• Journal of the Korean Society for Aeronautical & Space Sciences
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.562-570
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• 2009

An Experimental study was conducted on the flow characteristics and interference heating caused by a two-dimensional object protruding from a flat plate using a blow-down type of hypersonic wind tunnel. Inflow condition was a free-stream Mach number of 7.0 and a unit Reynolds number of $2.0{\times}10^6/m$. Experimental conditions were varied with three heights of protuberance for two flat plate models which have different lengths. Experimental data were obtained from Schlieren visualization images and heat flux measurements. Also, this paper suggests hypersonic experimental techniques such as boundary-layer detection method in detail. A Large separation region was observed in front of the protuberance and that region was very sensitive to the height of protuberance and the length of the flat plate. For only the highest protuberance, a severe jump of heat flux was observed at the top station among the measuring points. Measured heat flux is large when the height of protuberance is large and the length of flat plate is long.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2016.05a
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• pp.197-197
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• 2016

Forecasting future drought events in a region plays a major role in water management and risk assessment of drought occurrences. The creeping characteristics of drought make it possible to mitigate drought's effects with accurate forecasting models. Drought forecasts are inevitably plagued by uncertainties, making it necessary to derive forecasts in a probabilistic framework. In this study, a new probabilistic scheme is proposed to forecast droughts, in which a discrete-time finite state-space hidden Markov model (HMM) is used aggregated with the Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5 (RCP) precipitation projection (HMM-RCP). The 3-month standardized precipitation index (SPI) is employed to assess the drought severity over the selected five stations in South Kore. A reversible jump Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm is used for inference on the model parameters which includes several hidden states and the state specific parameters. We perform an RCP precipitation projection transformed SPI (RCP-SPI) weight-corrected post-processing for the HMM-based drought forecasting to derive a probabilistic forecast that considers uncertainties. Results showed that the HMM-RCP forecast mean values, as measured by forecasting skill scores, are much more accurate than those from conventional models and a climatology reference model at various lead times over the study sites. In addition, the probabilistic forecast verification technique, which includes the ranked probability skill score and the relative operating characteristic, is performed on the proposed model to check the performance. It is found that the HMM-RCP provides a probabilistic forecast with satisfactory evaluation for different drought severity categories, even with a long lead time. The overall results indicate that the proposed HMM-RCP shows a powerful skill for probabilistic drought forecasting.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.156-163
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• 2022

Loss of leg muscle and muscle weakness, which are caused by aging, affect muscle function and sense of balance. As a way of preventing seniors from falling, we developed the idea of wearing functional supporters based on graduated compression technique and in the form of a taping supporter. Their impact on power, sense of balance, overcoming fatigue, and subjective wearing sensation was investigated. The following results were obtained. After wearing functional compression supporters, body temperature increased from 24.5 ± 0.5℃ to 26.3 ± 0.6℃. Calf size, which assesses the level of edema, decreased from 26.1 ± 1.8cm to 25.7 ± 1.8cm. The result of dynamic balance test, which helps estimate the fall prevention effect, increased from 6.4 ± 0.9sec to 7.1 ± 0.6sec. Lactate level, which indicates the level of fatigue, decreased from 8.1 ± 0.6mmol/L to 7.3 ± 0.8mmol/L. Standing long jump record, which assesses power, increased from 110.1 ± 3.1cm to 112.0 ± 2.8cm. Standing on one leg with eyes closed, which assesses sense of balance, increased from 4.2 ± 1.1sec to 6.5 ± 0.8sec. Ankle angle, which assesses joint stability, increased from 75.3 ± 4.0° to 80.1 ± 1.7°. In metabolism and physical performance testing, which assesses keep, the score increased from 26.3 ± 1.7 to 28.8 ± 1.2. Muscle supporting score, which assesses joint stability, increased from 7.3 ± 0.6 to 7.8 ± 0.4. In the category of body type, which assesses wearing sensation and body shaping function, the score increased from 5.7 ± 1.4 to 6.4 ± 1.2

• Journal of Sport and Applied Science
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.19-26
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• 2023

Purpose: This study attempted to investigate the effect of functional rehabilitation exercise for posture correction on physical strength factors and physical balance. Research design, data, and methodology: It consisted of 40 experimental groups that applied functional rehabilitation exercises to 80 people with posture imbalance and 40 comparative groups that performed general exercises, and was conducted four times a week, once for 40 minutes, and for 12 weeks. Results: D.S. (p<.o1) among F.M.S., a moving assessment. It increased significantly from the dictionary, and H.S. (p<.o5). I.L(p<.o5). S.M(p<.o5). A.S.L.R(p<.o5). T.S.P(p<.o01). It was confirmed that R.S. (p<.o5) decreased more after than before. In other words, Functional rehabilitation exercise was effective in improving physical balance. PAPS flexibility (bending forward) (p<.o1). Muscle strength (grip strength test) (p<.o1). Quickness (long jump) (p<.o1). Functional rehabilitation exercise was found to be effective in muscle strength, agility, and flexibility, but not in cardiopulmonary endurance. Pain: Based on the NRS scale (1-10 points). The experimental that there was a significant interaction between the groups.(F=38.583, P=.000). In the comparative group, there was no significant difference in the pre-post, and it was found that the pain level in the experimental group decreased after the pre-post (p<.001). Conclusion: As a result of the above study, it was confirmed that functional rehabilitation exercise improves physical strength factors and physical balance ability, and also affects physical pain reduction due to physical imbalance.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.63-73
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• 2022

The aim of this study was to cluster according to the bone age of elementary school students in order to analyze the physique, physical fitness, and skeletal maturation of each cluter group and to provide basic data for the balanced development of elementary school students through data analysis. The subjects of this study were 2243 students aged 8 to 13 years, and the skeletal maturation were calculated by applying them to the TW3 method score conversion table after the X-ray films were taken. A total of 2 components in physique were measured using a stadiometer(Hanebio, Korea, 2021) and the Inbody 270(Biospace, Korea, 2019), and a total of 7 components in physical fitness, which included muscular strength(Hand Grip Strength), balance(Bass Stick Test), agility(Plate Tapping), power(Standing Long Jump), flexibility(Sit&Reach), muscular endurance(Sit-Up), and cardiovascular endurance(Shuttle Run) were measured as well. K-Means clustering method, cross-tabulation analysis, and one-way variable analysis(ANOVA) were conducted for data processing using the SPSS PC/Program(Version 26.0) and Bristics Studio Tool, and it was considered significant at the level of p< .05. The results of this study may be summarized as follow. First, as a result of clustering using three components of skeletal maturation: retarded, normal, and advanced, cluster 1(Retarded) showed excellence in muscular strength, balance, and agility. cluster 2(Normal) showed poor flexibility, whereas cluster 3(Advanced) showed excellence in muscular strength. Second, as a result of analyzing the differences in physique according to the clustering of elementary school students by their individual characteristics, cluster 3(Advanced) showed excellence in height, weight, and body fat percentage. Third, as a result of analyzing the differences in physical fitness according to the clustering of elementary school students by their individual characteristics, cluster 3(Advanced) showed excellence in Hand Grip Strength(Left, Right), whereas cluster 1(Retarded) showed excellence in Bass Stick Test, and cluster 3(Advanced) showed excellence in Standing Long Jump.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.61-72
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• 1985

In order to compare the cardiac function of various groups of athletes, the resting electrocardiographic time intervals, amplitudes and vectors were analyzed in high school athletes of throwing(n=7), jumping(n=11), short track(n=8), long track(n=14), boxing(n=7), volleyball(n=8) and baseball(n=9), and nonathletic control students(n= 19). All athletic groups showed a significantly longer R-R interval(0.96-1.09 sec) than the controls (0.78 sec). Therefore, the heart rate was significantly slower in atheletes than in the control, but was not different among the different athletic groups. R-R interval is the sum of intervals of P-R, 0-T and T-P: P-R and Q-T intervals showed no difference among the control and athletic groups, but T-P interval in the jump, short track, long track and boxing groups was significantly higher than the control. R-B interval showed a significant correlation with T-P or Q-T intervals but no correlation with P-R or QRS complex. Comparing the amplitude of electrocardiographic waves, the athletic groups showed a lower trend in P wave than the controls. T wave in lead $V_5\;(Tv_5)$ was similar in the athletic and control groups. The long track group showed a significantly higher waves of $Rv_5$, $Sv_1$, and the sum of $Rv_5$ and $Sv_1$ than not only the controls but also the other athletic group. The angles of P, QRS, and T vector in the frontal and horizontal planes were not different among the control and all the athletic groups. Each athletic group stowed a lower trend in amplitude of P vector in the frontal plane, but in horizontal plane, throwing, jump, short track and baseball groups showed a significantly lower than the controls. The amplitude of QRS and T vector was similar in the athletic and control groups, but only the baseball group showed a significantly higher QRS vector in the frontal plane. In taken together, all the athletic groups showed a slower heart rate than the controls, mainly because of elongated T-P interval. Comparing the electrocardiographic waves and vector, the athletic groups showed lower amplitudes of P wave and P vector than the controls. Values of $Rv_5$ and $Sv_1$ strongly suggest that only the long distance runners among the various athletic groups developed a left ventricular hypertrophy.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.13 no.11
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• pp.5005-5014
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to compare and analyze the effects of fitness walking exercise on physique, BMI(body mass index) and physical fitness of 5th and 6th grade elementary children. The subjects for this study were 200 children(57 boys and 39 girls in the 5th grade, and 59 boys and 45 girls in the 6th grade) at S Elementary school in Busan. The students were divided into 3 groups. Group 1 walked more than 500 km. Group 2 walked less than 500 km but more than 200 km and Group 3 walked less than 200 km for 6 months. The result of exercising for 6 months affected the physique, BMI and physical fitness of the students analyzed as follows: In physique, height, weight and BMI had significantly positive increased in the 5th and 6th grade boys and girls in all groups as comparing before and after exercising. In physical fitness, there were significantly positive increased on 50 m run, sit-ups, standing long jump, sit-and-reach, 1000 m run-walk had in all groups by stages(group 1 > 2 > 3) as comparing before and after exercising. In compare groups after exercising, there were significantly positive increased in physical fitness on group 1 more than group 3. These results indicate that fitness walking exercise by long time is effective to improve physique and physical fitness in normal elementary school students. However, for fitness walking exercise of the positive effects are necessary to change of teachers and parents personal mind.

• Trans-
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• v.1
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• pp.21-44
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• 2016

Advertisement is composed with symbol and sign with messages trying to express. Especially, ad with dancer introduces goods or meaning of contents with the motion of dance. In this, contents of dance or motion of dancer contains symbol and sign, understanding how ad and dance are expressed meanings with which symbol and the symbolic meaning of dance or dancer on ad. To that end, this study is for analyzing expressed symbol with dance corresponds with the aim of ad and finding the way or attitude of how normal people accept dance by reevaluating symbolic meaning of dance itself. In this study, advertisement producer and director's related data is secured for understanding direction and intention of producer, and previous study related with the study purpose, image, and effect are analyzed for understanding image of dance as a physical sign on TV advertisement. With data from www.TVCF.co.kr. TV advertisement analysis is conducted only with four ads in 2008(Nam Kwang Eng. & Const Co., Lotte Dept. Store(premium sale/gift card), Hyundai Motor Company Santa Fe -Pilobolus) and one ad in 2011(PNS The zone Sash Italy Arena di Verona when dance was used for advertisement with the highest frequency per year. Also, based on considered important factors from repeatedly watching each advertisement, scenes where movement or motion of dancer and screen word is greatly changed are analyzed as a priority. Image analysis of dance is conducted with structure studies based on physical image(line, costume, expression) and dan image(type motion, qualitative feature, mood of dance). As a result, the symbolic dance image appeared in TV advertisement can be discussed as follows. First, symbol and sign of dance on advertisement corresponds with material objects of advertisement. For instance, on the TV advertisement where Lee Youngwoo appeared, his motion as a signifer means challenge for the future of Nam Kwang Eng. & Const Co., with fast turn, jump, assemble turning jump, and sliding. Second, physical image of dancer depending on intention of sender corresponds in general, but there are somewhat differences in image of dance. This makes people to unconsciously recognize symbolic image of dance on TV ad while they watch it at the same time. Especially, when it comes to advertisement, it exposes frequently with broadcasting of organized programs from a broadcaster, living long-time memory. It can be differ based on idea and character of each of receiver. Advertisement is a medium making people naturally adopt cultural art for ordinary people in their lives. Broadcasting public art from TV advertisement widely exposes pure art to people, which was only avaliable for minority, sublimating it as an art of public culture.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.343-352
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• 2016

It has been estimated that the Earth has nearly 1.688 trillion barrels of crude oil, which will last 53.3 years at current extraction rates. The organization of petroleum exporting countries (OPEC) group forecasted that the oil prices will not jump to triple-digit territory within a decade, but it can quickly increase as the political issue for reducing oil production appears. With the potential of serious shortage of conventional hydrocarbon resources, the heavy oil, one of unconventional hydrocarbon resources including oil sand and natural bitumen has attracted worldwide interest. The heavy oil contains heavy hydrocarbon compounds, commonly called as resins and asphaltenes, with long carbon chains more than sixty carbon atoms. The high content of heavier fraction corresponds with the high molecular weight, viscosity, and boiling point. Physicochemical properties of residues from vacuum distillation of conventional oil, referred to as vacuum residues (VR) were similar to those of heavy oil. For the development of heavy oil reserves, reducing the heavy oil viscosity is the most important. In this article, commercially employed aquathermolysis processes and their application to VR upgrading are discussed. VR contains transition metals such as Ni and V, but these metals should be eliminated in advance for further refining. Recent studies on demetallization technologies for VR are also reviewed.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.14
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• pp.431-447
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to investigate the An analysis on the physical strength factor of the Collegians majoring in Security Services. In order to accomplish this purpose, subjects of this study were 80 person J university student men. Physical fitness tests was grip strength, back strength, sit-ups, stand long jump, 50m run, side step test, shuttle run, 2000m run, standing trunk flexion, and closed eye foot balance. Factor analysis applied for analysis factorial structure of each physical fitness components. The results of this study were as follow; First, the factor affecting the performance of the Collegians majoring in Security Services of their was appeared with the Power, Balance and Strength. Second, the factor affecting the performance of the Collegians majoring in Security Services of their was appeared with the Taekwondo major group with the Balance, Power, Strength and Cardiovascular Endurance. Third, the factor affecting the performance of the Collegians majoring in Security Services of their was appeared with the Judo major group with the Power, Flexibility and Strength. Fourth, the factor affecting the performance of the Collegians majoring in Security Services of their was appeared with the Hapkido major group with the Muscular Endurance, Strength, Cardiovascular Endurance and Flexibility. Fifth, the factor affecting the performance of the Collegians majoring in Security Services of their was appeared with the Gumdo major group with the Cardiovascular Endurance and Power.