• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.491-497
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• 2014

The corrosion of steel reinforcement in reinforced concrete bridge decks significantly affects the degradation of the capacity. Due to the advantageous characteristics such as high tensile strength and non-corrosive property, fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) has been gathering much interest from designers and engineers for possible usage as a alternative reinforcement for a steel reinforcing bar. However, its application has not been widespread, because there data for short- and long-term performance data of FRP reinforced concrete members are insufficient. In this paper, seven full-scale decks with dimensions of $4000{\times}3000{\times}240mm$ were prepared and tested to failure in the laboratory. The test parameter was the bottom reinforcement ratio in transverse direction. The decks were subjected to various levels of concentrated cyclic load with a contact area of $577{\times}231mm$ to simulate the vehicle loading of DB-24 truck wheel loads acting on the center span of the deck. It was observed that the glass FRP (GFRP) reinforced deck on a restraint girder is strongly effected to the level of the applied load rather than the bottom reinforcement ratio. The study results showed that the maximum load less than 58% of the maximum static load can be applied to the deck to resist a fatigue load of 2 million cycles. The fatigue life of the GFRP decks from this study showed the lower and higher fatigue performance than that of ordinary steel and CFRP rebar reinforced concrete deck. respectively.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.418-428
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• 2015

This study conducted influencing and mediated effect on stroke to lead correct health behavior of stroke patients and tried to provide preliminary data of stroke prevention. It used stage 4 and 5 data of a national health and nutrition examination survey, analysis method was frequency analysis, Chi-square test, multiple logistic regression and structural equation modeling. In case of male, factors affecting to stroke were age, job, self-related health, alcohol, hypertention and diabetes. In case of female, age, job, self-related health, stress level and hypertention affected to stroke. In tested results on whether or not mediated effect of preceding disease exists, 5.80 difference in ${\chi}^2$ between partial mediated modeling and full mediated modeling was statistically significant(p<0.01). Therefore, partial mediated modeling was adequate to this study. We need preventive health education for changing wrong health behaviors and policy that strengthens health care network. If someone has preceding disease, they need long-term diagnosis for health condition and continuous improvement in life style.

• International Journal of Highway Engineering
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.139-148
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• 2011

Asphalt concrete overlay method is used by general maintenance and rehabilitation of construction for aged concrete pavement in Korea. However, in case of the AC overlay method to extend service life of the existing concrete pavements, various distresses of reflection crack, pothole and rutting are the typical problems of the asphalt overlay on existing concrete pavement since it has different physical characteristics between asphalt overlay and existing concrete pavement. To achieve this, application of concrete overlay method is required instead of AC overlay method. Concrete overlay method has advantages that can reduce maintenance cycle and costs since it has excellent bearing value for heavy vehicles and no rutting. However, technical problems of detour road construction, traffic control and other disadvantages happened by long curing time. Thus, in this study and experimental research were launched to evaluate the workability, durability and resistance against environmental loading of Very Rapid Hardening Acrylic Polymer Modified Concrete(VRH-APMC) for application of bonded concrete overlay method. Test results showed that the compressive and bond strength were exceed 21MPa and 1.4MPa of target strength after four hours for rapid traffic opening properties. And tests of resistance against environmental loading results showed that VRH-APMC secured excellent durability. Thus, it was known that VRH-APMC was suitable material for large scale bonded concrete overlay method, and it was possible to use maintenance and rehabilitation method which needs enough workability and rapid traffic opening.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.601-606
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• 2015

Background: Prostate cancer is predominately a disease of older men, with a median age of diagnosis of 68 years and 71% of cancer deaths occurring in those over 75 years of age. While prostate cancer screening is not recommended for men >70 years, fit elderly men with controlled comorbidities may have a relatively long life expectancy. We compare the use of age related PSA with the detection of primary malignant circulating prostate cells mCPCs to detect clinically significant PC in this population. Materials and Methods: All men undergoing PC screening with a PSA >4.0ng/ml underwent TRUS 12 core prostate biopsy (PB). Age, PSA, PB results defined as cancer/no-cancer, Gleason, number of positive cores and percentage infiltration were registered. Men had an 8ml blood sample taken for mCPC detection; mononuclear cells were obtained using differential gel centrifugation and mCPCs were identified using immunocytochemistry with anti-PSA and anti-P504S. A mCPC was defined as a cell expressing PSA and P504S; a positive test as at least one mCPC detected/sample. Diagnostic yields for subgroups were calculated and the number of avoided PBs registered. Esptein criteria were used to define small grade tumours. Results: A total of 610 men underwent PB, 398 of whom were aged <70yrs. Men over 70 yrs had: a higher median PSA, 6.24ng/ml versus 5.59ng/ml (p=0.04); and a higher frequency of cancer detected 90/212 (43%) versus 134/398 (34%) (p=0.032). Some 34/134 cancers in men <70yrs versus 22/90 (24%) of men >70yrs complied with criteria for active surveillance. CPC detection: 154/398 (39%) men <70yrs were CPC (+), specificity for cancer 86%, sensitivity 88%, 14/16 with a false (-) result had a small low grade PC. In men >70 years, 88/212 (42%) were CPC (+); specificity 92%, sensitivity 87%, 10/12 with a false (-) had small low grade tumours. False (+) results were more common in younger men 36/154 versus 10/88 (p<0.02). With a PSA cutoff of 6.5ng/ml, in men <70yrs, 108 PB would be avoided, missing 56 cancers of which 48 were clinically significant. Using CPC detection, 124 biopsies would be avoided, missing only 2 clinically significant cancers. In men >70 yrs using a PSA >6.5ng/ml would have resulted in 108 PB with 34 PC detected, of which 14(41%) were small low grade tumours. Conclusions: The use of CPC detection in the fit elderly significantly decreases the number of PBs without missing clinically significant cancers, indicating superiority to the use of age-related PSA.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.359-369
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• 2013

Chronic effects such as reproduction and population dynamics with elevated $CO_2$ concentration were evaluated using two representative marine benthic species, copepod (Tisbe sp.) and amphipod (Monocorophium acherusicum) adopting long-term exposure. Juvenile copepod and amphipod individuals were cultivated in the seawater equilibrated with control air (0.395 mmol $CO_2$/air mol) and high $CO_2$ air having 0.998, to 3.03, 10.3, and 30.1 mmol $CO_2$/air mol during 20 and 46 days, respectively. After the exposure period, the number of benthic invertebrate was counted with separate larval and juvenile stage such as naupliar, copepodid and adult for copepod, or neonate and adult for amphipod, respectively. The individual number of both test species at each life-stage was significantly decreased in seawater with 10.3 mmol $CO_2$/air mol or higher. Recently, the technology of marine $CO_2$ sequestration has been developed for the reduction of $CO_2$ emission, which may cause climate change. However, under various scenarios of $CO_2$ leaks during the injection process or sequestrated $CO_2$ in marine geological structure, the potential risk to organism including various invertebrates can be expected to exposure. So the results of this study suggested that the detailed consideration on the adverse effect with marine ecosystem can be prerequisite for the marine $CO_2$ sequestration projects.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.133-143
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• 1975

Most of mothers place their babies in either supine or prone position without change of position. Studies comparing supine and prone position of the newborn infants -have already been performed with the result that the prone position is relatively better than the supine position. However, one kind of position recommended to the mothers is not sufficient for the good rearing practice of children, because the same position placed for period long of time may bring out physical, mental tension and fatigue, and deformities of the skull and the thorax. For this reason nurses have to find out other position which has identical or more advantages than prone position so as to perform the position change for the babies. Main purpose of this study is to identify the differences of vital signs, the number of urination, defecation, diaper rash, crying and amount of feeding of the newborn infants with prone position or lateral position during the first three days of life. Sixty two newborn infants who were delivered at Seoul National University Hospital during the period from July 1 to September 5, 1974 were chosen as subjects for this study. The criteria for the choice of subjects were the babies born with vaginal delivery; body weight 2.5kg or over at birth; Apgar score Seven or over; and gestation period between thirty-eight months ana forty- two months. Of these subjects, by random sampling, thirty-one newborn infants were placed in the prone position and the other thirty-one in the lateral position. The results of this study reviewed in a statistical analysis of the t-test to obtain the following findings : 1. The heart rates of babies in the prone position were the mean heart rates of 135.03 and those in the lateral position 135.98 without any statistically significant difference. 2. There was no significant difference of respiration rate between two groups : a group in the prone position showed the mean respiration rates of 45,57 and the other in the lateral position 46.49. 3. There was no significant difference of body temperature between two groups: the mean body temperature of a group placed in the prone position was 98$^{\circ}$18'F(36$^{\circ}$77'C) and that of the other group 98$^{\circ}$20'F(36$^{\circ}$78'C). 4. One baby showed diaper rash only in a group of infants in the prone position. 5. The number of crying of the babies in the prone position were 23.70 and those in the lateral position 30.00 with a statistical difference at 5 percent level. 6, There was no difference of frequency of urination between two groups: the mean frequency of a group placed in tile prone position was 5.44 and that of the other group 5.06, 7. There was no significant difference of frequency of defecation between two groups : the mean frequency of a group placed in the prone position was 4.20 and that of tile other group 4.21, 8. There was no significant difference of feeding amount between two groups : the average amount of a group in the prone position showed 325.03 and that of the other group in the lateral position 291.51. All the above results mean that we may substitute tile lateral position for the Prone position or utilize both position for tile rearing practice of the babies.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.6 no.8
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• pp.1352-1357
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• 2002

This Paper describes algorithm to extract license plates in vehicle images. Conventional methods perform preprocessing on the entire vehicle image to produce the edge image and binarize it. Hough transform is applied to the binary image to find horizontal and vertical lines, and the license plate area is extracted using the characteristics of license plates. Problems with this approach are that real-time processing is not feasible due to long processing time and that the license plate area is not extracted when lighting is irregular such as at night or when the plate boundary does not show up in the image. This research uses the gray level transition characteristics of license plates to verify the digit area by examining the digit width and the level difference between the background area the digit area, and then extracts the plate area by testing the distance between the verified digits. This research solves the problem of failure in extracting the license plates due to degraded plate boundary as in the conventional methods and resolves the problem of the time requirement by processing the real time such that practical application is possible. This paper Presents a power automated license plate recognition system, which is able to read license numbers of cars, even under circumstances, which are far from ideal. In a real-life test, the percentage of rejected plates wan 13%, whereas 0.4% of the plates were misclassified. Suggestions for further improvements are given.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.57 no.3
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• pp.151-160
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• 2018

Anoplophora chinensis and A. glabripennis is classified as important quarantine Cerambycidae beetles worldwide. These beetles cause serious damage on natural host plants and export bonsai trees in Korea. We evaluated efficacy of phosphine fumigant for control of two Cerambycidae beetles in bonsai. In the preliminary test to achieve CT (Concentration x time) values of phosphine to Cerambyicdae beetles larvae, we used Monochamus alternatus of larvae as an alternative insect. A 24 h phosphine fumigation with $2g/m^3$ phophine achieved 100% eggs mortality against Anoplophora chinensis and A. glabripennis. Larva of A. chinensis was also completely controlled when treated for 168-h at same dose desiccator. 100% mortality on larval stage of two beetle species were achieved both in dormancy (January) and vegetative period (February) of bonsai when treated with $2g/m^3$ phosphine. However, phosphine fumigation against vegetative period of Acer palmatum, Carpinus turczaninowii and Malus sieboldii bonsai showed slight phytotoxicity (shorten leaf and flower size and delayed flowering).

• Journal of the Microelectronics and Packaging Society
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.25-29
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• 2014

Plasma organic thin film for PCB surface finish is a potential replacement of the conventional PCB finishes because of environment-friendly process, high corrosion-resistance and long shelf life over 1 year. In this study, solder joint properties of the plasma organic surface finish were estimated and compared with OSP surface finish. The plasma surface finish was deposited by chemical vapor deposition from fluorine-based precursors. The thickness of the plasma organic coating was 20 nm. Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu (SAC305) solder was used as solder joint materials. From a salt spray test, the plasma organic coating had higher corrosion resistance than the OSP surface finish. The spreadability of SAC305 on plasma organic coating was higher than that on OSP surface finish. SEM and TEM micrographs showed that the interfacial microstructure of the plasma surface finish sample were similar to that of the OSP sample. Solder joint strength of the plasma finish sample was also similar to that of the OSP finished sample.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.101-116
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• 2004

Korea has the highest traffic accident occurrence rate in the world. It means that we are forced to face a tremendous amount of economic loses and great cost of life. Even though this phenomenon consistently has arose as a public issue every year and many researchers have emphasized the importance of safety education as the fundamental solution, we are still trying to make a long-lasting and effective traffic safety education programs for children and adolescents. The purpose of this study was to test the effectiveness of web-based learning for traffic safety in Korea middle school. For this purpose, the instructive model was constructed based on the ASSURE model and a special web-site of education was developed on behalf of practical use of multi-media learning materials for the traffic safety. The research subject was represented by 259 students from second grade in 2 middle schools located in Seoul Korea. The traffic safety education program using web-site was preceded to the 136 students as a case group for 45 minutes total 3 times. Other 126 students are control group those who did not get with this program. The survey was conducted before and after the education. The results of this study were as follow: 1. The knowledge analysis from the comparison between before and after of the lesson showed case group and control group scored average at 11.25 points and 10.97 points. However, after they attended programs, case group scored 13.57 points and control group scored 10.85 points. The difference from the result of the case group was statistically significant(p<0.001). 2. The attitude analysis from the comparison between before and after of the lesson showed case group and control group scored averages at 29.59 points and 28.21 points. However, after they attended program, case group scored 37.23 points and control group scored 32.71 points. The difference from the result of the case group was statistically significant(p<0.05). 3. Regarding the domain analysis by means of web-based traffic safety education, only the case group had a statistically significant score in the case of knowledge 'safe utilization of bicycle' and 'The Characteristic of Automobile and Safer Mode of Walking for Pedestrian'(p<0.01, p< 0.001), and in the case of attitude 'safe walking and crossing' 'The Characteristic of Automobile and Safer Mode of Walking for Pedestrian'(p<0.01, p<0.001). 4. Web based instruction for traffic safety was effective in terms of improving students' knowledge and attitude for traffic safety.