• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.325-329
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• 2014

Background Liposuction is a procedure to reduce the volume of subcutaneous fat by physical force. Intracellular storage fat is composed of triglyceride, whereas circulating fat particles exist as cholesterol or triglycerol bound to carrier proteins. It is unavoidable that the storage form of fat particles enters the circulation system after these particles are physiologically destroyed. To date, however, no studies have clarified the fatal characteristics of fat embolism that occurs after the subclinical phase of free fat particles. Methods A mixture of human lipoaspirate and normal saline (1:100, 0.2 mL) was injected into the external jugular vein of rats, weighing 200 g on average. Biopsy specimens of the lung and kidney were examined at 12-hour intervals until postoperative 72 hours. The deposit location and transport of the injected free fat particles were confirmed histologically by an Oil Red O stain. Results Inconsistent with previous reports, free fat particles were transported from the intravascular space to the parenchyma. At 24 hours after infusion, free fat particles deposited in the vascular lumen were confirmed on the Oil Red O stain. At 72 hours after infusion, free fat particles were accumulated compactly within the parenchymal space near the perivascular area. Conclusions Many surgeons are aware of the fatal results and undiscovered pathophysiologic mechanisms of free fat particles. Our results indicate that free fat particles, the storage form of fat that has been degraded through a physiological process, might be removed through a direct transport mechanism and phagocytotic uptake.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.567-577
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• 2017

Obesity is known to induce inhibition of glucose uptake, reduction of lipid metabolism, and progressive loss of skeletal muscle function, which are all associated with mitochondrial dysfunction in skeletal muscle. Mitochondria are dynamic organelles that regulate cellular metabolism and bioenergetics, including ATP production via oxidative phosphorylation. Due to these critical roles of mitochondria, mitochondrial dysfunction results in various diseases such as obesity and type 2 diabetes. Obesity is associated with impairment of mitochondrial function (e.g., decrease in $O_2$ respiration and increase in oxidative stress) in skeletal muscle. The balance between mitochondrial fusion and fission is critical to maintain mitochondrial homeostasis in skeletal muscle. Obesity impairs mitochondrial dynamics, leading to an unbalance between fusion and fission by favorably shifting fission or reducing fusion proteins. Mitophagy is the catabolic process of damaged or unnecessary mitochondria. Obesity reduces mitochondrial biogenesis in skeletal muscle and increases accumulation of dysfunctional cellular organelles, suggesting that mitophagy does not work properly in obesity. Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress are reported to trigger apoptosis, and mitochondrial apoptosis is induced by obesity in skeletal muscle. It is well known that exercise is the most effective intervention to protect against obesity. Although the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which exercise protects against obesity-induced mitochondrial dysfunction in skeletal muscle are not clearly elucidated, exercise training attenuates mitochondrial dysfunction, allows mitochondria to maintain the balance between mitochondrial dynamics and mitophagy, and reduces apoptotic signaling in obese skeletal muscle.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.751-758
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• 1998

Lipoxygenase-deficient soybeans, Jinpumkong (lipoxygenase-2, 3 lacking) and Jinpumkong 2 (lipoxygenase-1, 2, 3 lacking), were breeded for the improvement of beany flavor problem. The objectives of this study were to characterize and to examine the storage stability of two lipoxygenase-deficient soybeans by comparing with Hwangkeumkong having high lipoxygenase activity. The crude protein and crude lipid content of Jinpumkong 2 were lower than those of Hwkangkeumkong and Jimpumkong. All soybean samples were middle-sized and yellow-coated seeds. The rate of water uptake and trypsin inhibitor activity of Jinpumkong were greater than those of others. The cooking rate of Hwangkeumkong was the highest among all. The lipoxygenase activity of Hwangkeumkong was decreased when the soybeans were stored at $40^{\circ}C$ for 96hrs at 90% RH which is the condition of accelerated aging. After accelerated aging, the germination ratio of Hwangkeumkong was not changed but the ratio and speed of germination dropped rapidly in Jinpumkong and Jinpumkong 2.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.134-142
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• 1996

Diabetes carries an increased risk of atherosclerotic disease that is not fully explained by known car-diovascular risk factors. There is accumulating evidence that advanced glycation of structural proteins, and oxidation and glycation of circulating lipoproteins, are implicated in the pathogenesis of diabetic ather-osclerosis. Reactions involving glycation and oxidation of proteins and lipids are believed to contribute to atherogenesis. Glycation, the nonenzymatic binding of glucose to protein molecules, can increase the ather-ogenic potential of certain plasma constituents, including low density lipoptotein(LDL). Glycation of LDL is significant increased in diabetic patients compared with normal subjects, even in the presence of good glycemic control. Metabolic abnormalities associated with glycation of LDL include diminished recognition of LDL by the classic LDL receptor; increased covalent binding of LDL in vessel walls ; enhanced uptake of LDL by the macrophages, thus stimulating foam cell formation ; increased platelet aggregation; formation of LDL-immune complexes ; and generation of oxygen free radicals, resulting on oxidative damage to both the lipid and protein components of LDL and to any nearby macromolecules. Oxidized lipoproteins are characterzied by cytotoxicity, potent stimulation of foam cell formation by macrophages, and procoagulant effects. Combined glycation and oxidation, "glycoxidation" occurs when oxidative reactions affect the initial products of glycation, and results in irreversible structural alterations of proteins. Glycoxidation is of greatest significance in long lived proteins such as collagen. In these proteins, glycoxidation products, believed to be atherogenic, accumulate with advancing age : in diabetes, their rate of accumulate is accelerated. Inhibition of glycation, oxidation and glycoxidation may form the basis of future antiaterogenic strategies in both diabetic and nondiabetic individuals.dividuals.

• Journal of Korean Medicine for Obesity Research
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.96-105
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• 2018

Objectives: The aim of this study was to examine the effect of Asparagus cochinchinensis (AC) and fermented AC (fAC) on microorganisms and efficacies. Methods: AC was fermented for four weeks without using any bacterial strains. Then we investigated fermentation characteristics including potential of hydrogen (pH), total sugar, microbial profiling and antioxidant compound contents such as total polyphenol and total flavonoid. The anti-obesity effects of AC and fAC were evaluated by using Oil Red O staining in 3T3-L1 adipocyte. Also anti-diabetic effects of them were evaluated by using 2-[N-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl)amino]-2-deoxy-d-glucose (2-NBDG) uptake in C2C12 skeletal muscle cell. Results: Both pH and total sugar of fAC were decreased significantly compared to unfermented AC. And the abundance of total bacteria and lactic acid bacteria increased during fermentation, especially Lactobacillus plantarum. Also fermentation of AC increased the content of total polyphenol. On the metabolic aspects, we found that AC and fAC suppressed fat accumulation. Conclusions: After four weeks of fermentation, AC increased concentrations of active compounds, altered microbial composition, and inhibited fat accumulation such as triglyceride. These results indicate that fermentation of AC might be a beneficial therapeutic approach for obesity.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.54-64
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• 2021

Purpose: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most frequent cause of chronic liver diseases in both adults and children with obesity. The aim of this study was to compare the changes in liver enzymes and metabolic profile in adolescents with fatty liver following selected school-based exercise (SBE) and high-intensity interval training (HIIT) interventions. Methods: In a semi-experimental study, 34 obese male adolescents with clinically defined NAFLD were divided into the HIIT (n=11, age=12.81±1.02 years, body mass index [BMI]=26.68±2.32 kg/㎡), selected SBE (n=11, age=13.39±0.95 years, BMI=26.47±1.74 kg/㎡), and control (n=12, age=13.14±1.49 years, BMI=26.45±2.21 kg/㎡) groups. The ultrasonography NAFLD grade, peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak), lipid profile, insulin resistance, and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels of the participants were measured before and after the exercise interventions. Results: The BMI, waist-to-hip ratio, and body fat percentage of the participants decreased, and a significant increase in VO2peak was observed after the intervention; however, the HIIT group showed a significant improvement compared with the SBE group (p<0.01). Significant reductions were observed in the levels of insulin resistance, triglyceride, total cholesterol, ALT, and AST in both groups, although high-density lipoprotein levels decreased only in the HIIT group (p<0.01). Further, a significant reduction in low-density lipoprotein level was observed in the training groups (p<0.01), but this decrease was not significant compared with the control group (p>0.01). Conclusion: HIIT and SBE are equally effective in improving health parameters in obese children and adolescents.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.25 no.10
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• pp.1098-1102
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• 2015

FABPpm (plasma membrane-bound fatty acid binding protein ) is highly expressed in skeletal muscle. The principal role of this protein is modulating fatty acid uptake and metabolism. The influence of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), which is a major regulator of skeletal muscle cells, on FABPpm in skeletal muscle cells has not been investigated. To determine the effect of IGF-I on the expression of FABPpm, differentiated C2C12 murine skeletal muscle cells were treated with 20 ng/ml of IGF-I for different times. IGF-I increased the expression of FABPpm in a time-dependent manner. The mRNA level of FABPpm was measured by real-time quantitative PCR to determine whether the IGF-1-induced induction of FABPpm was regulated pretranslationally. The IGF-I treatment resulted in very rapid induction of the FABPpm mRNA transcript in the C2C12 myotubes. After 24 and 48 hr of the IGF-I treatment, FABPpm mRNA increased 130 and 179%, respectively. The increase in the protein expression returned to control levels after 72 hr of the IGF-I treatment, suggesting that IGF-1 regulated the FABPpm gene pretranslationally in skeletal muscle cells. This is the first evidence that IGF-I has a modulatory effect on the expression of FABPpm. In conclusion, IGF-I induced rapid transcriptional modification of the FABPpm gene in C2C12 skeletal muscle cells and exerted modulatory effects on FABPpm.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.99-110
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• 2013

Objectives : This study was designed to investigate the effect of a herbal preparation HJ01 consisting of Salicornia herbacea, Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium, Crataegi Fructus and Glycyrrhizae Radix on adipocyte differentiation in OP9 cells and on poloxamer 407(P-407)-induced hyperlipidemia in mice. Methods : 1. MTT assay was used to evaluate the potential cytotoxicity of Salicornia herbacea, Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium, Crataegi Fructus, Glycyrrhizae Radix and HJ01, respectively. 2. Bone-marrow derived OP9 cells were treated with HJ01, and the alterations in fat storage in the cells were determined by the Oil red O assay. 3. The protein level of CAAAT/enhancer binding protein alpha($C/EBP{\alpha}$), as a adipocyte differentiation marker, was examined using western blot analysis in differentiated OP6 cells. 4. Adult male C57BL6 mice received intraperitoneal injections of P407 to induce hyperlipidemia, simultaneously, were treated with HJ01 for 4 weeks. Then the cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG) and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-c) levels in sera and liver tissues were measured. Results : 1. The MTT assay exhibited that Salicornia herbacea, Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium, Crataegi Fructus, Glycyrrhizae Radix and HJ01 showed no significant cytotoxicity in tested dosages. 2. Ten days' treatment with HJ01 markedly inhibited the increases in fat storage in differentiated OP6 cells. 3. Four weeks' treatment with HJ01 down-regulated the protein level of CAAAT/enhancer binding protein alpha($C/EBP{\alpha}$) but up-regulated the levels of adiponectin in differentiated OP9 cells. 5. HJ01 inhibited the accumulation of TC and TG in liver tissues and increased serum levels of TC in hyperlipidemic mice. Conclusions : These results suggest that HJ01 can in vitro inhibit adipocyte differentiation and fat storage in OP6 cells, in vivo improve the hyperlipidemia induced by P-407 in mice, which may be mediated by promoting glucose uptake and improving a lipid metabolite profile.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.47-74
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• 1980

The present experiments were carried out to elucidate the effects of hypophysectomy and subsequent administration of sex hormone on thyroid, adrenal gland, gonads and blood plasma components in the rat. The jresults obtained were summarized as follows: The weight of the thyroid gland of both male and female hypophysectiomzed rats decreased markedly from 7 days up to 56 days after the hypophysectomy as compared to the control group. The administration of sex hormone (6 mg of testosterone propionate to male and 6 mg of hexestrol to female) to the hypophysectomized rat gave on effect on the change in the weight of the thyroid gland. The hopophysectomy decreased the uptake of radioactive iodine in the thyroid gland in both male and female rats with time. Subsequent administration of the sex hormone caused no effect. With regard to the histological changes of the thyroid gland, the hypophysectomy caused significant changes in the gland showing a remarkable degeneration. The function of the gland seemed to disa, pp.ar almost completely on 56th day after the hypophysectomy. Upon the administration of sex hormone after the hypophysectomy, however. the epithelia of the follicle which has changed to flat from has partly returned to its functional cubicfrom and nuclei recovered as nearly as normal. These recovery were more remarkable in the female than in the male. The hypophysectomy kept causing a significant decrease in the weight of the adrenal gland in male and female rats during the period of observation (up to 56 days) as in the case of thyroid gland. The administration of sex hormone has on effect in this respect either. The hypophysectomy also caused a marked morphological change in the gland: zona fasciculata and zona reticularis were dicreased in size quichly after the hypophysectomy. The administraton of the sex hormone to the hypophysectomized rat resulted in clear distinction among the three layers of the adrenal cortex which otherwise very diffused. In the male, this phenomenum was more remarkable than in the female and the pattern of the cell arrangements and the thickening of each layer became similar to those of normal rats. The gonads of both sexes have also kept decreasing in the weight and degenerated in morpohology after the hypophysectomy. However, the degenerate follicle became enlarged after the administration of hexestrol in the female. Furthermore, the vacuoles found in interstitial cells of hypophysectomized rat disa, pp.ared after the administration of testosterone in the male and the formation of spermatocytes seemed to be recovered. Hypophysectomy also caused a gradual increase in the contents of total protein, non-protein nitrogen, total lipid, cholesterol and calcium in the blood plasma with time. The concentrations of sodium, potassium and chloride in the blood did not change after the hypophysectomy. Sex hormone caused practically no change in above tendency.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.626-635
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• 2005

Liposome as a carrier of topotecan (TPT), a promising anticancer drug, has been reported in attempt to improve the stability and antitumor activity of TPT. However, the biodistr ibution pattern of TPT liposome in vivo and PEG-modified liposome containing TPT have not been studied systemically. In this paper, the in vitro stability and in vivo biodistribution behavior of several liposomes containing TPT with different lipid compositions and PEG-modification were studied. Compared with the 'fluid' liposome (S-Lip) composed of soybean phosphatidylcholine (SPC), the 'solid' liposome (H-Lip) composed of hydrogenated soybean phosphatidylcholine HSPC decreased the leaking efficiency of TPT from liposome and enhanced the stability of liposome in fetal bovine serum (FBS) or human blood plasma (HBP). The results of biodistribution studies in S$_{180}$ tumor-bearing mice showed that liposomal encapsulation increased the concentrations of total TPT and the ratio of lactone form in plasma. Compared with free TPT, S-Lip and H-Lip resulted in 5- and 19- fold increase in the area under the curve (AUC$_{0\rightarrow\propto}$), respectively. PEG- modified H-Lip (H-PEG) showed 3.7-fold increase in AUC$_{0\rightarrow\propto}$ compared with H-Lip, but there was no significant increase in t$_{1/2}$ and AUC$_{0\rightarrow\propto}$ for PEG-modified S-Lip (S-PEG) compared with S-Lip. Moreover, the liposomal encapsulation changed the biodistribution behavior, and H-Lip and H-PEG dramatically increased the accumulation of TPT in tumor, and the relative tumor uptake ratios were 3.4 and 4.3 compared with free drug, respectively. There was also a marked increase in the distribution of TPT in lung when the drug was encapsulated into H-Lip and H-PEG. Moreover, H-PEG decreased the accumulation of TPT in bore marrow compared with unmodified H-Lip. All these results indicated that the membrane fluidity of liposome has an important effect on in vitro stability and in vivo biodistribution pattern of liposomes containing TPT, and PEG-modified 'solid' liposome may be an efficient carrier of TPT.