• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.422-431
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• 2015

This study analyzed the dietary status of Southeast Asian workers living in South Korea in order to provide basic data to develop a program that allows workers to map desirable eating habits while living in Korea. Questionnaires were completed by 251 Southeast East Asian workers living in South Korea. From our study, we found that respondents ate three meals a day, and Vietnamese had less regular meal times than others. Thai, Cambodian, and Myanmar workers ate snacks several times a day, as they did in their own countries. For adapting Korean food, Vietnamese and Cambodian workers had difficulties due to spicy and salty flavors while Thai and Myanmar works had difficulties due to unfamiliar ingredients and cooking method. Thai workers were the fastest to adapt to Korean food, and the Thai ratio of eating homeland food daily was highest. Male respondents ate more often than women. Workers had access to cooking facilities in their house and usually ate more homeland food than workers that did not have access to cooking facilities. By providing understanding of dietary patterns of Southeast Asian workers, these results can be used as basic data to develop a program for Korean food adaptation.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.82-88
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of age, education and residence on food consumption and nutrient Intakes of older women living alone. In-home interviews were conducted using the health habits and food frequency questionnaire for one hundred twenty free living, healthy women who were between the ages of 60 and 87 years. Analysis of variance was used to assess the effect of three independent variables on food consumption and nutrient intakes. Food groups eaten at every meal were examined on 5-point scale, and consumption scores were compared with groups according to age and education. The meat consumption of younger and more highly educated respondents were significantly( p<0.05) higher. The oldest Participants had higher consumption frequencies for cereals and grain food categories. but lower consumption frequencies for vegetables and fruits ( p<0.05) The dietary assessment data showed that the energy and Protein intakes of subjects were 84.8% and 85.1% of RDAs, respectively. Vitamin A and calcium intakes showed a significant (p<0.05) difference among the three age groups More highly educated respondents had higher intakes of calcium and phosphorus than those respondents with less education.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.167-176
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• 1996

This nutritional survey was conducted from July to August 1993, in order to investigate the nutrition knowledge, food habits, nutrient intake, and their correlation of high school girl students living in large city, middle and small city, and rural area. The subjects of this survey were 164 students living in large city, Seoul and Pusan, 289 students living in noddle and small city, Chonju and Iksan-City, and 252 students living in rural area, Samnye-Up and Kimje-Kun, Chonbuk-Province. The results obtained are summarized as follows: The perceived nutrition knowledge of large city, middle and small city, and rural area was 80.1%, 83.9%, and 76.0%, respectively, and their accuracy was 62.0%, 64.2%, 56.3% respectively The nutritional knowledge score of large city, middle and small city, and rural area was 14.90, 16.16, 12.84, respectively. The nutrition knowledge score was significant among large city, middle and small city, and rural area. The correlation coefficient between nutrition knowledge and food habits was significant among large city, and middle and small city students. The food habits score of rural area subjects were lowest. The correlation between food habit and calcium, vitamin 4 and vitamin C were significant among large city girls. In rural students the correlation between food habits and protein, phosphorus, iron, vitamin B1, vitamin B2, and vitamin C was significant.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.10 no.6
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• pp.892-904
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• 2005

This study was carried out to assess the food habit index of the long-lived elderly who were aged over 85 years living in Ganghwa-gun. A survey was conducted during December 2003. Dietary nutrient intake data was obtained through the 24-hr recall method. The subjects were 96 (32 males, 64 females) aged people and divided into three groups based on food habit index scores. Such as group A: good $16\∼20$, group B: fair $11\∼15$, and group C: poor $5\∼10$. The three groups of the subjects were 90.7 years of age and $21.3\;kg/m^{2}$ of BMI on average. Healthy eating index scores of the subjects were $9.4\%$ in group A, $54.2\%$ in group B and $36.5\%$ in group C. Their level of education were lower and their levels of living standards tended to have been middle and lower of the middle class. The percentage of living together with their families or spouses in all groups were over $60.0\%$ and the rates of the subjects who have responsibility for their meal preparations were also very high in all groups. Most subjects tended not to drink nor smoke, and spend $8\~10$ hours for their sleep. The percent of number of diseases in group A was lower than in groups B and C. Their dietary habits such as taking three meals a day regularly have shown that they have good eating habit in general. There was a positive correlation between the eating behaviors and nutrient intakes. The protein, animal protein, fat, PUFA, vitamin E, vitamin $B_{2}$, niacin, P and K intaks in group A were significantly higher than that of the groups B and C. For group A of good food habits aged had no sufficient intake of Ca and vitamin A than the Korean RDA and long-lived elderly of group C in Ganghwa areas had worse nutrients intakes, especially Ca, vitamin A, vitamin $B_{2}$ and vitamin E. According to this research having a good eating habits could be considered as increasing of the health and nutritional status. (Korean J Community Nutrition 10(6) $892\∼904$, 2005)

• Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.105-111
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• 2003

Balanced intake of appropriate nutrients is the key to sustaining and promoting health as well as preventing and treating diseases. It is not always easy, however, to take balanced nutrition and various related factors must be taken into consideration. This report provides a summary of studies that have examined the nutrient intakes of Japanese middle-aged men and the relationship of this intake to drinking, job-related separation from families, and health practices. The alcohol consumption of Japanese middle-aged men has more than tripled in the last forty years. When nutrient intake was examined in relation to alcohol consumption, it was discovered that the maximum acceptable alcohol consumption was approximately 23 grams (about two drinks) of pure alcohol, provided the level of nutrient intake for drinkers was equal to that of non-drinkers. The alcohol energy ratio was approximately 5％. It was also discovered that middle-aged men's eating habits deteriorate when they relocate to new posts without their families and live by themselves. Compared to those living with their families, a higher proportion of those living alone have unfavorable eating habits including skipping breakfast or lunch, having a late lunch, and eating and drinking after dinner until bedtime. When Breslow's seven health practices, nutrient intake, and consumption weight by food group were examined, it was discovered that the group that had many beneficial eating and living habits consumed plenty of legume, pulses, fruit, green yellow vegetables and milk products. Their intake of vitamins and minerals was high and the results of a physical examination proved to be excellent. According to nutrition surveys conducted in Japan, China, the United Kingdom and the United States using a 24-hour recall method with common protocols and strict controls to ensure high levels of accuracy and cross-study validity, the Japanese had the highest cholesterol intake and the lowest dietary fiber intake among the four countries. Also, the alcohol energy ratio of the Japanese exceeded 8％, the highest among the four countries, while their intake of magnesium and iron was the lowest These results indicate that it is necessary to enhance nutritional education for middle-aged men and to reinforce the social environments in which they live and work in order to promote proper diet and nutrition in Japan. (J Community Nutrition 5(2) : 105-111, 2003)

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.90-116
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• 1996

The purpose of this study is to provide basic data for the children so as to avoid any accidents and to improve their health through a sound and safe living environment with safety education established through more systematic methods. For the study, the methods used include the questionnaires for collecting data which are distributed among 273 children from 3 to 6 years old. They live in three districts of Seoul (Kangnam and Kangbuk), Kyeonggido (Munsan and Ilsan) and Incheon. The children's general characteristics are investigated and the relationship between the accident-proneness prospects and their results are analyzed assuming that children's health is expected to have an effect on their safety. The findings of the study are as follows: 1. The accident-proneness prospect (for the living safety) has significant difference in sleeping habits and physically weak conditions(p<0.05). 2. The accident-proneness prospect (for the traffic safety) has no significant difference in accordance with the children's health condition. 3. Children's reasoning power has no significant difference in accordance with their health condition. 4. Children's movement speed non-significantly differs in accordance with their health condition. 5. Children's movement stability has a significant difference in accordance with their health conditions such as history of mild disease(p<0.05) and physical work capacity(p<0.05). 6. Children's attention power has no significant difference in accordance with their health condition. 7. Children's characteristic activities show a significant difference in accordance with their health history of mild disease(p<0.05). mental health(p<0.05). eating habits(p<0.05) and others (i.e. auditory abnormality and skin desease)(p<0.05). 8. General assessment of the APP test has no significant difference in accordance with their health condition. 9. The health conditions are a significant difference in the history of mild disease in accordance with sex(p<0.05) and whole family members(p<0.001). Also there are shown significant differences. in accordance with sex(p<0.05). in physical work capacity(p<0.05). Eye sight, blood circulation and skin condition show significant differences in accordance with residence(p<0.05) and whole family members(p<0.01). and the condition of eating habits appeared significant in accordance with age(p<0.05). Also, sleeping habits and physically weak conditions shows significant differences in accordance with age(p<0.001) and housing pattern(p<0.01), and others (i.e. auditory abnormality and skin desease) show significant differences in accordance with residence (p<0.001).

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.527-541
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• 2001

This study was conducted to provide basic information on the nutritional status and health status of the rural elderly. The food intake, food habits and others health related factors were surveryed by interview method. The subjects was 200 people(71 male, 129 female) aged over 65 year in the Han-an area. The obtained results as follows; Their average age is 73.5$\pm$5.6. Mean height and weight of elderly men were 163 cm and 58.1 kg. respectively and 148.7 cm and 50.0 kg for women. The regularity appetite and frequency of eating snacks and eating out were higher in men than in women. The favorite snacks for men were alcohol fruit coffee and for women was fruit, candy, cookies and coffee. The daily alcohol drinking and smoking ration were 50.0%, 60.6% for men, respectively and 14.0%, 24.8 % for women. The nutritional intake ratio to RDA of men was significantly higher than women. Especially, the intakes of energy, Ca, Vit.A, Vit B$_1$, Vit B$_2$ niacin were extremely low in women. The frequency of alcohol intake was related to nutrient intake of women . There was a negative correlation between age. smoking rate and the nutritional intake. The pocket money, weight height appetite, and frequency of snacks showed a positive relation to nutritional intake. In conclusion the study shows that gender did influence food intake in the elderly, Food intake of women was extremely in deficit, because the most elderly rural women live alone. For successful aging. a program for rural elderly is needed on the govermment level, i.e actions to provide minimum economic life, food delivery and psychological/ physical health care through regional pubilc health centers.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.276-286
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• 2011

This study aimed to examine consumers' interest, preference, and consumption frequency of Kimchi in elementary school students in the fifth grade and their mothers living in Changwon city. In a comparison of eating habits, students exhibited better eating habits than their mothers (P<0.01). Though the mothers' levels, were higher than those of the students in the category of 'eat foods with a bit of salt usually', the students' levels were higher in the rest of the eating habit categories. The categories of 'like Kimchi', 'spicy taste', and 'appropriately spicy taste' got high levels. Among several kinds of Kimchi, both students and mothers preferred 'cabbage Kimchi' the most. Among various Kimchi foods, preferences for 'Kimchi pancake', 'fried rice with Kimchi', and 'tuna Kimchi soup', were highest in that order. The preferences differed between students and mothers in each category; mothers' preferences were significantly higher than those of students. However, in the rest of categories, except 'boiled kimchi and fish' and 'Kimchi and stir-fried spicy pork', students' preferences were higher than mothers' ones. Compared to their preferences, students' consumption frequencies were significantly higher than mothers' ones (P<0.01). There were positive correlations among students' eating habits, awareness of Kimchi, consumption frequency, and preference. For mothers, there were positive correlations not only between eating habits and awareness, but also between awareness and preference.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.441-455
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• 2001

Korean food habits, dietary behaviors and perception of food were compared according to gender and age. The subjects were composed of 274 males and 315 females. According to age, the age group of 10s was 26.3%, 20s 24.6%, 30s 16.8%, 40s 18.7%, and 50s and over 13.6%, respectively. The majority (65.2%) of all age groups except the 20s took meals 3 times a day and the ratio 20s eating twice a day was higher than other age groups. All age groups took cooked rice(bap) two or three times a day and the 20s group took smaller amount than other age groups did. The younger age groups of 10s and 20s took larger amount of processed food. The older age groups appeared to have higher frequency of eating fish, bean, vegetable, Kimchi, laver.brown seaweed, soybean oil, sesame oil, coffee, tea, and rice cake(ddhuk). The younger groups have the higher frequency of eating ramyeon, corn flake, milk, milk-processed food, butterㆍmargarine, ham.sausage, carbonated drink candyㆍchocolate, hamburger, and pizza. All age groups perceived cooked rice(bap), meat, fish, egg, vegetable, fruit, and Kimchi to be the delicious, excellent and healthy food. According to the above results, age groups of 30s and over had relatively better food habits compared with those of younger groups. On the other hand, the groups of 10s and 20s had meals irregularly, showed a high ratio of skipping meals, and took processed food much. These results raised a concern of their nutritional imbalance in the future. Therefore, the correct nutritional education must be conducted to make these age groups have a healthy food habits.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.106-117
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• 2004

The factors of obesity related with food habits were assessed to provide information for nutrition education database. The subjects in this study were 234 primary school children in Busan. Children were classified into normal and obese groups(mildly obese, moderately obese and severely obese) by obesity index. In self-recognition of body image, only 28.6% of MI group considered themselves as 'overweight or obese'. 87.2% of the subjects controlled their weight method with exercise. With regard to meal speed, 64.5% of the subjects ate $fast({\leq}15\;min.)$. The study also found that 79.8% of the subjects ate breakfast, 56.4% of the subjects them were moderate by obese, 40.8% of the subjects ate snacks after dinner. Eating speed, meal volume and snacks money per day were significantly different in obesity. Preference for eating out was Korean Chinese, Western and Japanese food, in order. Favorite food for snack, such as ddukbokki, fruits, milk. fried foods and candy and caramel were significantly different in obesity(p<0.05). However hamberger, pizza and chocolate were not significantly different in obesity. The most preference snack for all the subjects were fruits and ice cream. In food preference, potato, dduk, meats, fishes, cheese, milk, ice cream were significantly different in obesity. The distasteful food for subjects were patbab, vegetables, shellfishes and salt-fermented foods. From above results, obesity of children was related to meal speed, meal volume and snacks motley per day. Therefore, these results suggest that continuous and practical nutrition education to change food habits art necessary to avoid child obesity.