• Journal of Powder Materials
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.240-246
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• 2022

Novel Ni- and Fe-based alloys are developed to impart improved mechanical properties and corrosion resistance. The designed alloys are manufactured as a powder and deposited on a steel substrate using a high-velocity oxygen-fuel process. The coating layer demonstrates good corrosion resistance, and the thus-formed passive film is beneficial because of the Cr contained in the alloy system. Furthermore, during low-temperature heat treatment, factors that deteriorate the properties and which may arise during high-temperature heat treatment, are avoided. For the heattreated coating layers, the hardness increases by up to 32% and the corrosion resistance improves. The influence of the heat treatment is investigated through various methods and is considered to enhance the mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of the coating layer.

• International Journal of Automotive Technology
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.221-238
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• 2004

Wall interactions of direct injection spray were investigated using laser-sheet imaging, shadowgraphy, wetted footprint and phase Doppler interferometry techniques. A narrow-cone high-pressure swirl injector is used to inject iso-octane fuel onto a plate, which has three different impact angles inside a pressurized chamber. Heated air and plate conditions were compared with unheated cases. Injection interval was also varied in the heated case to compare dry- and wet- wall impingement behaviors. High-speed macroscopic Mie-scattering images showed that presence of wall and air temperature has only minor effect on the bulk spray structure and penetration speed for the narrow-cone injector tested. The overall bulk motions of the spray plume and its spatial position at a given time are basically unaffected until a few millimeters before impacting the wall. The surface properties of the impact surface, such as the temperature, the presence of a preexisting liquid film also have a small effect on the amount of wetting or the wetted footprint; however, they have strong influence on what occurs just after impact or after a film is formed. The shadowgraph in particular shows that the plate temperature has a significant effect on vapor phase propagation. Generally, 10-20% faster horizontal vapor phase propagation is observed along the wall at elevated temperature condition. For impingement onto a preexisting film, more splash and evaporation were also observed. Contrary to some preconceptions, there is no significant splashing and droplet rebounding from surfaces that are interposed in the path of the DI gasoline spray, especially for the oblique impact angle cases. There also appears to be a dense spray front consists of large sac spray droplets in the oblique impact angle cases. The bulk of the spray is not impacted on the surface, but rather is deflected by it The microscopic details as depicted by phase Doppler measurements show that the outcome of the droplet impaction events can be significantly influenced. Only droplets at the spray front have high enough Weber numbers for wall impact to wet, splash or rebound. Using the sign of vertical velocity, the time-resolved downward droplets and upward droplets are compared. The Weber number of upward moving droplets, which seldom exceeds unity, also decreases as the impact angle decreases, as the droplets tend to impact less and move along the wall in the deflected spray plume.

• International Journal of Aeronautical and Space Sciences
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.57-62
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• 2011

The effects of swirl chamber's diameter and length on injector's dynamic characteristics were investigated through an experimental study. A mechanical pulsator was installed in front of the manifold of a swirl injector which produces pressure oscillations in the feed line. Pressure in the manifold, liquid film thickness in the orifice and the pressure in the orifice were measured in order to understand the dynamic characteristic of the simplex swirl injector with varying geometry. A direct pressure measuring method (DPMM) was used to calculate the axial velocity of the propellant in the orifice and the mass flow rate through the orifice. These measured and calculated values were analyzed to observe the amplitude and phase differences between the input value in the manifold and the output values in the orifice. As a result, a phase-amplitude diagram was obtained which exhibits the injector's response to certain pressure fluctuation inputs. The mass flow rate was calculated by the DPMM and measured directly through the actual injection. The effect of mean manifold pressure change was insignificant with the frequency range of manifold pressure oscillation used in this experiment. Mass flow rate was measured with the variation of injector's geometries and amplitude of the mass flow rate was observed with geometry and pulsation frequency variation. It was confirmed that the swirl chamber diameter and length affect an injector's dynamic characteristics. Furthermore, the direction of geometry change for achieving dynamic stability in the injector was suggested.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.579-588
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• 1997

The heat transfer and flow measurements from a convex curved surface to a circular impinging jet have been made. The flow at the nozzle exit has a fully developed velocity profile. The jet Reynolds number (Re) ranges from 11,000 to 50,000, the dimensionless nozzle-to-surface distance (L/d) from 2 to 10, and the dimensionless surface curvature (d/D) from 0.034 to 0.089. The results show that the stagnation point Nusselt number (N $u_{st}$ ) increases with increasing value of d/D. The maximum Nusselt number at the stagnation point occurs at L/d .ident. 6 to 8 for all Re's and d/D's tested. For larger L/d, N $u_{st}$ dependency on Re is stronger due to an increase of turbulence in the approaching jet as a result of the more active exchange of momentum with a surrounding air. The local Nusselt number decreases monotonically from its maximum value at the stagnation point. However, for L/d=2 and Re=23,000, and for L/d.leq.4 and Re=50,000, the stream wise Nusselt number distributions exhibit secondary maxima at r/d .ident. 2.2. The formation of the secondary maxima is attributed to an increase in the turbulence level resulting from the transition from a laminar to a turbulent boundary layer.ndary layer.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.699-708
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• 2000

To make compact evaporator, experiments that show characteristics of evaporating heat transfer and pressure drop in the helically coiled small diameter tube were taken in this research. The experiments were performed with HCFC-22 in the helically coiled small diameter tube; inner diameter=1.0(mm), tube length=2.0(m), and curvature diameter=31, 34, 46.2(mm). The experiments were also carried out with the following test conditions; saturation pressure=0.588(MPa), mass velocity=$150{\sim}500(kg/m^2s)$, and heat flux=$1{\sim}5(kW/m^2)$. The experiment results are that the empirical correlation to predict heat transfer coefficient for single phase flow in helically coiled small diameter tube was obtained. It was found that dry-out is occurred at low-quality region for evaporation heat transfer because of breaking of annular liquid film. The friction factor of single phase flow of helically coiled tube was agreed with Prandtl's correlation. Finally, It was proposed for correlation that can precisely predict the friction factor of two phase flow of helically coiled tube.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Propulsion Engineers
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.19-28
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• 2010

Generally, combustion instability is generated by the mutual coupling between the heat release and the acoustic pressure in the combustor. On the occasion, the acoustic pressure generates the oscillation of the mass flow rate of propellant injected from injector, and this oscillation again affects combustion in the combustor. So, the dynamic characteristics of the injector have been studied to control combustion instability using injector itself in Russia from 1970's. In order to study injector dynamics, a mechanical pulsator for forced pressure pulsation is produced and the method to quantify the mass flow rate of the propellant that is oscillating at the exit of the injector is developed. With the pulsator and the method, pulsating values of the mass flow rate, pressure, liquid film thickness, and axial velocity generated at the exit of the simplex swirl injector are measured in real time. And phase-amplitude characteristics of each parameter are analyzed using these pulsating values acquired at the exit of the simplex swirl injector.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.253-261
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• 2005

Catalytic wet oxidation of ppm levels of trichloroethylene (TCE) in water has been conducted using $TiO_2$-supported cobalt oxides at a given temperature and weight hourly space velocity. 5% $CoO_x/TiO_2$ might be the most promising catalyst for the wet oxidation at $36^{\circ}C$ although it exhibited a transient behavior in time on-stream activity. Not only could the bare support be inactive for the wet decomposition reaction, but no TCE removal also occurred by the process of adsorption on $TiO_2$ surface. The catalytic activity was independent of all particle sizes used, thereby representing no mass transfer limitation in intraparticle diffusion. Characterization of the $CoO_x$ catalyst by acquiring XPS spectra of both fresh and used Co surfaces gave different surface spectral features of each $CoO_x$. Co $2p_{3/2}$ binding energy of Co species exposed predominantly onto the outermost surface of the fresh catalyst appeared at 781.3 eV, which is very similar to the chemical states of $CoTiO_x$ such as $Co_2TiO_4$ and $CoTiO_3$. The spent catalyst possessed a 780.3 eV main peak with a satellite structure at 795.8 eV. Based on XPS spectra of reference Co compound, the TCE-exposed Co surfaces could be assigned to be in the form of mainly $Co_3O_4$. XRD measurements indicated that the phase structure of Co species in 5% $CoO_x/TiO_2$ catalyst even before reaction is quite comparable to the diffraction lines of external $Co_3O_4$ standard. A model structure of $CoO_x$ present on titania surfaces would be $Co_3O_4$, encapsulated in thin-film $CoTiO_x$ species consisting of $Co_2TiO_4$ and $CoTiO_3$, which may be active for the decomposition of TCE in a flow of water.