• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.14 no.9
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• pp.2078-2082
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• 2010

The general bus system architecture consists of masters, slaves, arbiter, decoder and so on in shared bus. As several masters can't use a bus concurrently, arbiter plays an role in bus arbitration. In compliance with the selection of arbitration method, The efficiency of bus usage can be determined. Fixed Priority, Round-Robin, TDMA, Lottery arbitration are studied in conventional arbitration method. Conventional arbitration method is considered bus priority primarily, actual bus utilization didn't considered. In this paper, we propose arbitration method using bus utilization operating block of each master, we verify the performance compared with the other arbitration methods through throughput performance. From the result of performance verification, we confirm that proposed arbitration method, matched bus utilization set by the user 40%, 20%, 20%, 20%.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SD
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.38-44
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• 2009

Bus system consists of several masters, slaves, arbiter and decoder in a bus. Master means the processor that performs data command like CPU, DMA, DSP and slave means the memory that responds the data command like SRAM, SDRAM and register. Furthermore, as multiple masters can't use a bus concurrently, arbiter plays an role in bus arbitration. In compliance with the selection of arbitration method bus system performance can be charged definitely. Fixed priority and round-robin are used in general arbitration method and TDMA and Lottery bus methods are proposed currently as the improved arbitration schemes. In this stuff, we proposed the score arbitration method and composed TLM algorithm. Also we analyze the performance compared with general arbitration methods through simulation. In the future, bus arbitration policy will be developed with the basis of the score arbitration method and improve the performance of bus system.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SD
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• v.48 no.9
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• pp.50-57
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• 2011

Conventional bus system architectures are composed of several components such as master, arbiter, decoder and slave modules. The arbiter plays a role in bus arbitration according to the selected arbitration method, since several masters cannot use the bus concurrently. Typical priority strategies used in high performance arbiters include static priority, round robin, TDMA and lottery. Typical arbitration algorithms always consider the bus priority primarily, while the bus utilization is always ignored. In this paper, we propose an arbitration method using bus utilization for the operating block of each master. We verify the performance compared with the other arbitration methods through the TLM(Transaction Level Model). Based on the performance verification, the conventional fixed priority and round-robin arbitration methods cannot set the bus utilization. Whereas, in the case of the conventional TDMA and lottery arbitration methods, more than 100,000 cycles of bus utilization can be set by the user, exhibiting differences of actual bus utilization up to 50% and 70%, respectively. On the other hand, we confirm that for the proposed arbitration method, the matched bus utilization set by the user was above 99% using approximately 1,000 cycles.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea CI
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• v.45 no.5
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• pp.1-7
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• 2008

The general bus architecture consists of masters, slaves, arbiter, decoder and so on in shared bus. Specially, as several masters do not concurrently receive the right of bus usage, the arbiter plays an important role in arbitrating between shared bus and masters. Fixed priority, round-robin, TDMA and Lottery methods are developed in general arbitration policies, which lead the efficiency of bus usage in shared bus. On the other hand, the bus architecture can be modified to maximize the system performance. In the paper, we propose the flying master bus architecture that supports the parallel bus communication and analyze its merits and demerits following various arbitration policies that are mentioned above, compared with normal shared bus. From the results of performance verification using TLM(Transaction Level Model), we find that more than 40% of the data communication performance improves, regardless of arbitration policies. As the flying master bus architecture advances its studies and applies various SoCs, it becomes the leading candidate of the high performance bus architecture.

• The Mathematical Education
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.117-125
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• 1986

The education of mathematics in generalized schooling should aim to concentrate on the cultivation of mathematical abilities necessary for social life. Mathemeatical abilities for social life run as follows: A. Utilitarian aspects 1. classification and numbers 2. traffic network and connection of segments of lines 3. expectation of getting the winning number in a lottery 4. interests in dealing in unharvested rice crop B. Aesthetic aspects 1. finding the optimum value and 2. successful candidates in accordance with election methods Every nation has its own peculiar customs and circumstances. Therefore, in order to achieve the expected results, the education of mathematics should develop what every nation has on its own and apply them to school education.

• Proceedings of the Korea Multimedia Society Conference
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• 2003.11a
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• pp.136-139
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• 2003

최근 인터넷의 급속한 보급으로 인터넷을 이용한 전자상거래 분야에 관심이 높아지고 있다. 이에 많은 오프라인 서비스들이 온라인을 통하여 제공되고 있다. 이러한 다양한 서비스들 중 복권을 온라인상에서 운영함으로써 편리성 및 비용 절약 효과를 가지을 수 있다. 그러나 개인의 프라이버시 뿐만 아니라 구입한 복권에 관한 정보 등 보안에 대한 관심이 높아지고 있다. 또한 기존 서비스 상에서 복권의 중복 구매 및 복권의 저장문제 등 취약성이 제기되고 있으므로 사용자에게 안전한 서비스에 대한 신뢰성을 줄 수 없다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 개인의 프라이버시를 보호하고 전자복권 서비스를 제공할 때 불법적인 제3자로부터 보호하기 위해 사용자가 구입한 복권에 대하여 보안 서비스를 제공함으로 안전성을 높일 수 있고 사용자에게 안전하고 신뢰성 있는 전자 복권 시스템을 제안한다.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.18 no.10
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• pp.1483-1494
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• 1993

Most studies analyse the frequecny polities intuitively based on the assumptin that there is no question in the frequency regulation by the government. But this paper started from the concept of frequency as economic goods. This paper conclude that frequency regulation by the government is needed to redistribute the economic surplus causing excessive demand. There are five methods in the frequency assignment-comparative healing, auction, lottery, Joint consortium and pioneer preference. The five methods are studied form the view of welfare economics and the respective political Implications are proposed in this paper.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Manufacturing Process Engineers
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.125-136
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• 2012

Wrinkle and fracture are two major defects frequently found in the sheet metal forming process. In this process there are more than one design attributes to optimize and several uncontrollable factors which cannot be ignored in determining the optimal values of design variables. Therefore, attempts to reduce defects through a traditional optimization technique are often led to failures. In this research, a new design method for reducing the wrinkle and fracture under uncontrollable factors is presented by using decision-making theory. To avoid the psychological difficulties in determining the scaling constants of the multi-attribute utility function by using the ordinary lottery questions, a pair-wise comparison procedure is adapted to avoid this problem. The effectiveness of the proposed method is illustrated through a robust design of sheet metal forming process of a side member of an automotive body.

• Journal of Korean Society for Quality Management
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.64-72
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• 2005

The ever increasing demand for enhanced competitiveness of engineered products requires "designing-in-quality" strategies that can effectively and efficiently incorporate concepts of uncertainty and quality into design. Multi-attribute utility function is commonly used to represent the decision-maker's preference on multiple design attributes under conditions of uncertainty and risk. One of the major issues in implementing this approach concerns the generation of appropriate utility function, especially in a complex engineering design environment. Typically, the decision maker's preference is revealed through lottery questions rather than being structured on the deductive reasoning to reflect the nonlinear tradeoffs among the attributes. The use of such intuitive procedures can lead to inexact preference information that may result in inaccuracy and rank reversal problems. This paper presents an alternative procedure based on the pair-wise comparisons between design alternatives towards a consistent preference presentation in assessing multiplicative utility function. The effectiveness of the overall procedures is tested with the aid of an injection-molding process design for a capacitor can and the results are discussed.

• Journal of Korean Institute of Industrial Engineers
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.437-447
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• 1999

Previous researches on risk attitudes or on the typical utility functions have mostly focused on how the risk attitude of decision maker varies when changes are made in one or two lottery reference points such as consequence domain and magnitude of probability under assumed risk situations represented by simple lotteries. It is, however, very difficult to forecast dominant risk attitudes under risk situations which exhibit a complex combination of many reference points. In this study, twelve risk situations which a decision maker may confront in real decision-making situations were formulated by combining in various ways three reference points, that is, magnitude of probability, consequence domain, and magnitude of gain or loss. Then through a questionnaire dominant risk attitudes under every assumed risk situation were investigated, and the general shape of utility function implied by the experimental results were derived. Results of the present study show that none of the three reference points have dominant effect over the others due to complicated interaction between them, and given the twelve risk situations the observed risk attitude widely varies from strong risk taking to strong risk aversion.