• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.223-227
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• 2007

Crop loss and damage by wildlife are becoming more serious to residents inside and around National Parks of Korea annually. It could be caused by small size of Parks, which is couples of ten $km^2$ only, and more than a third of total parks' areas are belonging to privates. Wild boar (Sus scrofa) is one of the most harmful pests in nationwide. Treading down crop field using as bedding or resting site are major damaged types and foraging behavior is following. Besides of boars, Korean water deer (Hydropotes inermis), racoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides), and badger (Meles meles) are another serious pests. Mainly, farm products planted in upland, such as corns, sweet potatoes, cabbages, etc. are harmed easily, a rate reaches up to 76.9% of whole losses. 92.4% (n=187) of interviewees, who are mostly seniors, cultivate small crop fields smaller than 1 ha. Crop damage would be started from June to late November, time differences are happened due to latitude, climate condition, and crop differences of National Parks. Dusting animal repellents are easier and widespread methods to prevent animal foraging to crop fields and installing noisy makers using gun powder and setting up scarecrows are traditional methods for repelling animals. Nevertheless, effects of these self-defence are turned out to be useful soon after labors done only. Since legal compensation for crop damages by wildlife are not prepared systematically so far, crop loss are rarely reported to local government by most farmers. Systematic and objective methods for quantifying of crop loss by wildlife and population managements system should be offered urgently to well-managed animals habitat and residents' living inside National Parks.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.145-156
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• 2020

The 24 January 2020 (Mw=6.8) earthquake with epicentre in Elazığ (Sivrice) on the East Anatolian Fault Zone caused loss of life and property. The information was given about the seismotectonic setting and regional seismicity along this fault zone and aftershock activity and ground motion data of this earthquake. Earthquake parameters were obtained for five different earthquake stations which were closer to the epicentre. Horizontal and vertical design spectra were obtained for the geographic locations for each earthquake station. The obtained spectra for the earthquake epicentre were compared with selected appropriate attenuation relationships. The damages after earthquake were evaluated via geotechnical and structural aspects. This study also aims to investigate the cause-effect relationships between structural damage in reinforced-concrete and masonry structures, respectively. The lack of engineering services was effective on the amount of damage in masonry structures. Insufficient reinforcement and concrete strength, dimensions and inadequate detailing increased the amount of damage in reinforced-concrete structures. Importance should be given to negative parameters that may weaken the defence mechanisms of structures for earthquake-resistant structural design.

• The Korean Society of Law and Medicine
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.179-211
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• 2007

To succeed the claim of medical malpractice litigation, the patient as a plaintiff should establish the medical fault of a physician as a defendant, and the causation between the fault and damages. Because of the extraordinary nature of medical province, however, this application of a legal principles is rigorous with the patient. In addition, given the causation between the validation of physician's fault and damage is not attested, patient is not awarded anything. In order to overcome a difficulty of patient's verification and ensure the right to fair process, it was demonstrated the lightening of burden of proof in medical malpractice litigation and the acceptance of the responsibility for an illegal act in a prescribed range in the absence of the causation between the physician's fault and damage. This paper deals with the judgement of causation and burden of proof in medical malpractice litigation, and the acceptance of responsibility in the absence of the causation between the physician's fault and damage. Also, this study recommends a tendency of our precedent through the comparative case method of ours and Japan.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.349-357
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• 2022

Abnormal climate events are occurring frequently around the world. In particular, cold waves and heavy snow lead to damage and deterioration of facilities, which can cause loss of life or property damage, such as shortening the lifespan of facilities. Therefore, it is very important to prepare an appropriate maintenance system and to establish a strategy to cope with abnormal weather conditions. In this study, laboratory freezing experiments were performed to analyze the freeze-thaw characteristics affecting the tunnel concrete lining, and heat flow analysis was carried out based on the test results. Based on these experimental and theoretical analysis results, quantitative freeze-thaw evaluation criteria for tunnel concrete linings were proposed.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.287-294
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• 2013

Purpose: Greenhouses for a protected horticulture covered with a plastic or glass are easy to have weakness in a heat loss by deterioration, damage, poor construction, and so on. To grasp the vulnerable points of heat loss of the greenhouses is important for heating energy saving. In this study, an on-site heat loss audit and energy consulting system were developed for an efficient energy usage of a greenhouse. Method: Developed system was mounted with infrared thermal and visual cameras to grasp the heat loss from the greenhouse quickly and exactly, and a trial calculation program of heating load of greenhouse to provide farmers with the information of heating energy usage. Results: Developed system could print out the reports about the locations and causes of the heat losses and improvement methods made up by an operator. The mounted trial calculation program could print out the information of the period heating load and fuel cost according to the conditions of greenhouse and cultivation. The program also mounted the databases of the information on the 13 horticultural energy saving technologies developed by the Korea Rural Development Administration and simple economic analysis sub-program to predict the payback period of the technologies. Conclusion: The developed system was expected to be used as the basic equipment for an instructors of district Agricultural Technology and Extension Centers to conduct the energy consulting service for the farmers within the jurisdiction.

• Wind and Structures
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.163-177
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• 2018

Tornadoes are one of the world's deadliest natural phenomena. They are characterized by short life span and danger. It has been observed through post-damage surveys that localities with large numbers of buildings suffer major damage during a tornado attack resulting in huge loss of life and property. Thus,it is important to study interfering buildings exposed to tornado-like vortices. The present study focuses on external and internal pressures developed on building models exposed to translating tornado-like vortices in the presence of an interfering building model. The effects of translating speed and swirl ratio of a tornado-like vortex on external and internal pressures for a principal building in the vicinity of an interfering building are investigated. Results indicate that external and internal pressures are enhanced or reduced depending on the location of the interfering building with respect to the principal building.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.42-49
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• 1993

Recently, because the lubricating oil showed a tendency to be emulsified and oxidized by high speed, high output and the extension of maintenance & conservation of marine engine, the cavitation erosion-corrosion at such an environment became a big problem on effective performance of engine. Therefore, there was a need to study the behavior and protection of erosion-corrosion damage, and then applied inhibitor to a protective method of cavitation erosion- corrosion damage. At this time, test environments were marine lubricating oil & various emulsified oil that mixed distilled water and sea water etc., and also used 20KHz, 24.mu.m piezoelectric vibrator as an experimental apparatus of cavitation erosion. With this apparatus, we investigated an influence of the emulsified oil on characteristics of erosion-corrosion and protection for erosion-corrosion by inhibitor at slide bearing metals.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.381-388
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• 2020

Methamphetamine (METH) is a highly addictive psychostimulant and one of the most widely abused drugs worldwide. The continuous use of METH eventually leads to drug addiction and causes serious health complications, including attention deficit, memory loss and cognitive decline. These neurological complications are strongly associated with METH-induced neurotoxicity and neuroinflammation, which leads to neuronal cell death. The current review investigates the molecular mechanisms underlying METH-mediated neuronal damages. Our analysis demonstrates that the process of neuronal impairment by METH is closely related to oxidative stress, transcription factor activation, DNA damage, excitatory toxicity and various apoptosis pathways. Thus, we reach the conclusion here that METH-induced neuronal damages are attributed to the neurotoxic and neuroinflammatory effect of the drug. This review provides an insight into the mechanisms of METH addiction and contributes to the discovery of therapeutic targets on neurological impairment by METH abuse.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.54-62
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• 1968

The effect of gamma-ray on yeast cells Sacch. cerevisiae, and the leakage of cellular constituents such as carbohydrates, ribose, amino acids, inorganic phosphates and organic phosphates have been studied. The samples of yeast cells washed throughly and starved intensively, radiation effects were compared with those of control (un-starved), the irradiation dose rates are in the range from 24 Kr. up. to 480, Kr. The loss of 260m$\mu$. absorbing material, are also observed. Mechanisms of membrane damage by gamma-irradiation are discussed corelating to permeability changes and loss of substances, then active and passive transport process are also under considerations in discussion. The experimental results are as follows, 1. Carbohydrates of yeast cell leak out by gamma-irradiation, and amounts of loss increase proportionally as the increasing of radiation dose, curve of carbohydrates loss in starved cells is parallel with those of non-starved cells. 2. Ribose leak out less than that of carbohydrate from irradiated cell, the dose response curve of loss is straight and proportional to the increasing of radiation doses, slope of the curve is much lower than of carbohydrates. 3. Amino acids also leak out and the curve of losses to radiation is not proportional, it is revealed that there are little losses from yeast at lower doses of irradiation. 4. The losses of inorganic phosphates increase unproportionally to the increasing of irradiation doses, there are little leakage at the lower doses of irradiation. The losses of organic phosphates increase proportionally to the increasing of irradiation doses, and the amount of losses are much more than that of inorganic phosphate at lower doses of irradiation. 5. Leakage from irradiated yeast cells was shown to be due to passive transport process not an energy requiring process of ion transport. 6. Loss of 260 m$\mu$. absorbing material is little more than that of control yeast by the gamma-irradiation dose of 120K.r. and 240K.r.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.161-183
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• 2017

This paper investigates the damage identification of the concrete pile element through axial wave propagation technique using computational and experimental studies. Now-a-days, concrete pile foundations are often common in all engineering structures and their safety is significant for preventing the failure. Damage detection and estimation in a sub-structure is challenging as the visual picture of the sub-structure and its condition is not well known and the state of the structure or foundation can be inferred only through its static and dynamic response. The concept of wave propagation involves dynamic impedance and whenever a wave encounters a changing impedance (due to loss of stiffness), a reflecting wave is generated with the total strain energy forked as reflected as well as refracted portions. Among many frequency domain methods, the Spectral Finite Element method (SFEM) has been found suitable for analysis of wave propagation in real engineering structures as the formulation is based on dynamic equilibrium under harmonic steady state excitation. The feasibility of the axial wave propagation technique is studied through numerical simulations using Elementary rod theory and higher order Love rod theory under SFEM and ABAQUS dynamic explicit analysis with experimental validation exercise. Towards simulating the damage scenario in a pile element, dis-continuity (impedance mismatch) is induced by varying its cross-sectional area along its length. Both experimental and computational investigations are performed under pulse-echo and pitch-catch configuration methods. Analytical and experimental results are in good agreement.