• Journal of Power Electronics
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• 제12권5호
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• pp.769-777
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• 2012

In this paper, a new development in the time optimal control theory in sliding mode control systems for multi-quadrant buck converters with a variable load is presented. In general, the closed-loop time optimal control system is applied to multi-quadrant buck converters for output regulation, so that an optimal switching surface is obtained. Moreover, an adjusted optimal sliding mode controller is suggested which adjusts the controller parameters to give an optimal switching surface. In addition, a description of the transient response of the closed-loop system is proposed and used to damp any output or input disturbances in minimum time. Numerical simulations and experimental results are employed to demonstrate that the output regulation time and transient performances of dc/dc converters using the proposed technique are improved effectively when compared to the classical sliding mode control method.

• Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.1036-1043
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• 2005

Concentric annular heat pipes (CAHP) were fabricated and tested to investigate their thermal characteristics. The CAHPs were 25.4 mm in outer diameter and 200 mm in length. The inner surface of the heat pipes was covered with screen mesh wicks and they were connected by four bridge wicks to provide liquid return path. Three different heat pipes were fabricated to observe the effect of change in diameter ratios between 2.31 and 4.23 while using the same outer tube dimensions. The major concern of this study was the transient response as well as isothermal characteristics of the heat pipe outer surface, considering the application as uniform heating device. A better performance was achieved as the diameter ratio increased. For the thermal load of 180 W, the maximum temperature difference on the outer surface in the axial direction of CAHP was $2.3^{\circ}C$ while that of the copper block of the same outer dimension was $5.9^{\circ}C.$ The minimum thermal resistance of the CAHP was measured to be $0.004^{\circ}C/W.$ In regard to the transient response during start-up, the heat pipe showed almost no time lag to the heat source, while the copper block of the same outer dimensions exhibited about 25 min time lag.

• 대한조선학회논문집
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• 제57권3호
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• pp.175-181
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• 2020

For the success of a structural integrity management, it is essential to acquire structural response data at some critical locations with limited number of sensors. In this study, the structural response of numerical model was estimated by data fusion approach based on the Kalman filter known as stochastic recursive filter. Firstly, transient direct analysis was conducted to calculate the acceleration and strain of the numerical standing beam model, then the noise signals were mixed to generate the numerical measurement signals. The acceleration measurement signal was provided to the Kalman filter as an information on the external load, and the displacement measurement, which was transformed from the strain measurement by using strain-displacement conversion relationship, was provided into the Kalman filter as an observation information. Finally, the Kalman filter estimated the displacement by combining both displacements calculated from each numerically measured signal, then the estimated results were compared with the results of the transient direct analysis.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.67-78
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• 1997

The objective of study was to examine to transient response of hydraulic shock loading in activated sludge process for treatment of municipal sewage. The general experiment approach was to operate the system under steady-state(pre-shock), then to apply step changes during 24hours in fourfold hydraulic shock loading at the same organic loading. Performance was assessed in both the transient state and the new steady-state(post-shock). Three bench scale activated sludge reactors were operated to investigate the effect of fourfold hydraulic shock loading on TSS and COD removal efficiency. In activated sludge reactors operated with 13hours and 7hours of HRT, effluent quality of all reactors was not changed for few effects, and also showed no foaming and no sludge bulking. Those results are the same as sludge withdrawn reactors. The effect of fourfold hydraulic shock loading on the activated sludge reactors operated with 3hours of HRT was most severe. The effluent quality was deteriorated significantly and generate foaming in reactors. Less than 24hours after the fourfold shock loading applied, the activated sludge system seemed to attain a new steady-state condition as show by effluent.

• 한국정보통신학회논문지
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• 제19권11호
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• pp.2534-2539
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• 2015

발전기의 전압조정장치(AVR)를 이용하여 전압을 조절하는 방식은 기존 아날로그방식과 교체중인 디지털방식을 나눌 수 있다. 일반적으로 브러쉬레스형의 여자시스템을 이용하여 전압을 조절할 경우 전부하에 대하여 전압변동을 작게 하여야 한다. AVR의 제어방법으로 PID(비례-적분-미분)제어방식이 많이 사용되고 있다. 그러나 이 제어기법은 제어대상에 대하여 제어기의 파라미터를 조절하여 과도응답을 줄이고 있다. 따라서 제어대상이 달라질 경우 다시 제어기의 파라미터를 다시 설정해야하는 문제점이 있다. 본 연구에서는 제어대상의 파라미터 변동에 대하여 제어기의 파라미터를 재설정 필요없이 iPID(intelligent PID)제어기를 이용하여 발전기 AVR시스템에 적용하여 전부하 시에도 전압변동이 작은 응답을 얻도록 설계하고 시뮬레이션과 실험을 통하여 과도응답을 개선하였다.

• 전기전자학회논문지
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.506-513
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• 2015

본 논문에서는 외부 커패시터가 없는 low-dropout (LDO) 레귤레이터를 설계하였으며, 대기 전류는 $4.5{\mu}A$ 이다. 제안하는 LDO 레귤레이터는 정밀한 로드 레귤레이션과 빠른 응답 속도를 만족하기 위해 두 개의 증폭기를 사용 하였고, 높은 이득을 갖는 증폭기와 빠른 속도 및 높은 슬루율을 가지는 증폭기로 구성 되어 있다. 이와 함께 패스 트랜지스터의 게이트에 존재하는 큰 기생 커패시터에 전류를 빠르게 충 방전시키기 위해, 전류 부스팅 회로를 추가하였다. 이를 통해 부하 전류 변화 시 응답 시간을 향상 시키게 된다. 설계된 회로는 $0.11-{\mu}m$ CMOS 공정으로 제작되었다. 최대 200mA 의 부하 전류를 구동할 수 있으며, 출력 전압 변동은 260mV, 회복 시간은 $0.8{\mu}s$ 을 측정하였다.

• 디지털융복합연구
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• 제15권7호
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• pp.223-229
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• 2017

유럽, 미국을 비롯한 일본 등 선진 업계에서는 오랜 기간의 시험을 거쳐 충격계수의 시험결과를 보유하고 있으며, 장비를 설계할 때 이를 적용하여 구조물의 안정성을 확보하고 있다. 그러나 국내 산업체의 실정으로는 실제 구조물이 받는 여러 가지 동적인 외력에 의한 영향을 시험을 통해 충격계수를 확보하기에는 많은 비용과 시간이 소요되기 때문에 선진업체에서 제공하는 충격계수를 활용하여 장비를 설계하고 있다. 본 논문에서는 유한요소해석 프로그램인 NX/NASTRAN을 이용하여 반도체 검사 장비인 PCB Handler의 정하중해석과 충격하중에 대한 과도응답 해석을 진행하고, 변위 결과를 비교하는 방법으로 충격계수를 산출하였다. 충격계수 산출 방법은 일본 구조 구격에서 사용하고 있는 방법을 적용하였으며, PCB Handler가 검사를 위해 급출발 또는 급정지 시 충격계수는 1.27로 산출되었다. 해석으로 얻어낸 충격계수는 향후 장비의 구조개선과 기존장비를 기반으로 제품 개발 시 사용할 수 있어 업계에 도움이 될 것으로 판단된다.

• Journal of Power Electronics
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.741-752
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• 2015

This study proposes a new solution for the parallel operation of microgrid inverters in terms of circuit topology and control structure. A combined three-phase four-wire inverter composed of three single-phase full-bridge circuits is adopted. Moreover, the control structure is based on adaptive three-order sliding-mode control and wireless load-sharing control. The significant contributions are as follows. 1) Adaptive sliding-mode control performance in inner voltage loop can effectively reject both voltage and load disturbances. 2) Virtual resistive-output-impedance loop is applied in intermediate loop to achieve excellent power-sharing accuracy, and load power can be shared proportionally to the power rating of the inverter when loads are unbalanced or nonlinear. 3) Transient droop terms are added to the conventional power outer loop to improve dynamic response and disturbance rejection performance. Finally, theoretical analysis and test results are presented to validate the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme.

• Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.1131-1137
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• 2018

In this paper, the authors suggest a new control algorithm for a three-phase four-wire photovoltaic (PV) inverter with imbalance load compensation function using conventional proportional-integral (PI) controllers. The maximum power of PV panel is calculated by the MPPT control loop. The reference varying signals of current controllers are transformed to two different rotating frames where they become constant signals. Then simple PI controllers are applied to achieve zero steady-state error of the controllers. The proposed control algorithm are modeled and simulated with imbalance load configuration to verify its performance. The simulation results show that the maximum PV power is transferred to the grid and the imbalance power is compensated successfully by the proposed control algorithm. The inverter has a fast response (~4 cycles) during the transient period. The proposed control algorithm can be effectively utilized to the three-phase four-wire inverter with imbalance load compensation function.

• Wind and Structures
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• 제37권3호
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• pp.229-243
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• 2023

This study analyzes the response of a tall building with an H-shaped cross-section when subjected to wind loading generated by the same H-shape. As normative standards usually adopt regular geometries for determining the wind loading, this paper shows unpublished results which compares results of the dynamic response of H-shaped buildings with the response of simplified section buildings. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is employed to determine the steady wind load on the H-shaped building. The CFD models are validated by comparison with wind tunnel test data for the k-ε and k-ω models of turbulence. Transient wind loading is determined using the Synthetic Wind Method. A new methodology is presented that combines Stochastic and CFD methods. In addition, time-history dynamic structural analysis is performed using the HHT method for a period of 60 seconds on finite element models. First, the along-wind response is studied for wind speed variations. The wind speeds of 28, 36, 42, and 50 m/s at 0° case are considered. Subsequently, the dynamic response of the building is studied for wind loads at 0°, 45°, and 90° with a wind speed of 42 m/s, which approximates the point of resonance between gusts of wind and the structure. The response values associated with the first two directions for the H-shaped building are smaller than those for the R-shaped (Equivalent Rectangular Shape) one. However, the displacements of the H-shaped building associated with the latter wind load are larger.