모든 주파수에서 7 주기 이내에 locking 되었다.

• 대한기계학회논문집A
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.866-873
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• 2000

Sliding mode control(SMC) incorporated with perturbation compensation is developed here to reduce the low-frequency tracking error in the presence of wide-band frequency perturbations for a nonlinear dynamic system. The control scheme is designed for estimation of low frequency perturbations with employment of the Time Delay Control and low-pass filter. It is shown that the SMC with perturbation compensation is far superior to the conventional SMC in tracking control of the dynamic systems under model uncertainties and external disturbance conditions.

• Journal of Genetic Medicine
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.52-56
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• 2013

Mosaic trisomy 14 syndrome is a well-known but unusual chromosomal abnormality with a distinct and recognizable phenotype. Array comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) analysis has recently become a widely used method for detecting DNA copy number changes, in place of traditional karyotype analysis. However, the array CGH shows a limitation for detecting the low-level mosaicism. Here, we report the detailed clinical and cytogenetic findings of patient with low-frequency mosaic trisomy 14, initially considered normal based on usual cut-off levels of array CGH, but confirmed by G-banding karyotyping. Our patient had global developmental delay, short stature, congenital heart disease, craniofacial dysmorphic features, and dark skin patches over her whole body. Estimated mosaicism proportion was 23.3% by G-banding karyotyping and 18.0% by array CGH.

• 전기전자학회논문지
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.548-557
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• 2018

In this paper, Asynchronous Self-Power Gating technique (ASPG) is used to reduce consumption power in asynchronous digital watch application. The power gating control signal is automatically generated by internal system operation characteristics instead of using replica circuit delay or four-phase handshaking protocol. Isolation cell is designed to insert it between power gating domain and normal operation domain. By using self-power gating circuit, asynchronous digital watch application consumes very low power and maintains data during sleep mode. The comparison results show the proposed ASPG technique saves leakage power up to 40.47% and delay time is reduced to 71% compared to the conventional circuit.

• 한국멀티미디어학회논문지
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• 제17권9호
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• pp.1084-1091
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• 2014

When demand for transmitting multimedia data increases, network congestion is more likely to occur and users will suffer high loss rate as well as high delay. In order to enhance quality-of-service (QoS) of video multicasting, we need to raise transmission reliability and reduce end-to-end delay. This paper proposes a routing mechanism for a OpenFlow-based small-scale network in order to multicast video reliably with low delay. In our method, multipath routing will be applied to Multiple Description (MD) Coded video to exploit its multi-description property. Through performance evaluation, our method shows improvement on loss rate, delay and video distortion.

• 전자공학회논문지B
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• 제30B권1호
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• pp.38-44
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• 1993

A model for BICMOS buffer switching operation is presented, including the influence of bipolar base transit time and collector-base capacitances. A closed-form solution for the propagation delay-time is obtained assuming low level injection and channel velocity limitation. For the high level injection case, the delay-times are numerically obtained using effective current gain. These results are compared with those by HSPICE simulation, which shows good agreement. It is noted that the collector-base capacitance strongly affects the delay-time. The effects of voltage scaling are also investigated, which shows the model can be applied for the reduced supply voltages.

• 대한전기학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전기학회 2004년도 학술대회 논문집 정보 및 제어부문
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• pp.225-227
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• 2004

A sensor networkis composed of a large number of sensor nodes, which are densely deployed either inside the phenomenon or very close to it. One of the most important constraints on sensor nodes is the low power consumption requirement. Sensor nodes carry limited, generally irreplaceable, power sources. Therefore, while traditional networks aim to achieve high quality of service (QoS) provisions, sensor network protocols must focus primarily on power conservation. This paper presents the characteristics of energy consuming, average delay in 802.11 MAC, S-MAC that is specifically designed for wireless sensor networks. We analyze the energy consuming state in the 802.11 MAC in the simulation topology nodes, and measure average delay in 802.11 and S-MAC. Energy efficiency is the primary goal in this protocol design. 802.11 MAC is more efficient than S-MAC in the average delay, throughput. However S-MAC is an energy efficient protocol, a tradeoff between energy efficiency and delay.