• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.31-43
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• 2016

The purpose of this paper is to gather information and opinions to better guide the direction for implementing improvements of the senior centers' indoor environments located in Jeonju residential areas, by surveying the users about the level of satisfaction and analyzing the result in relation to the current situation. Senior centers located in Jeonju residential areas were operating the facilities with low financial support from the local autonomous entity. According to the results of the survey, most of the users tend to use the facilities between 12p.m. to 6p.m., and the majority have lunch at the senior centers. Most of the senior centers already have cooking facilities, without a dining room, except one place, and even the facilities they have are very poor. In a thermal environment area, the temperature is mostly above in summer or below in winter the appropriate temperature, especially the temperature of the restroom of all senior centers are below $20^{\circ}C$ in winter. The density of carbon dioxide is above average in most indoor areas. However, the users' level of facilities' satisfaction was positive. To improve the seniors' quality of life, the local autonomous entity has to start regular check-ups and repair of the poor indoor environment and facilities, with more financial support and active supervision by senior center the management.

• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.65-84
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• 1993

This study reviewed the current status and problems of sewerage system in Korea and then proposed possible methods to correct the problems. Also, evaluation of future development in sewerage system is included. It can be summarized as follows : 1. Investment in sewerage system is relatively low . 0.23% of GNP, Considering that the investment portion is 0.35% in OECD and 0.63% in Japan, it should be increased further. 2. The reasons wily the investment in sewerage system is low can be ' (1) Low priority is given to the investment in sewerage system. Local government builds and operates its own wastewater treatment plant. Local government as well as residents prefer to invest their money in roadwork, housing and parks to in wastewater treatment facilities because of greater investment effects. (2) Besides capital investment, more maintenance cost is needed for sewerage system. Proper operation of wastewater treatment facilities requires a well-trained operator. Because of public conception that operation of wastewater treatment facility is a dirty job, it is difficult to find a well-trained operator. (3) It is difficult to estimate the effect of sewerage system (4) Cost required to build and maintain wastewater treatment facility should be paid by people, who benefit from the facility. People to benefit are sometimes different from people to pay. 3. Advanced treatment is necessary to protect the bay aura and raw water source as well as to prevent eutrophication of lakes and ponds. 4. Wastewater treatment facility were mainly build in big cities during the decade of 1980. Followings should be solved first to expand the facilities. (1) Rapid repair and construction of sewer. (2) Technical development of wastewater treatment . Prevention of efficient and economical wastewater . Development of efficient and economical wastewater treatment techniques . Development of high-efficiency treatment using bioreactor . Reuse of wastewater treatment plant effluent (3) Sludge treatment and disposal . Composting of sludge cakes . Development of techniques to reduce the volume of sludge cake : incineration and reuse of sludge ash and slag. (4) Utilization of wastewater treatment facilities . Construction of community parks or sports families(ie, on the tops of the covered aeration tanks and sedimention tanks) Construction of wastewater treatment facilities under ground and of parking facilities and community parks above ground. (5) Education of wastewater treatment personal.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.39 no.6
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• pp.619-625
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• 2012

Background After skin tumor excision on the face, extremities, or trunk, the choice of treatment for a skin defect is highly variable. Many surgeons prefer to use a local flap rather than a skin graft or free flap for small- or moderately-sized circular defects. We have used unilateral or bilateral V-Y advancement flaps, especially on the face. Here we evaluated the functional and aesthetic results of this technique. Methods All of the patients were pathologically diagnosed with squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), basal cell carcinoma (BCC), or malignant melanoma or premalignant lesion (Bowen's disease). Thirty-two patients underwent V-Y advancement flap repair (11 unilateral and 21 bilateral) from January 2007 to June 2011. We analyzed the patients' age and satisfaction, and location and size of defect. The patients were followed up for 6 months or more. Results There were 22 women and 10 men. The ages ranged from 47 to 93 years with a mean age of 66 years. The causes were SCC in 15 cases, BCC in 13 cases, malignant melanoma in 1 case, Bowen's disease in 2 cases, and another cause in 1 case. The tumor locations were the face in 28 patients, and the scalp, upper limb, and flank each in one patient. All of the flaps survived and the aesthetic results were good. Postoperative recovery was usually rapid, and no complication or tumor recurrence was observed. Conclusions The V-Y advancement flap is often used not only for facial circular defects but also for defects of the trunk and extremities. Its advantages are less scarring and superior aesthetic results as compared with other local flap methods, because of less scarification of adjacent tissue and because it is an easy surgical technique.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.202-207
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• 2012

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of monochromatic infrared energy (MIRE) on the blood flow of the superficial radial artery and local skin temperature in healthy subjects. Methods: Forty healthy volunteers were recruited and randomly assigned to MIRE group (n=20) and placebo group (n=20). The MIRE group received a 890 nm MIRE irradiation on the forearm using two therapy pads for 30 minutes. The therapy pad was composed of an array of 60 diodes. MIRE unit was set at bar 8, that corresponds to a diode power of 10 mW and a power density of $63mW/cm^2$. The placebo group received sham MIRE. Peak blood flow velocity (PBFV), mean blood flow velocity (MBFV), and skin temperature (ST) were measured pre- and post-MIRE irradiation. Results: There was a significant difference in PBFV (p<0.001), MBFV (p<0.001), and ST (p<0.001) between the pre- and post-treated values in the MIRE group. In contrast, no significant difference was found between the pre- and post-treated values in the placebo group. There was significant difference in mean change values from baseline of PBFV (p<0.001), MBFV (p<0.001), and ST (p<0.001) between the MIRE group and the placebo group. There was a significant increase in PBFV (p<0.001), MBFV (p<0.001), and ST (p<0.001) following MIRE irradiation. Conclusion: The arterial blood flow and local skin temperature of the forearm in the healthy subjects were significantly increased following MIRE irradiation.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Rural Architecture
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.51-58
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• 2015

10 years ago, in Sijeon-ri, Dogo-myeon, Asan-si, the existing stream was repaired to develope Mt. Dogo trail and irrigation systems through road expansion pavement construction and small stream repair construction. The trees such as persimmon and willow are eliminated that rowed on both sides of the stream and dredging work to dig the rock and sand have been performed. As a result, wide asphalt road was built, also flood damage worries were reduced. 10 years passed and now, how did local residents think about the stream repaired before and after? Village residents, public officials, and the stream construction engineer were interviewed. Villagers indicated a problems that brook became a place where water peppers were taking over and water was stagnating due to the slow velocity so nothing could live and natural landscape like a wash place and the cascade disappeared, because rock and sand were taken out brought soil into the brook. Public officials and engineers were aware of the problems at the time of the stream. Now that construction is completed after 10 years, Both realistically and budgetary to restoration would be difficult. However, it is necessary to seek for waterfront space which can be restored or replaced by a part of the stream like similarly before. In addition, it is necessary to restore to the progression of a natural stream which connect with stairs(or slope) - small waterfalls - pools - wash place. In this paper, we hope to take a lesson from the Sijeon-ri model and make rural stream construction be prepared with consideration about not only distinct characteristics of specific area but also the opinion of local resident.

• Journal of the Korean Medical Association
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• v.61 no.12
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• pp.724-731
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• 2018

Our faces can express a remarkable range of subtle emotions and silent messages. Because the face is so essential for complex social interactions that are part of our everyday lives, aesthetic repair and restoration of function are an important tasks that we must not take lightly. Soft-tissue defects occur in trauma patients and require thorough evaluation, planning, and surgical treatment to achieve optimal functional and aesthetic outcomes, while minimizing the risk of complications. Recognizing the full nature of the injury and developing a logical treatment plan help determine whether there will be future aesthetic or functional deformities. Proper classification of the wound enables appropriate treatment, and helps predict the postoperative appearance and function. Comprehensive care of trauma patients requires a diverse breadth of skills, beginning with an initial evaluation, followed by resuscitation. Traditionally, facial defects have been managed with closure or grafting, and prosthetic obturators. Sometimes, however, large defects cannot be closed using simple methods. Such cases, which involve exposure of critical structures, bone, joint spaces, and neurovascular structures, requires more complex treatment. We reviewed and classified causes of significant trauma resulting in facial injuries that were reconstructed by microsurgical techniques without simple sutures or coverage with partial flaps. A local flap is a good choice for reconstruction, but large defects are hard to cover with a local flap alone. Early microsurgical reconstruction of a large facial defect is an excellent choice for aesthetic and functional outcomes.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.174-183
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• 2022

Management of traumatic skull base fractures and associated complications pose a unique reconstructive challenge. The goals of skull base reconstruction include structural support for the brain and orbit, separation of the central nervous system from the aerodigestive tract, volume to decrease dead space, and restoration of the three-dimensional appearance of the face and cranium with bone and soft tissues. An open bicoronal approach is the most commonly used technique for craniofacial disassembly of the bifrontal region, with evacuation of intracranial hemorrhage and dural repair performed prior to reconstruction. Depending on the defect size and underlying patient and operative factors, reconstruction may involve bony reconstruction using autografts, allografts, or prosthetics in addition to soft tissue reconstruction using vascularized local or distant tissues. The vast majority of traumatic anterior cranial fossa (ACF) injuries resulting in smaller defects of the cranial base itself can be successfully reconstructed using local pedicled pericranial or galeal flaps. Compared with historical nonvascularized ACF reconstructive options, vascularized reconstruction using pericranial and/or galeal flaps has decreased the rate of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak from 25 to 6.5%. We review the existing literature on this uncommon entity and present our case series of n = 6 patients undergoing traumatic reconstruction of the ACF at an urban Level 1 trauma center from 2016 to 2018. There were no postoperative CSF leaks, mucoceles, episodes of meningitis, or deaths during the study follow-up period. In conclusion, use of pericranial, galeal, and free flaps, as indicated, can provide reliable and durable reconstruction of a wide variety of injuries.

• Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2012

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the effectiveness of multimodal pain control method in an early phase after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair, under interscalene brachial plexus block, this study was performed. Materials and Methods: The study was progressed with the 80 cases of arthroscopic rotator cuff repair. Interscalene brachial plexus block was used to all of the 80 cases and patients were divided into 2 groups. Group A consisted of patients injected with bupivacaine, through subacromial space catheter after surgery, and group B consisted of patients with additional method of multimodal pain control using oral opioids, acetaminophen-tramadol complex and selective COX2 inhibitor. Subacromial cathter was removed after injection in both groups. The pain during the day time and night time was compared on the operation day, postoperative 1st, 2nd, 3rd day and 2nd weeks, and it was measured with VAS (visual analogue scale) score. Additionally, the number of ketolorac injection and side-effect related to analgesics was compared between the 2 groups. Results : The mean VAS score of night time on the operation day and day/night time pain of the 1st, 2nd, 3rd day and 2nd weeks was 7.4, 7.0/6.8, 4.5/5.2, 4.8/5.0, 2.2/2.7 on group A and 6.5, 4.3/5.4, 3.2/4.3, 3.0/4.1, 2.4/2.5 on group B, respectively. Significant difference was observed in the night pain on the operation day, 1st, 2nd, 3rd day time and 1st night time pain (p<.05). The average number of ketololac injection was 1.1 and 0.5 in each group, and there was no difference in the frequency of side effects. Conclusion: Multimodal pain control method, after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair, showed an effective early pain control and improved patients' satisfaction.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 2011

The underlying principle of environmental conservation and restoration is to receive continuous services from nature. In this context, the basic objective of oil spill response and recovery activities is to allow affected residents to retain sustainability of their daily livelihood and productive environment. Hence, monitoring the status of socio-economic impact and the extent of restoration is an important parameter in the restoration effort to repair the damaged functions of environmental services with oil spill accident. However, assessment of socio-economic impact poses investigators with much difficulties in selecting the most appropriate approaches because the process often involves various stakeholders, directly and indirectly. Moreover, the analyses and interpretation of the results also pose a great challenge. The present study monitored fisheries and tourism numbers which were considered as major local socio-economic indicators of living and production environment affected by M/T Hebei Spirit oil-spill accident. This monitoring was conducted by examining the published papers and statistical reports. This was supplemented by surveying how the local residents actually felt about the damage and recovery for the first time in Korea. The results showed that the rate of the recovery was about 40~50 %, and the rate of the recovery seemed to be slowed or decreased. However, what the local residents actually felt was 2~10 points less than the literature surveys and statistical reports. These results suggested limits to using only the literature and statistical surveys for the traditional socio-economic impact assessment. The study also showed the need to include in the impact assessment process what and how the local residents actual feel about the oil spill damage and recovery process.

• Journal of the Society of Naval Architects of Korea
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• v.54 no.3
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• pp.242-249
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• 2017

A design system for doubler reinforcement of the ship plate members subjected to in-plane shear and biaxial compressive loads was developed. This design system of doubler reinforcement on ship plate members established by design supporting system and this system was based on the buckling evaluation process of ship plate members for these in-plane loads. Each design parameters were suggested by equations as the form of influence coefficients for the doubler reinforcement subjected to the various in-plane loads including shear load. Strength of doubler plate member reinforced on the plate member could be suggested by the equivalent flat plate thickness after the consideration of corelation equations in the design system of doubler reinforcement. Level of strength recovery of ship plate members for these in-plane loads according to the local reinforcement by doubler could be suggested by use of this design system in the initial repair design stage of shipyards.