• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
• /
• 제80권6호
• /
• pp.749-765
• /
• 2021

Suspension bridges bear large eccentric live loads in rush hours when most vehicles travel in one direction on the left or right side of the bridge. With the increasing number and weight of vehicles and the girder widening, the eccentric live load effect on the bridge behavior, including bending and distortion of the main girder, gets more pronounced, even jeopardizing bridge safety. This study proposes an analytical algorithm based on multi-catenary theory for predicting the suspension bridge responses to eccentric live load via the nonlinear generalized reduced gradient method. A set of governing equations is derived to solve the following unknown values: the girder rigid-body displacement in the longitudinal direction; the horizontal projection lengths of main cable's segments; the parameters of catenary equations and horizontal forces of the side span cable segments and the leftmost segments of middle span cables; the suspender tensions and the bearing reactions. Then girder's responses, including rigid-body displacement in the longitudinal direction, deflections, and torsion angles; suspenders' responses, including the suspender tensions and the hanging point displacements; main cables' responses, including the horizontal forces of each segment; and the longitudinal displacement of the pylons' tower top under eccentric load can be calculated. The response of an exemplar suspension bridge with three spans of 168, 548, and 168 m is calculated by the proposed analytical method and the finite element method in two eccentric live load cases, and their results prove the former's feasibility. The nonuniform distribution of the live load in the lateral direction is shown to impose a greater threat to suspension bridge safety than that in the longitudinal direction, while some other specific features revealed by the proposed method are discussed in detail.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제33권9호
• /
• pp.1455-1462
• /
• 2020

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate whether goose growth and feather characteristics are influenced by their line and feeding surroundings, inclusive of floor materials and types, since there are no reports regarding these factors. Methods: The 240 White Roman geese which were hatched and sex identified came from 3 commercial goose farms. They were randomly distributed to 24 pens depending on a completely random design. The study continued for 13 weeks and included 3 lines of commercial geese and 2 floor types (cement strip floor [CSF] or cement floor [CF]). Results: The day one gosling weight from A farm was lower than other two farms (96 g vs 107 and 115 g; p<0.001). Afterwards, the body weight, back length, keel length, chest girth and main wing feather length among 3 farms showed no significance difference prior to 12 weeks. The CF group showed heavier body weight, shorter back length, longer keel length, shorter chest girth and shorter main wing feather length than the CSF group prior to 12 weeks. The down weight in the CF was heavier than the CSF group (57.1 g vs 41.8 g; p<0.01) prior to 13 weeks. Conclusion: The body weight showed the positive relations for dry feather weight (r = 0.59), down weight (r = 0.69), percent of the down weight of live body weight prior to 13 weeks (r = 0.61).

• 한국어병학회지
• /
• 제34권1호
• /
• pp.99-104
• /
• 2021

In this study, we investigated safety and efficacy of a low temperature immunization protocol with NNV in red spotted grouper, Epinephelus akaara and long tooth grouper, Epinephelus bruneus and seven band grouper, Hyporthodus septemfasciatus. Further, growth rate between immunized and naïve fish was evaluated during the experiment to check side effect of immunization. Three grouper species were immunized by immersion method with live NNV at 10^5.0 TCID₅₀/mL at 16.5℃ for 30 min and reared for 120 days at natural sea water temperature. To evaluate growth rate, total length and wet weight was measured 7 times after immunization. Immunized three grouper species were challenged by intramuscular inoculation with NNV at 10^4.2 TCID₅₀/100 µL/fish. Immunization at low temperature with live NNV did not show any clinical symptoms of infection, mortality and inhibition of growth. After challenge, cumulative mortality of naïve seven band grouper, red spotted grouper, long tooth grouper were 45, 10, 20 %, respectively. However no mortality was observed at immunized groupers. Thus, it was demonstrated that immunization at low temperature with live NNV are able to protect three different species of groupers without inhibition of growth.

• 한국환경보건학회지
• /
• 제33권4호
• /
• pp.306-316
• /
• 2007

This study have a object to found out the effects of oriental herb medicine, Antaeeum, to dams of rats and their offsprings. The Antaeeum was savaged to female Sprague-Dawley rats at a dose of 5 mg/kg/day for 3 weeks during gestation periods. Dams of rat were sacrificed at 20th day of gestation, and were observed major internal and reproductive organs. Approximately live fetuses in the 20th days of gestation were selected randomly and examined with stereo microscopes. Others offsprings were fixed with 95% ethanol for skeletal examinations. The fixed fetuses were stained with alcian blue and alizarin red S to observe skeletal variations or malformations. Maternal body weight of Antaeeum treated dams have a tendency of increasing compared with control dams. There were no significant difference in internal and reproductive organs of weight or findings. The spleenic organ relative weight of treated dams were decreased compared with the control significaltly (p<0.05). There were no significant changes between two groups in blood chemistry and hematological values. There were no significant changes in number of corpus luteum, implantation, live fetuses and implantation rate, delivery rate, late resorption rate and sex ratio. But in the Antaeeum treated group showed lower early resorption rate than that of the control dams. Fetal body weight and number of fetus a dam at Antaeeum treated group were higher than that of control group. The fetuses of dams treated with Antaeeum didn't induced external malformations. Vertebral and sternal variations were observed in Antaeeum group, but compared with the control, those variations were not significant. The ossification numbers of rib, cervical, thoracic, and lumber were normal. Fetuses treated with Antaeeum to the dams showed no significant difference in the number of caudal vertebra (P>0.01). From these results, it can be concluded that Antaeeum showed no toxicity effects on maternal side especially on body weight, early resorption rate, and number of live fetuses. Also there were no significant changes on maternal organ weights except spleen, hematological data, reproductive organs. Although skeletal variations were examined at vertebra and sternum, this Antaeeum could not induced significant choses in bone malformation.

• 한국수정란이식학회지
• /
• 제15권1호
• /
• pp.9-14
• /
• 2000

This experiment was undertaken to investigate the effect of administration of Agyoju or Mokhyang on the maintenance of pregnancy, delivery and sex ratio in the mice in different gestation periods. Adult female mice were administered orally at three different periods, from ovulation to implantation (Exp.1), from post-implantation to organogenesis (Exp.2), and from fetal growth to parturition (Exp.3). In Experiment 1, number of fetus implanted and mean body weight were not significantly different. However, the delivery of male offspring was significantly increased in Agyoju and Mokhyang administrated groups than control group. In Experiment 2, the number of fetuses implanted, live offsprins and their body weight at delivery were significantly increased in the Agyoju administered group than Mokhyang and control groups. In Experiment 3, the number of live offspring and sex ratio were not different in both treatments and control group. However, mean body weight at delivery was significantly increased in both treatment groups than that of control group. These results suggest that 1) Agyoju and Mokhyang have beneficial effects in maintenance of pregnacy, and that 2) The action of unknown component(s) in Agyoju may be related to selection of male spermatozoa for fertilization in vivo, and that 3) the administration of Agyju of Mojhyang during mid-and late-pregnance periods were shown the increment of body weight of live offspring without decrease of litter size.

• 대한예방한의학회지
• /
• 제10권2호
• /
• pp.31-49
• /
• 2006

This study was undertaken to investigate the effects of Gyoaesamultang in pregnant rats and their fetuses. Female Sprague-Dawley rats were orally administered with the Gyoaesamultang at dose of 5mg/kg/day for 20 days. Pregnant rats were sacrificed at 20th day of gestation, and observed internal and reproductive organs. Approximately, live fetuses in the 20th day of gestation were randomly selected and fixed in 95% ethanol. To observe skeletal malformations, fetuses were stained with alcian blue and alizarin red S. Maternal body weight of Gyoaesamultang treated group has a tendency to increase compared to that of control group. There were no significant difference in internal and reproductive organs. There were no significant changes between two groups in blood chemistry and hematological values. There were no significant changes in number of corpus luteum, implantation, live fetuses and implantation rate, delivery rate, late resorption rate and sex ratio. But Gyoaesamultang administered group showed lower early resorption rate than the control group. Neonatal body weight and number of fetus of Gyoaesamultang group were increased to that of control group. The fetuses of dams treated with Gyoaesamultang didn't showed external malformation. Vertebral and sternal variations were observed in Gyoaesamultang group but, compared to the control, those variations were insignificant. The number of ribs, cervical, thoracic, and lumber were normal. The number of sacral and caudal vertebrae were increased. Fetuses treated with Gyoaesamultang showed significant difference in the number of caudal vertebra(P<0.01). From these results, it can be concluded that Gyoaesamultang showed no toxicity effects on maternal body weight, early resorption rate, and number of live fetuses. There were no significant changes in organ weight, hematological data, reproductive organs. Although skeletal variations were showed in vertebrate and sternum, Gyoaesamultang were shown insignificant changes in bone malformation.

• 한국환경보건학회지
• /
• 제32권4호
• /
• pp.342-352
• /
• 2006

The experiments was undertaken to evaluate the effects of herbal medicine, Dalsaengtang, in pregnant rats and fetuses. Female Sprague-Dawley rats were orally administered with the Dalsaengtang at dose of 5 mg/kg/day for 20 days. Pregnant rats were sacrificed at 20th day of gestation, and observed internal and reproductive organs. Approximately live fetuses in the 20th day of gestation were randomly selected and fixed in 95% ethanol. To observe skeletal malformations, fetuses were stained with alcian blue and alizarin red S. Maternal body weight of dalsaengtang treated group has a tendency to increase compared to that of control group. The relative liver and kidney weights of dalsaengtang treated group were also increased to that of control group. There were no significant changes between two groups in blood chemistry and hematological values. There were no significant changes in number of corpus luteum, implantation, live fetuses and implantation rate, delivery rate, late resorption rate and sex ratio. But Dalsaengtang administered group showed lower early resorption rate than the control group. From the sex ratio, number of females, bigger than number of males in the control group, and more males than females in Dalsaengtang administered group. Neonatal body weight and number of fetus of Dalsaengtang group were increased to that of control group. The fetuses of dams treated with Dalsaengtang didn't showed external malformation. Vertebral and sternal variations were observed in Dalsaengtang group but, compared to the control, those variations were insignificant. The number of ribs, cervical, thoracic, and lumber were normal. The number of sacral and caudal vertebrae were increased. Fetuses showed significant difference in the number of caudal vertebra (P<0.01). From these results, it can be concluded that Dalsaengtang showed no toxicity effects on maternal body weight, early resorption rate, and number of live fetuses. There were no significant changes in organ weight, hematological data, reproductive organs. Although skeletal variations were showed in vertebrate and sternum, Dalsaengtang did not shown significant changes in bone malformation.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
• /
• 제45권12호
• /
• pp.1512-1518
• /
• 2002

목 적 : 쌍태 임신에서 일측 태아가 자궁내 사망한 경우 생존아의 사망률이 높고 범발성 혈관내 응고병증, 패혈증 및 뇌손상 등을 증가시킨다고 알려져 있다. 본 연구는 일측 태아의 자궁내 사망 후 생존아들의 주산기 합병증 및 이와 연관된 위험 인자들에 대해 알아보고자 하였다. 방 법 : 1995년 1월부터 2000년 12월까지 쌍태 임신 중 일측 태아가 자궁내 사망한 후 생존 출생한 15례의 의무 기록지를 후향적으로 분석하였다. 생존아에서는 말초 혈액과 혈액 응고계 검사, 두부 초음파 및 뇌 자기공영상 검사를, 그리고 산모에서는 말초 혈액과 혈액 응고계 검사 및 임신과 관련된 합병증에 대해 의무 기록지를 통하여 후향적으로 조사하였고, 생존아에서 주산기 합병증에 대한 위험 인자로 융모막 상태, 출생 체중, 재태 주령 및 일측 태아의 자궁내 사망 후 분만까지의 기간에 대해 관찰하였다. 결 과 : 1) 일측 태아의 자궁내 사망 후 생존 출생아 15례의 재태 주령은 $33.7{\pm}3.2$주, 출생 체중은 $1,992{\pm}592g$, 분만까지의 기간은 $32.4{\pm}29.5$일이었고, 조산아 11례(73.3%), 만삭아 4례(26.7%)로 조산의 원인은 조기 진통과 조기 양막 파수가 주였다. 2) 산모에서 시행한 혈액 검사상 범발성 혈관내 응고병증은 1례도 없었고, 산모의 말초 혈액 검사(백혈구수, 혈소판수, PT, aPTT, fibrongen, FDP) 소견과 생존아의 범발성 혈관내 응고병증 및 뇌연화증 발생과는 연관이 없었다. 3) 생존아 총 15례 중 6례(40.0%)는 정상이었고, 범발성 혈관내 응고병증 3례(20.0%), 뇌연화증 3례(20.0%), 자궁내 발육 지연 1례, 쌍태아간 수혈 증후군(recepient) 1례, 선천성 심장기형(심방 중격 결손 및 폐동맥 협착)이 동반된 경우 1례 있었다. 4) 생존 출생아에서 범발성 혈관내 응고장애 및 뇌연화증의 발생은 융모막 상태, 출생 체중, 재태 주령 및 일측 태아의 자궁내 사망 후 생존아 분만까지의 기간과 통계학적 유의성이 없었다. 결 론 : 본 연구에서는 자궁내에서 일측 태아가 사망한 경우 산모에서 혈액학적 이상은 발견할 수 없었고 생존아에서 주산기 합병증을 예측할 수 있는 의의 있는 위험 인자를 발견할 수 없었지만 약 20.0%에서 뇌연화증 및 범발성 혈관내 응고병증이 발생하였기에 쌍태 임신 중 임신 제2, 3기에 일측 태아가 자궁내 사망한 경우 생존 출생아에 대한 면밀한 혈액학적 및 신경학적 검사가 필요하다고 사료되었다.

• 농업과학연구
• /
• 제3권2호
• /
• pp.192-197
• /
• 1976

IKUTON 발효(醱酵) 고구마 전분박(澱粉粕)의 농후사료대축수준(濃厚飼料代蓄水準) 調査하기 위하여 Large Yorkshire, Landrace, Duroc Jersey 삼품종(三品種) 교잡종(交雜種) 25두(頭)를 공시(供試)하여 농후사료(濃厚飼料)를 급여(給與)한 대조구(對照區)와 IKUTON 발효(醱酵) 고구마 전분박(澱粉粕) 10%, 20%, 30% 및 40%를 대치한 5개처리구(個處理區)를 완전임의배치(完全任意配置)하여 시험(試驗)한 결과(結果)를 요약(要約)하면 다음과 같다. 사료섭취량(飼料攝取量)은 40% 구(區)를 제외(除外)한 기타(其他)의 각처리구(各處理區)에서는 대조구(對照區)에 비(比)하여 유의적(有意的) (P<0.05)인 차이(差異)를 인정(認定)할 수 없었으며 40% 이상(以上)의 대체수준(代替水準)에서 사료섭취량(飼料攝取量)이 감소(減少)되고 있었다. 사료효율(飼料效率)은 20% 구(區); 3.43, 30% 구(區); 3.80, 10% 구(區) 3.97, 40% 구(區); 4.20, 0% 구(區0; 4.53의 순(順)으로 대조구(對照區)에 비(比)하여 높은 사료효율(飼料效率)을 나타내고 있었다. 증체량과 80kg 도달주수(到達週數)는 10% 구(區); 12주(週), 0%구(區); 13주(週), 20% 및 30%구(區)가 14주(週)였고 40%구(區)는 15주(週)까지도 80kg에 도달(到達)치 못하고 있었으며 대조구(對照區)에 비(比)하여 64%의 증체밖에 되지 않었다. 시험사료(試驗飼料)의 소화율(消化率)은 75.2~87.5%였으며 급수율(給水率)은 사료섭취(飼料攝取) 1kg당(當) $1.95-2.01{\ell}$로 되고 있어 사료급여회수(飼料給與回數)는 소화율(消化率)과 급수율(給水率)에 아무런 영향을 주지 않었다.

• 한국축산식품학회지
• /
• 제39권4호
• /
• pp.632-642
• /
• 2019

The concentrations of functional compounds and micronutrients of chicken breast from native chickens were compared with those from broiler. Totally 200 male chicks from a commercial native chicken (HH) and three newly bred native chicken strains (2A, 2C, and 2D) were reared for about 2 kg of final live weight up to 12 wk. After slaughtered, antioxidant dipeptides, reducing sugar, free amino acids, vitamins, and minerals of the breast muscles were analyzed with those from broilers with similar live weight. Mostly native chicken strains had higher contents of carnosine, anserine, and reducing sugar than the broiler. Especially HH implied the highest values of carnosine and anserine, and 2C did the highest of reducing sugar (p<0.05). Vitamin A contents between native chickens and broiler were not significantly different (p>0.05). The contents of ${\alpha}-tocopherol$ were significantly higher in 2C than those of HH or broiler (p<0.05). Native chicken strains contained lower cholesterol levels than the broiler. Broiler had higher contents of P, Mg, and Na than native chickens (p<0.05), but it had lower content of Cu than HH or 2A. The savory free amino acids including glutamic acid was highest in 2A than the other native chickens and broiler (p<0.05). This study confirms that certain new strains of native chickens be a good source in terms of functional compounds and micronutrients which can be attractive health promoting nutritional quality factors.