• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제26권9호
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• pp.1205-1217
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• 2013

Pigs require energy for maintenance and productive purposes, and an accurate amount of available energy in feeds should be provided according to their energy requirement. Available energy in feeds for pigs has been characterized as DE, ME, or NE by considering sequential energy losses during digestion and metabolism from GE in feeds. Among these energy values, the NE system has been recognized as providing energy values of ingredients and diets that most closely describes the available energy to animals because it takes the heat increment from digestive utilization and metabolism of feeds into account. However, NE values for diets and individual ingredients are moving targets, and therefore, none of the NE systems are able to accurately predict truly available energy in feeds. The DE or ME values for feeds are important for predicting NE values, but depend on the growth stage of pigs (i.e., BW) due to the different abilities of nutrient digestion, especially for dietary fiber. The NE values are also influenced by both environment that affects NE requirement for maintenance ($NE_m$) and the growth stage of pigs that differs in nutrient utilization (i.e., protein vs. lipid synthesis) in the body. Therefore, the interaction among animals, environment, and feed characteristics should be taken into consideration for advancing feed energy evaluation. A more mechanistic approach has been adopted in Denmark as potential physiological energy (PPE) for feeds, which is based on the theoretical biochemical utilization of energy in feeds for pigs. The PPE values are, therefore, believed to be independent of animals and environment. This review provides an overview over current knowledge on energy utilization and energy evaluation systems in feeds for growing pigs.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.290-299
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• 2016

This study was conducted to determine the association between dietary calcium intake and biomarkers related to lipid and glucose metabolism and inflammation in Korean patients with type 2 diabetes. Seventy-five subjects (41 males, 34 females) were recruited from a group of patients who had visited the department of endocrine medicine. Data on anthropometric characteristics, clinical indices such as hemoglobin A1c and C-reactive protein (CRP), and dietary nutrient intakes were collected. Subjects were divided into three groups on the basis of their calcium intake [< EAR (below estimated average requirement), EAR-RNI (between EAR and recommended nutrient intake), > RNI (above RNI)]. Average calcium intake of < EAR, EAR-RNI, > RNI groups were $462.7{\pm}18.7$, $649.7{\pm}12.8$, and $895.7{\pm}21.7mg$, respectively. Energy intake was not different among groups but intakes of protein, total and saturated fatty acids were significantly higher in > RNI group than < EAR group. Analysis of covariance revealed that HDL cholesterol level was significantly higher in EAR-RNI group, as compared to < EAR group after adjustment with confounders such as age, sex, BMI and energy intake (p < 0.05). Levels of CRP and homeostasis model assessment 2-insulin resistance (HOMA2-IR) were significantly lower in EAR-RNI group. Total cholesterol level was higher in EAR-RNI and > RNI groups, although within the normal range. Our results suggest that dietary calcium intake may influence the levels of HDL-cholesterol, CRP and HOMA2-IR and subsequently, help management/treatment of type 2 diabetes patients.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제27권6호
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• pp.712-726
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• 1994

조피볼락 사료의 EPA 및 DHA 필수성과 적정 EPA/DHA 비를 구명하기 위해, 기본 지질을 우지로 하여 EPA와 DHA를 각각 $0{\sim}1.75\%$ 첨가한 사료와 EPA/DHA 비를 다르게 첨가한 사료 18종을 제조하여 조피볼락 치어(평균 체중 2.1 g)를 대상으로 5주간 사육 실험한 결과는 다음과 같다. 일간증중율(EPA 사료: $2.39{\sim}3.66\%$, DHA 사료: $2.39{\sim}3.72\%$)과 사료효율(EPA 사료: $73{\sim}97\%$, DHA 사료: $73{\sim}100\%$)은 EPA 및 DHA 사료 모두 사회중의 함량 $1.0\%$까지만 증가하고 그 후에는 일정한 값을 나타내어, EPA 및 DHA 요구량이 모두 $1.0\%$로 추정되었다. 단백질축적효율(EPA 사료: $23.3{\sim}32.6\%$, DHA 사료: $23.3{\sim}35.9\%$)과 지질축적효율(EPA 사료: $82.2{\sim}109.5\%$, DHA 사료: $82.2{\sim}112.1\%$)도 사료의 EPA 또는 DHA가 증가할수록 증가하였다. 이러한 결과들은 EPA 사료에서보다 DHA 사료에서 전반적으로 좋은 반응을 보였으며, EPA/DHA 사료에서도 EPA에 대한 DHA 비가 1.0 이상인 사료에서 양호한 결과를 보였다. 전어체의 단백질 함량은 큰 변화가 없었지만 지질 함량은 사료의 EPA 및 DHA가 증가할수록 약간씩 증가하는 경향을 나타내었다. 간중량비는 사료의 EPA 및 DHA 함량이 증가함에 따라 감소하였으며, DHA 사료가 EPA 사료보다 대체로 낮은 값을 보였다. 사료의 EPA가 증가함에 따라 간 극성지질의 EPA ($0.4{\sim}4.3\%$) 함량은 증가하였으나DHA ($0.2{\sim}l.0\%$) 함량은 거의 증가하지 않았고, 사료의 DHA 증가와 더불어 간 극성지질의 DHA ($1.0{\sim}6.4\%$) 함량은 증가하였으나 EPA ($0.2{\sim}0.5\%$) 함량은 증가하지 않았다. 반면, 간 비극성지질의 지방산조성은 사료 지방산조성에 영향을 거의 받지 않아 변화 폭이 적었다.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.33-42
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• 2018

The aim of this study was to examine the association between egg consumption and the risk of chronic disease in Korean adult females using the 2013 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. A total of 1,230 subjects aged 40~64 were classified into the 4 groups according to the number of egg consumed per week: <1, 1~2.9, 3~5, ${\geq}5.1$ As egg consumption increased, the intake of energy, protein, fiber, cholesterol, calcium, potassium, riboflavin, and vitamin C increased. The percentage of the subjects with lower intake of energy, protein, calcium, iron, vitamin A, riboflavin, niacin, and vitamin C than the estimated average requirement in the <1 group were the highest among the groups. The blood lipid profile including total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol was not significantly different among the 4 egg groups. The higher egg consumption was inversely related to a lower odds ratio of metabolic syndrome, hypertriglycemia, hyperglycemia, hypoHDL-cholesterolemia, and hypertension. This result indicates that egg consumption does not elevate the plasma cholesterol level and has a beneficial effect of decreasing the risk of chronic disease. (175)

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제11권5호
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• pp.643-649
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• 1996

This study was performed to investigate the adequacy of dietary fat and protein intakes among female college students. Daily intakes of energy, fat, protein, major amino acids and other nutrients were measured in 52 female college students. Daily energy intake was 75.8% of the recommended intake. Fat and protein consist 19.2% and 16.7% of the total calorie, respectively. The average protein consumption per day was 105% of the recommended intake. Essential amino acids intakes were more than the recommended amounts which appears in the 6th edition of Recommended Dietary Allowances for Koreans. However, when the intake of each essential amino acid was compared to the recommended amino acid requirement pattern, these subjects did not meet the estimated requirements. There was a highly significant correlation between daily protein intake and lipid intake implying the major sources of protein in the diet were also major sources of fat. Daily intakes of dietary fiber, vitamin C, iron, and phosphorous were above the recommended levels of intake. However, blood hemoglobin concentration was marginal indicating dietary iron consumption is not a good marker for iron status. Also, calcium intake was only 63.5% of the recommended intake. Therefore, these results imply that main problems for these subjects are low energy consumption, low calcium intake, and the quality of protein. However, as opposed to the hypothesis, the main energy sources were not the food items high in saturated fats such as instant foods, which should be emphasized further.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.78-81
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• 1986

The photosensitized lysis of egg lecithin lipid membranes (liposomes) have been performed to UV-B light (270-320 nm) by L-tryptophan(L-Trp) and its peptide such as N-acetylphenylalanyl-L-tryptophan(NAPT) incorporated in the liposomes(ca. 0.1% by weight) or in the external buffer (0.1-0.3 mM). Requirement of oxygenation suggests that the lysis of liposomes is caused by the photosensitized oxidation of lipids. There was significant protection against lysis photosensitized by Trp in the external buffer by low concentration of ferricyanide (0.8 mM), but there was no effect on the lytic efficiency by $N_3^-$ which is singlet oxygen($^1O_2$) quencher, indicative of an electron transfer mechanism involved in the photosensitization. The small change of the lytic efficiency with increasing pH from 4 to 9 was interpreted by large target theory and subsequently indicates that superoxide($O_2^-$) may be an active intermediate for the oxidation. The efficiency of photosensitization of Trp was higher than that of NAPT under the same experimental condition. The weak lytic efficiency of liposomes photosensitized by NAPT was enhanced by incorporating NAPT in liposomes, but it was again quenched by ${\beta}$-carotene incorporated in the bilayer of liposomes. These results indicate that a portion of liposome lysis may be due to $^1O_2$ formation from the excited NAPT.

• 한국유기농업학회지
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.291-302
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• 2022

Food safety is a fundamental requirement for consumers. Therefore, this study was aimed to determine the freshness of pork fillets based on freshness index (Ki value) analysis during storage. This study obtained a total of 24 pork fillets. This study was divided into 4℃ and -20℃ temperatures. Again, each temperature was divided into 4 different groups based on storage durations (15d). Each group was obtained in triplicate. The level of malondialdehyde (MDA) value was significantly increased at 4℃ than the -20℃ storage with the duration of storage days. The levels of inosine-5'-phosphate (IMP) in pork fillets were significantly decreased at 4℃ and -20℃. Hypoxanthine (Hx) levels were significantly increased at 15 days than those at 0 days during storage at both temperatures (4℃ and -20℃). Subsequent freezing increased more inosine levels at -20℃ than storage at 4℃. The Ki values were increased during storage days at both temperatures, although after 15d storage, its values at 4℃ were significantly higher than those at -20℃. These results demonstrated that storage period and temperature might affect the freshness of pork fillets via lipid oxidation and nucleotide degradation. This study suggested that the Ki value will be the crucial indicator of measurement of freshness of stored pork fillets.

• 한국양식학회지
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.105-111
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• 2009

본 연구는 rotifer가 가진 소화효소환성과 영양적인 측면에서 자어의 소화력을 평가하기 위한 실험을 하였다. 그래서 rotifer의 소화력을 증가시켜 주기 위해 배양수에 starch를 첨가하여 rotifer (starch-rotifer)의 소화효소 활성을 향상시켰으며 지질 영양강화 rotifer (CE-rotifer)와 비교하여 넙치자어를 이용하여 먹이효율 실험을 하였다. 이들 rotifer의 소화효소 (lipase 제외), 총 단백질, 필수아미노산 총량, 필수아미노산(methionin과 phenylalanine)에서 starch-rotifer가 높게 나타났다. 하지만 총지질, 지질 클래스(sterol 제외)및 DHA, EPA와 같은 지방산은 CE-rotifer에서 높게 나타났다. 그러나 sterol과 ST/TG 비는 starch-rotifer에서 유의적으로 높게 나타났다P<0.05). 이 두 가지 rotifer를 공급받은 넙치자어는 부화 후 6일까지 체장과 체중에서 $3.72{\sim}3.79\;mm$와 $32.9{\sim}37.8\;mg$/larva의 범위로 유의적인 차이가 없었다(P>0.05). 그러나 부화 후 12일째는 CE-넙치에서 starch-넙치가 보다 높은 $5.94{\pm}0.249\;mm$, $144.0{\pm}23.86\;mg$/larva 및 $26.2{\pm}2.13%$의 생존율을 보였다. 이들 두 rotifer를 공급받은 넙치자어의 가수분해 효소 활성은 부화 후 5일째 acidic -amylase, neutral -amylase, TG-lipase, lysozyme 및 acidic Phosphatase에서 starch-넙치에서 유의적으로 높게 조사되었으나, 부화 후 11일째는 CE-넙치의 neutral $\alpha$-amylase, three pretenses, two phosphatases에서 starch-넙치보다 유의적으로 높은 활성을 보였다. 결과적으로 넙치자어는 부화 후 6일까지 영양강화 rotifer를 공급하는 것보다 소화효소 활성을 향상시킨 먹이를 공급하는 것이 자어의 소화력 측면에서 유익하며, 이후 소화기관의 발달로 영양의 흡수가 원활해져서 영양강화 효과가 자어의 성장으로 나타났다고 판단된다. 따라서 이후 소화효소활성과 영양의 측면에서 부화 후 6일 이후에 대한 상세한 고찰이 필요할 것으로 판단된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.508-514
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• 2010

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary arachidonic acid (AA, 20:4n-6) levels on growth performance and body composition in juvenile eel, Anguilla japonica. Six semi-purified experimental diets were formulated to be isonitrogenous and iso-caloric containing 55.0% crude protein and 15% crude lipid (18.3 kJ of available energy $g^{-1}$). Six different levels of AA were added to the basal diet, with 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 or 1.2% on a dry matter (DM) basis, respectively ($AA_{0.07},\;AA_{0.22},\;AA_{0.43},\;AA_{0.57},\;AA_{0.78}\;or\;AA_{1.23}$). After a conditioning period, fish initially averaging 27${\pm}$0.5 g (mean${\pm}$SD) were randomly distributed into each aquarium as triplicate groups of 20 fish each. One of six experimental diets was fed on a DM basis to fish in three randomly selected aquaria at a rate of 2-3% of total body weight twice a day. At the end of the 12-week feeding trial, weight gain (WG) and feed efficiency (FE) of fish fed $AA_{0.78}$ and $AA_{1.23}$ diets were significantly higher than of fish fed $AA_{0.07},\;AA_{0.22},\;AA_{0.43}$ diets (p<0.05). Specific growth rate (SGR) of fish fed the $AA_{0.78}$ diet was significantly higher than of fish fed $AA_{0.07},\;AA_{0.22},\;AA_{0.43}$ diets (p<0.05). However, there were no significant differences in WG, SGR and FE among fish fed $AA_{0.57},\;AA_{0.78}\;or\;AA_{1.23}$ diets (p>0.05). Whole body AA deposition of fish fed the $AA_{1.23}$ diet was significantly higher than for the other diets (p<0.05). Broken-line model analysis on the basis of WG and SGR indicated that the dietary AA requirement could be greater than 0.69% but less than 0.71% of the diet in juvenile eel. The growth-promoting activity of AA observed in the present study provides strong support for the contention that dietary AA is essential for juvenile eel.

• 한국양식학회지
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.353-361
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• 1996

자주복 유어의 필수지방산 요구 및 사료중의 적정함량을 규명하기 위하여, 평균체중 3.45g의 유어를 사용하여 사육실험을 실시하였다. 8주간의 사육실험의 결과, 성장은 실험개시 4주부터 실험구들 사이에 차이가 보여 실험 종료시에는 $0.5\~1\%$ n-3 HUFA 실험구와 $0.5\%$ DHA 실험구가 다른 실험구에 비교하여 우세한 성장을 보였다(P<0.05). 또한, EPA, DHA 및 n-3 HUFA 실험구 사이에 효율성의 비교에서 EPA$1\%$ EPA실험구는 사료중에 $0.5\%$에서 $1\%$로 지방산을 증량시킴에 의해 첨가효과가 인정되었으나, DHA와 n-3 HUFA실험구는 EPA실험구와 상이하게 $1\%$ DHA실험구에서 급격한 성장의 저하와 $1\%$ n-3 HUFA 실험구에서는 성장의 정체가 나타났다. 실험기간동안에 생잔률은 $73\~93\%$의 범위로 지방산과의 관련성은 보이지 않았다. 사료효율은 n-3 HUFA실험구와 $0.5\%$ DHA실험구에서 높았고, $1\%$ LNA실험구는 $0.5\~1\%$ EPA실험구와 $0.3\%$ DHA실험구와의 차이가 거의 없었다. 이상의 결과로 부터, 유어기의 자주복은 EPA나 DHA등의 n-3 HUFA를 필수지방산으로 요구함이 사료되며, 사료중의 $0.5\%$ 정도의 HUFA 또는 $0.5\%$ DHA가 적정함량으로 추측된다.